Parliamentary control and the constitutional definition of foreign policy making in democratic Poland

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 51, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 769-797

  Sanford, George ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOREIGN POLICY; NATIONAL POLITICS; POLICY MAKING; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

POLAND;

EID: 0032874232     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139998714     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Peter Richards, Parliament and Foreign Affairs (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1967), p. 13.
2. James M. Lindsay, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 54. See also James A. Nathan & James K. Oliver, Foreign Policy Making and the American Political System, 3rd edn. (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), chapters 5-8.
3. James M. Lindsay, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 54. See also James A. Nathan & James K. Oliver, Foreign Policy Making and the American Political System, 3rd edn. (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), chapters 5-8.
4. C. Y. Carstairs, 'The Foreign Affairs Committee', in Gavin Drewry (ed), The New Select Committees, 2nd edn. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1988). Another specialist has defined such committees' roles as ensuring that a significant number of MPs ' are engaged in a critical dialogue with the government and its agents'. Nevil Johnson, 'Departmental Select Committees', in Michael Ryle & Peter Richards (eds), The Commons under Scrutiny, 3rd revised edn. (London, Routledge, 1988).
5. C. Y. Carstairs, 'The Foreign Affairs Committee', in Gavin Drewry (ed), The New Select Committees, 2nd edn. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1988). Another specialist has defined such committees' roles as ensuring that a significant number of MPs ' are engaged in a critical dialogue with the government and its agents'. Nevil Johnson, 'Departmental Select Committees', in Michael Ryle & Peter Richards (eds), The Commons under Scrutiny, 3rd revised edn. (London, Routledge, 1988).
6. Cf. Joseph Frankel, The Making of Foreign Policy (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1963); James Rosenau, Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy (New York, Free Press, 1967); Richard Snyder, H. W. Bruck & Burton Sapin (eds), Foreign Policy Decision-Making (New York, Free Press, 1962).
7. Cf. Joseph Frankel, The Making of Foreign Policy (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1963); James Rosenau, Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy (New York, Free Press, 1967); Richard Snyder, H. W. Bruck & Burton Sapin (eds), Foreign Policy Decision-Making (New York, Free Press, 1962).
8. Cf. Joseph Frankel, The Making of Foreign Policy (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1963); James Rosenau, Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy (New York, Free Press, 1967); Richard Snyder, H. W. Bruck & Burton Sapin (eds), Foreign Policy Decision-Making (New York, Free Press, 1962).
9. William Wallace, Foreign Policy and the Political Process (London, Macmillan, 1971), pp. 9-10.
10. Cf. Sławomir Salłajczyk, 'Proces decyzyjny w polityce zagranicznej', in Józef Kukułka & Ryszard Ziȩba (eds), Polityka zagraniczna państwa (Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 1992), pp. 119-132.
11. William Wallace & W. E. Patterson (eds), Foreign Policy Making in Western Europe (Farnborough, Saxon House, 1978), p. 3.
12. As with Zara Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898-1914 (Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 1969). National framework studies are heavily tilted towards studies of the UK and the USA: cf. Robert Boardman & A. J. R. Groom (eds), The Management of Britain's External Relations (London, Macmillan, 1973); David Vital, The Making of British Foreign Policy (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1968); Kenneth Waltz, Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics: the American and British Experience (Boston, Little, Brown, 1967).
13. As with Zara Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898-1914 (Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 1969). National framework studies are heavily tilted towards studies of the UK and the USA: cf. Robert Boardman & A. J. R. Groom (eds), The Management of Britain's External Relations (London, Macmillan, 1973); David Vital, The Making of British Foreign Policy (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1968); Kenneth Waltz, Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics: the American and British Experience (Boston, Little, Brown, 1967).
14. As with Zara Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898-1914 (Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 1969). National framework studies are heavily tilted towards studies of the UK and the USA: cf. Robert Boardman & A. J. R. Groom (eds), The Management of Britain's External Relations (London, Macmillan, 1973); David Vital, The Making of British Foreign Policy (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1968); Kenneth Waltz, Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics: the American and British Experience (Boston, Little, Brown, 1967).
