The cardiovascular syndrome X: How to recognize and how to manage

ACC Current Journal Review

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 27-29

  Cannon III, Richard O ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL HEART LUNG AND BLOOD INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ADENOSINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLONIDINE; DIPYRIDAMOLE; DOBUTAMINE; EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE; HYDROCHLORIC ACID; IMIPRAMINE; PAPAVERINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EXERCISE; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART VENTRICLE PRESSURE; HUMAN; NOCICEPTION; SHORT SURVEY; SYNDROME X; THORAX PAIN;

EID: 0032870542     PISSN: 10621458     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1062-1458(99)00017-3     Document Type: Article

References (12)

1. Kemp HG, Elliott WC, Gorlin R. The anginal syndrome with normal coronary arteriography. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1967;80:59-70.
2. Likoff W, Segal BL, Kasparian H. Paradox of normal selective coronary arteriograms in patients considered to have unmistakable coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1967;276:1063-6.
3. Kemp HG. Left ventricular function in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal coronary arteriograms. Am J Cardiol 1973;32:375-6.
4. Cannon RO, Camici PG, Epstein SE. Pathophysiological dilemma of syndrome X. Circulation 1992;85:883-92.
5. Camici PG, Marraccini P, Lorenzoni R, et al. Coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism in patients with syndrome X: Response to pacing stress. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:1461-70.
6. Nihoyannopoulos P, Kaski JC, Crake T, Maseri A. Absence of myocardial dysfunction during stress in patients with syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1463-70.
7. Panza JA, Laurienzo JM, Curiel RV, et al. Investigation of the mechanism of chest pain in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries using transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:293-301.
8. Toivonen L, Helenius K, Viitasalo M. Electrocardiographic repolarization during stress from awakening on alarm call. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:774-9.
9. Maseri A, Crea F, Kaski JC, Crake T. Mechanisms of angina pectoris in syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:499-506.
10. Cannon RO III, Quyyumi AA, Mincemoyer R, et al. Imipramine in patients with chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1411-7.
11. Kemp HG, Kronmal RA, Vliestra RE, Frye RL and participants in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study. Seven-year survival of patients with normal or near normal coronary arteriograms: A CASS registry study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:479-83.
12. Kaski JC, Rosano GMC, Collins P, Nihoyannopoulos P, Maseri A, Poole-Wilson PA. Cardiac Syndrome X: Clinical characteristics and left ventricular function. Long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:807-14.