15. As with Zara Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898-1914 (Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 1969). National framework studies are heavily tilted towards studies of the UK and the USA: cf. Robert Boardman & A. J. R. Groom (eds), The Management of Britain's External Relations (London, Macmillan, 1973); David Vital, The Making of British Foreign Policy (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1968); Kenneth Waltz, Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics: the American and British Experience (Boston, Little, Brown, 1967).
16. The detail and background to Polish foreign policy are chronicled by Robert Kupiecki & Krzysztof Szczepanik, Polityka zagraniczna Polski, 1918-1994 (Warsaw, SCHOLAR, 1995). See also Janusz Stefanowicz (ed.), Polska w Europie na przetomie wieków (Warsaw, ISP PAN, 1997); Stanisław Parzymies, Unia Europejska a Europa Srodkowa (Warsaw, PFSM, 1997).
17. The detail and background to Polish foreign policy are chronicled by Robert Kupiecki & Krzysztof Szczepanik, Polityka zagraniczna Polski, 1918-1994 (Warsaw, SCHOLAR, 1995). See also Janusz Stefanowicz (ed.), Polska w Europie na przetomie wieków (Warsaw, ISP PAN, 1997); Stanisław Parzymies, Unia Europejska a Europa Srodkowa (Warsaw, PFSM, 1997).
18. The detail and background to Polish foreign policy are chronicled by Robert Kupiecki & Krzysztof Szczepanik, Polityka zagraniczna Polski, 1918-1994 (Warsaw, SCHOLAR, 1995). See also Janusz Stefanowicz (ed.), Polska w Europie na przetomie wieków (Warsaw, ISP PAN, 1997); Stanisław Parzymies, Unia Europejska a Europa Srodkowa (Warsaw, PFSM, 1997).
19. Stanislaw Bieleń (ed.), Patrza̧c na Wschód. Zproblematyki polityki wschodniej III RP (Warsaw, Centrum Badań Wschodnich UW, 1997).
20. George Sakwa, The Organisation and Work of the Polish Sejm, 1952-1972, Birmingham University CREES Discussion Paper RC/C no 12, 1977.
21. Cf. Barbara Wizimirska (ed.), Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy 1996 (Warsaw, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1996), pp.196 ff.
22. Ray Taras, Consolidating Democracy in Poland (Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1995), p. 254.
23. George Sanford, Poland. The Conquest of History (Amsterdam, Harwood Academic Press, 1999).
24. The impression conveyed by reading one of the most detailed political histories of 1990s Poland, Antoni Dudek, Pierwsze lata III Rzeczypospolitej, 1989-1995 (Kraków, Wydawnictwo GEO, 1997).
25. Stanislaw Gebethner, 'Political institutions in the transition to a postsocialist formation', in Walter Connor & Piotr Płoszajski (eds), The Polish Road from Socialism (New York, M. E. Sharpe, 1992), pp. 239-243. See chapters by Gebethner and Sokolewicz in George Sanford (ed.), Democratization in Poland, 1988-90. Polish Voices (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1992).
26. Stanislaw Gebethner, 'Political institutions in the transition to a postsocialist formation', in Walter Connor & Piotr Płoszajski (eds), The Polish Road from Socialism (New York, M. E. Sharpe, 1992), pp. 239-243. See chapters by Gebethner and Sokolewicz in George Sanford (ed.), Democratization in Poland, 1988-90. Polish Voices (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1992).
27. Dziennik Ustaw, 1992, 84, item 426, 23 November 1992. The Stalinist constitution of 22 July 1952 (which replaced another Little Constitution, that of 1947) was much amended by the time communism ended. See Janusz Mordwilko (ed.), Konstytucja i podstawowe akty ustrojowe Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (Warsaw, Ksia̧żka i Wiedza, 1988).
28. Dziennik Ustaw, 1992, 84, item 426, 23 November 1992. The Stalinist constitution of 22 July 1952 (which replaced another Little Constitution, that of 1947) was much amended by the time communism ended. See Janusz Mordwilko (ed.), Konstytucja i podstawowe akty ustrojowe Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (Warsaw, Ksia̧żka i Wiedza, 1988).
29. Dziennik Ustaw, 1997, 78, item 483, 2 April 1997.
30. Cf. Andrzej Ajnenkiel, Polskie konstytucje (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1991), chapters 8-9.
31. Maurice Simon, 'Institutional development of Poland's post-communist Sejm', in David Olson & Philip Norton (eds), The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe (London, Cass, 1996), pp. 66-67.
32. The Constitutional Act of 17th October, 1992 (Warsaw, Sejm Publishing Office, 1993).
33. Ryszard Mojak, 'Stanowisko konstytucyjne Prezydenta RP w Malej Konstytucji z 1992 roku', Przegla̧d Sejmowy, 1, 2, 1993, p. 103. See also his Instytucja Prezydenta RP w okresie przeksztalceń ustrojowych, 1989-1992 (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1994).
34. Ryszard Mojak, 'Stanowisko konstytucyjne Prezydenta RP w Malej Konstytucji z 1992 roku', Przegla̧d Sejmowy, 1, 2, 1993, p. 103. See also his Instytucja Prezydenta RP w okresie przeksztalceń ustrojowych, 1989-1992 (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1994).
35. Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, edited & introduced by Wiesław Skrzydło, 2nd edn (Warsaw, Zakamycze, 1998).
36. Andrew Michta, 'Safeguarding the Third Republic: Security Policy and Military Reform', in Ilya Prizel & Andrew Michta (eds), Polish Foreign Policy Reconsidered (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1995).
37. Wojciech Sokolewicz, 'Prawnokonstytucyjne aspekty polityki zagranicznej', Biuletyn Expertyzy i Opinie Prawne, 1993, 2 (8), (Warsaw, Sejm Chancellery/BSE), pp. 41-50.
38. For the politics of post-communist Poland see Frances Millard, The Anatomy of the New Poland. Post-Communist Politics in its First phase (Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1994); Sanford, Poland. The Conquest of History; Richard F. Staar (ed.), Transition to Democracy in Poland (New York, St Martin's Press, 1993).
39. For the politics of post-communist Poland see Frances Millard, The Anatomy of the New Poland. Post-Communist Politics in its First phase (Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1994); Sanford, Poland. The Conquest of History; Richard F. Staar (ed.), Transition to Democracy in Poland (New York, St Martin's Press, 1993).
40. For the politics of post-communist Poland see Frances Millard, The Anatomy of the New Poland. Post-Communist Politics in its First phase (Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1994); Sanford, Poland. The Conquest of History; Richard F. Staar (ed.), Transition to Democracy in Poland (New York, St Martin's Press, 1993).
41. There has been considerable debate about the virtues of presidential as against cabinet-parliamentary systems in post-communist studies: see T. Bayliss, 'Presidents v Prime Ministers: Shaping Executive Power in East Europe', World Politics, 48, 3, 1996, pp. 297-323; Jon Elster, Claus Offe & Ulrich Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998); T. Frye, 'Post-Communist Presidencies', Comparative Political Studies, 30, 5, October 1997, pp. 523-552; J. Linz & A. Valenzuela (eds), Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); M. Shugart & M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); A. Stepan & C. Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-22.
42. There has been considerable debate about the virtues of presidential as against cabinet-parliamentary systems in post-communist studies: see T. Bayliss, 'Presidents v Prime Ministers: Shaping Executive Power in East Europe', World Politics, 48, 3, 1996, pp. 297-323; Jon Elster, Claus Offe & Ulrich Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998); T. Frye, 'Post-Communist Presidencies', Comparative Political Studies, 30, 5, October 1997, pp. 523-552; J. Linz & A. Valenzuela (eds), Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); M. Shugart & M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); A. Stepan & C. Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-22.
43. There has been considerable debate about the virtues of presidential as against cabinet-parliamentary systems in post-communist studies: see T. Bayliss, 'Presidents v Prime Ministers: Shaping Executive Power in East Europe', World Politics, 48, 3, 1996, pp. 297-323; Jon Elster, Claus Offe & Ulrich Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998); T. Frye, 'Post-Communist Presidencies', Comparative Political Studies, 30, 5, October 1997, pp. 523-552; J. Linz & A. Valenzuela (eds), Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); M. Shugart & M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); A. Stepan & C. Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-22.
44. There has been considerable debate about the virtues of presidential as against cabinet-parliamentary systems in post-communist studies: see T. Bayliss, 'Presidents v Prime Ministers: Shaping Executive Power in East Europe', World Politics, 48, 3, 1996, pp. 297-323; Jon Elster, Claus Offe & Ulrich Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998); T. Frye, 'Post-Communist Presidencies', Comparative Political Studies, 30, 5, October 1997, pp. 523-552; J. Linz & A. Valenzuela (eds), Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); M. Shugart & M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); A. Stepan & C. Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-22.
45. There has been considerable debate about the virtues of presidential as against cabinet-parliamentary systems in post-communist studies: see T. Bayliss, 'Presidents v Prime Ministers: Shaping Executive Power in East Europe', World Politics, 48, 3, 1996, pp. 297-323; Jon Elster, Claus Offe & Ulrich Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998); T. Frye, 'Post-Communist Presidencies', Comparative Political Studies, 30, 5, October 1997, pp. 523-552; J. Linz & A. Valenzuela (eds), Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); M. Shugart & M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); A. Stepan & C. Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-22.
46. There has been considerable debate about the virtues of presidential as against cabinet-parliamentary systems in post-communist studies: see T. Bayliss, 'Presidents v Prime Ministers: Shaping Executive Power in East Europe', World Politics, 48, 3, 1996, pp. 297-323; Jon Elster, Claus Offe & Ulrich Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998); T. Frye, 'Post-Communist Presidencies', Comparative Political Studies, 30, 5, October 1997, pp. 523-552; J. Linz & A. Valenzuela (eds), Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); M. Shugart & M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); A. Stepan & C. Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-22.
47. Dziennik Ustaw, 1974, 21, 115; partially amended Dziennik Ustaw, 1984, 9, 34.
48. Dziennik Ustaw, 1974, 21, 115; partially amended Dziennik Ustaw, 1984, 9, 34.
49. Dziennik Ustaw, 1974, 21, 121 as amended Dziennik Ustaw, 1984, 44, 230.
50. Dziennik Ustaw, 1974, 21, 121 as amended Dziennik Ustaw, 1984, 44, 230.
51. Sejm RP, Komisja Spraw Zagranicznych, Raport w sprawie koordynacji Polskiej Polityki Zagranicznej (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1994), p. 8.
52. Rocznik Polskiej Polityki Zagranicznej 1997 (Warsaw, 1997), pp. 327 ff. There had been 17 departments under communism and up till the 1992 changes, with a single department for Europe and without the minister's Political Cabinet and Secretariat and the General-Director's Bureau. See Regulamin Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych, Appendix to MSZ Instruction no. 33 of 4 November 1991.
53. Rocznik Polskiej Polityki Zagranicznej 1997 (Warsaw, 1997), pp. 327 ff. There had been 17 departments under communism and up till the 1992 changes, with a single department for Europe and without the minister's Political Cabinet and Secretariat and the General-Director's Bureau. See Regulamin Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych, Appendix to MSZ Instruction no. 33 of 4 November 1991.
54. On the Consular Service see Tadeusz Joniec, Polska służba konsularna (Warsaw, SCHOLAR, 1996).
55. See note 69.
56. Zdzisław Czeszejko-Sochacki, Prawo parlamentarne w Polsce (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1997).
57. Sprawozdanie Stenograficzne Sejmu (Stenographic Record of Sejm Proceedings, hereafter SSS), 1st Sejm, 15th sitting, 21-23 May 1992, pp. 6-84.
58. SSS, 1st Sejm, 19th sitting, 3-4 July 1992.
59. SSS, 1st Sejm, 34th sitting, 21 January 1993.
60. SSS, 3rd Sejm, 13th sitting, 5 March 1998, pp. 65-126.
61. Kronika Sejmowa, No. 19 (323), 4-10 March 1998, pp. 13-19. This weekly overview of the Sejm's activities, produced by the Information Bureau of the Sejm Chancellery, includes extensive summaries of such debates.
62. George Sanford, 'Nation, state and independence in Belarus', Contemporary Politics, 3, 3, 1997, p. 241.
63. Sejm w opinii społecznej, 1989-1997, Biuro Studiów i Expertyz (BSE) Report, no. IP-77S (Warsaw, Sejm Chancellery, February 1988), p. 5.
64. Przegla̧d Sejmowy, 1, 1, 1993, pp. 333-342
65. Ibid., pp. 345-363. On the relations between Sejm and Senate see Paweł Sarnecki, Senat RP a Sejm i Zgromadzenie Narodowe (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1995).
66. Ibid., pp. 345-363. On the relations between Sejm and Senate see Paweł Sarnecki, Senat RP a Sejm i Zgromadzenie Narodowe (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1995).
67. Czeszejko-Sochacki, Prawo Parlamentarne w Polsce, pp. 175-176.
68. Jerzy Jaskiernia, 'Regulacja prawna procedur parlamentarnych', Państwo i Prawo, 1994, 12, pp. 28-29.
69. Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy 1996, pp. 202-203.
70. Wojciech Sokolewicz, 'Ustawa Ratyfikacyjna', in Maria Kruk (ed.), Prawo miȩdzynarodowe i wspólnotowe w wewnȩtrznym porza̧dku prawnym (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1997).
71. Artur Preisner, Słownik wiedzy o Sejmie (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1995), pp. 39-40
72. Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. I Kadencja. Informator (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1992), pp. 165-180. Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. II Kadencja. Przewodnik. Suplement (1) (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1995), pp. 8-27.
73. Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. I Kadencja. Informator (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1992), pp. 165-180. Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. II Kadencja. Przewodnik. Suplement (1) (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1995), pp. 8-27.
74. Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. III Kadencja. Przewodnik (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1998), pp. 254-268.
75. The statistical data in this and the following paragraph are largely drawn from Sprawozdanie Komisji Spraw Zagranicznych z działalności w okresie II kadencji Sejmu RP (1993-1997) (Warsaw, 1997).
76. An individual record of every Sejm committee meeting is produced by the Information Bureau of the Sejm Chancellery in mimeographed form and is available in the Sejm library. Biuletyn z posiedzenia Komisji Spraw Zagranicznych (hereafter Biuletyn KSZ), no. 70, 12 March 1996.
77. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 135, 30 July 1997.
78. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 12, 28 April 1994.
79. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 2, 9 November 1993; Rzeczpospolita, 10-11 November 1993.
80. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 2, 9 November 1993; Rzeczpospolita, 10-11 November 1993.
81. Cf. Władysław Bartoszewski, The Warsaw Ghetto: a Christian's Testimony (New York, Harper & Row, 1988); Władysław Bartoszewski, The Convent at Auschwitz (London, Bowerdean Press, 1990); Władysław Bartoszewski with Anthony Polonsky (eds), The Jews in Warsaw: a History (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1991).
82. Cf. Władysław Bartoszewski, The Warsaw Ghetto: a Christian's Testimony (New York, Harper & Row, 1988); Władysław Bartoszewski, The Convent at Auschwitz (London, Bowerdean Press, 1990); Władysław Bartoszewski with Anthony Polonsky (eds), The Jews in Warsaw: a History (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1991).
83. Cf. Władysław Bartoszewski, The Warsaw Ghetto: a Christian's Testimony (New York, Harper & Row, 1988); Władysław Bartoszewski, The Convent at Auschwitz (London, Bowerdean Press, 1990); Władysław Bartoszewski with Anthony Polonsky (eds), The Jews in Warsaw: a History (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1991).
84. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 39, 3 March 1994.
85. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 68, 15 February 1996.
86. KSZ meetings nos 12, 73 and 121 during the Second Sejm. Sprawozdanie Komisji Spraw Zagranicznych z dziatalności w okresie II kadencji Sejmu RP (1993-1997), p. 6.
87. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 48, 8 June 1995.
88. Ibid, and no. 97, 5 November 1996.
89. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 58, 10 November 1995.
90. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 71, 16 April 1996.
91. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 80, 2 July 1996.
92. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 32, 17 January 1995. Reports were presented by Council of Europe ambassador, Jerzy Regulski, MSZ under-secretary of state Andrzej Towpik, officials from the Central Planning Office (CUP) and the Council of Ministers as well as local representatives.
93. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 131, 24 June 1997 and no. 134, 29 July 1997. Both were joint sessions with the Legislative Committee.
94. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 116, 15 April 1997.
95. Biuletyn KSZ, Third Sejm, no. 4, 16 December 1997.
96. For 1992, Biuletyn KSZ, no. 3, 16 November 1993; for 1993, no. 20, 9 August 1994; for 1994, no. 51, 8 August 1996; for 1995, no. 81, 6 August 1996; for 1996, no. 136, 5 August 1997.
97. For 1992, Biuletyn KSZ, no. 3, 16 November 1993; for 1993, no. 20, 9 August 1994; for 1994, no. 51, 8 August 1996; for 1995, no. 81, 6 August 1996; for 1996, no. 136, 5 August 1997.
98. For 1992, Biuletyn KSZ, no. 3, 16 November 1993; for 1993, no. 20, 9 August 1994; for 1994, no. 51, 8 August 1996; for 1995, no. 81, 6 August 1996; for 1996, no. 136, 5 August 1997.
99. For 1992, Biuletyn KSZ, no. 3, 16 November 1993; for 1993, no. 20, 9 August 1994; for 1994, no. 51, 8 August 1996; for 1995, no. 81, 6 August 1996; for 1996, no. 136, 5 August 1997.
100. For 1992, Biuletyn KSZ, no. 3, 16 November 1993; for 1993, no. 20, 9 August 1994; for 1994, no. 51, 8 August 1996; for 1995, no. 81, 6 August 1996; for 1996, no. 136, 5 August 1997.
101. For 1994, Biuletyn KSZ, no. 6, 18 January 1994; for 1995, no. 29, 29 November 1994; for 1996, no. 60, 28 November 1995; for 1997, no. 99, 19 November 1996.
102. For 1994, Biuletyn KSZ, no. 6, 18 January 1994; for 1995, no. 29, 29 November 1994; for 1996, no. 60, 28 November 1995; for 1997, no. 99, 19 November 1996.
103. For 1994, Biuletyn KSZ, no. 6, 18 January 1994; for 1995, no. 29, 29 November 1994; for 1996, no. 60, 28 November 1995; for 1997, no. 99, 19 November 1996.
104. For 1994, Biuletyn KSZ, no. 6, 18 January 1994; for 1995, no. 29, 29 November 1994; for 1996, no. 60, 28 November 1995; for 1997, no. 99, 19 November 1996.
105. Biuletyn KSZ, Third Sejm, no. 3, 10 December 1997, p. 3.
106. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 17, 22 June 1994.
107. Biuletyn KSZ, Third Sejm, no. 6, 20 January 1998, Pastusiak speech, pp. 5-6.
108. National School of Public Administration, Warsaw, n.d., information brochure, p. 1.
109. Dziennik Ustaw, 1997, 69, 442, 1 July 1997.
110. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 49, 20 June 1995.
111. For the foregoing see Kazimierz Groblewski, 'Dyplomatyczne wȩdrówki', Rzeczpospolita, 11 April 1996. One might also note that yet another of Olechowski's proposed reforms, that ambassadors should be chosen through a formal competition rather than on political criteria, still has not been implemented. The most publicised case of political appointment was that of the anti-Solidarity chairman of the All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions (OPZZ), Ewa Spychalska, as ambassador to Belarus. This was not quite fair as one could equally well make the same point about the admittedly better educated and more respected Zofia Kuratowska's (UD) nomination to South Africa as well as some others. Spychalska was given such a rough ride by the UW and National Catholic opposition deputies when she was interviewed by the KSZ that she came out with the celebrated gaffe that Belarus was a country 'lying between the Oder and the Bug' rivers! Biuletyn KSZ, no. 82, 27 August 1996. Despite this, she was supported by the committee's PSL-SLD majority. Much sniped at for allegedly over-close (and over alcoholic) relations with Lukashenka's anti-democratic and pro-Russian national-communist élite in Minsk, she was recalled by Buzek.
112. For the foregoing see Kazimierz Groblewski, 'Dyplomatyczne wȩdrówki', Rzeczpospolita, 11 April 1996. One might also note that yet another of Olechowski's proposed reforms, that ambassadors should be chosen through a formal competition rather than on political criteria, still has not been implemented. The most publicised case of political appointment was that of the anti-Solidarity chairman of the All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions (OPZZ), Ewa Spychalska, as ambassador to Belarus. This was not quite fair as one could equally well make the same point about the admittedly better educated and more respected Zofia Kuratowska's (UD) nomination to South Africa as well as some others. Spychalska was given such a rough ride by the UW and National Catholic opposition deputies when she was interviewed by the KSZ that she came out with the celebrated gaffe that Belarus was a country 'lying between the Oder and the Bug' rivers! Biuletyn KSZ, no. 82, 27 August 1996. Despite this, she was supported by the committee's PSL-SLD majority. Much sniped at for allegedly over-close (and over alcoholic) relations with Lukashenka's anti-democratic and pro-Russian national-communist élite in Minsk, she was recalled by Buzek.
113. Raport w sprawie koordynacji Polskiejpolityki zagranicznej (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1994).
114. Ibid, pp. 11-14.
115. Ibid, pp. 15-18.
116. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 5, 30 November 1993.
117. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 26, 4 November 1994.
118. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 30, 8 December 1994.
119. Presidents came from Romania (Iliescu and Constantinescu), Hungary (Goncz), Bulgaria (Stoyanov), Finland (Ahtisaari), Turkey (Demirel), Greece (Stephanopoulos) and Prime Minister Balladur came from France. Visits by Foreign Ministers included those from Britain, the Czech Republic, Spain, Hungary and Slovakia. Other major notables included UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, EU Commission President Santer, EU Commissioner for Eastern Europe Van den Broek and NATO Secretary-General Solana. See Biuletyn KSZ, Second Sejm, nos 8, 9, 13, 18, 22, 26, 43, 54, 58, 72, 95, 107, 112, 113, 119, 123, 124.
120. Commentators had warned about the shallowness of the post-1990 national consensus on Poland's Western and European foreign policy orientations and the need to gain real societal understanding in order to weather their socioeconomic costs. Cf. the OSM's Jerzy Marek Nowakowski, 'Przyszły prezydent a polityka zagraniczna', Rzeczpospolita, 5 October 1995.
121. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 67, 13 February 1996. One of the main sources on public opinion and the Sejm has little directly on Sejm committees although much can be gleaned about the average Pole's low opinion of the work of deputies in general: see Sejm w opinii społecznej, 1989-1997, p. 5.
122. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 67, 13 February 1996. One of the main sources on public opinion and the Sejm has little directly on Sejm committees although much can be gleaned about the average Pole's low opinion of the work of deputies in general: see Sejm w opinii społecznej, 1989-1997, p. 5.
123. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 74, 14 May 1996.
124. Biuletyn KSZ, Third Sejm, no. 1, 19 November 1997.
125. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 4, 16 December 1997 and no. 5, 6 January 1998.
126. Biuletyn KSZ, no. 4, 16 December 1997 and no. 5, 6 January 1998.
127. Biuletyn KSZ, nos 7, 8, 9 and 10 of 20 January 1998, 21 January 1998, 3 February 1998 and 12 February 1998.
128. Krzysztof Kamiński (AWS), Biuletyn KSZ, no. 2, 5 December 1997, p. 8.
129. Ibid., p. 13.
130. Sprawozdanie Komisji Łaczności z Polakami za Granica̧ z działalnosci w okresie II kadencji Sejmu RP, 1993-1997 (Warsaw, 1997).
131. Sprawozdanie Komisji Mniejszości Narodowych i Etnicznych z działalności w okresie II kadencji Sejmu RP, 1993-1997 (Warsaw, 1997).
132. Sprawozdanie Komisji Stosunków Gospodarczych z Zagranica z działalności w okresie II kadencji Sejmu RP, 1993-1997 (Warsaw, 1997).
133. Cf. 'Organizacja i zasady działania placowek ekonomiczno-handlowych za granica', MWGzZ, Warsaw, 28 September 1992; 'Stanowisko MSZ w sprawie organizacji i działania służb ekonomicznych w Polskich placowkach dyplomatyczno-konsularnych za granica̧', Warsaw, 17 September 1992.
134. Cf. 'Organizacja i zasady działania placowek ekonomiczno-handlowych za granica', MWGzZ, Warsaw, 28 September 1992; 'Stanowisko MSZ w sprawie organizacji i działania służb ekonomicznych w Polskich placowkach dyplomatyczno-konsularnych za granica̧', Warsaw, 17 September 1992.
135. Andrew Michta, The Soldier-Citizen. The Politics of the Polish Army after Communism (Basingstoke; Macmillan, 1997), p. 118. See Wilecki's definition of what constitutes the civilian and military spheres of decision making, 'Czy wojsko jest przeciwne cywilnej kontroli?', Rzeczpospolita, 12 October 1995.
136. Andrew Michta, The Soldier-Citizen. The Politics of the Polish Army after Communism (Basingstoke; Macmillan, 1997), p. 118. See Wilecki's definition of what constitutes the civilian and military spheres of decision making, 'Czy wojsko jest przeciwne cywilnej kontroli?', Rzeczpospolita, 12 October 1995.
137. Sprawozdanie Komisji Integracji Europejskiej z działalności w okresie II kadencji Sejmu RP, 1993-1997 (Warsaw, 1977).
138. Cf. Biuletyn Komisji ds. Układu Europeiskiego, no. 51, 28 November 1995.
139. Biuletyn Komisji Integracji Europejskiei, no. 8, 6 March 1998.
140. Rola Sejmu a rola parlamentów narodowych państw członkowskich wprocesie integracji z Unia Europejska, Warsaw, Sejm Chancellery, BSE no IP - 78P, 1998, p. 5.
141. Rocznik Polskiej Polityki Zagranicznej 1997, pp. 303-324.
142. Pawel Lisiecki, 'Ideologia czy pragmatyzm?' Rzeczpospolita, 2 September 1998. Cf. Wlodzimierz Wesolowski & Barbara Post (eds), Polityka i Sejm. Formowanie siȩ elity politycznej (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1998).
143. Pawel Lisiecki, 'Ideologia czy pragmatyzm?' Rzeczpospolita, 2 September 1998. Cf. Wlodzimierz Wesolowski & Barbara Post (eds), Polityka i Sejm. Formowanie siȩ elity politycznej (Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1998).