On the etiology of tropical spastic paraparesis and human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I-associated myelopathy

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 168-177

  Zaninovic, Vladimir ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DEL VALLE   (Colombia)

Author keywords

Cofactors; Environmental; HIV 1; HTLV II; HTLV I; HTLV I associated myelopathy; Myelopathy; Tropical spastic paraparesis

Indexed keywords

BLOOD TRANSFUSION; ENDEMIC DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETIOLOGY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 2; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS 1; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS 2; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS INFECTION; LATHYRISM; NEUROPATHOLOGY; REVIEW; SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA; SPINAL CORD INFECTION;

EID: 0032868794     PISSN: 12019712     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1201-9712(99)90041-3     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Mani KS, Mani AJ, Montgomery RD. A spastic paraplegic syndrome in South India. J Neurol Sci 1969; 9:179-199.
2. Zaninovic' V, Biojó R, Barreto P. Paraparesia espástica del Pacífico. Colombia Med 1981; 12:111-117.
3. Gessain A, Barin F, Vernant JC, et al. Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 1985, ii:407-410.
4. Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti WF, Gadzar AF, Bunn PA, Minna D, Gallo RC. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:7415-7419.
5. Rodgers-Johnson P, Gajdusek DC, Morgan OS, Zaninovic' V Sarin PS, Graham DS. HTLV-I and HTLV-2 antibodies and tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 1985, ii:1247-1248.
6. Osame M, Usuku K, Izumo S, et al HTLV-1-associated myelopathy: a new clinical entity. Lancet 1986; ii:1031-1032.
7. Zaninovic' V. Spastic paraparesis. a possible sexually transmitted viral myeloneuropathy. Lancet 1986; ii:697-698
8. World Health Organization. Report of the Scientific Group on HTLV-I and Associated Diseases. Kagoshima, Japan, December 1988. Virus diseases. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I, HTLV-I. WHO Weekly Epidemiology Record 1988; 49:382-383.
9. Nakagawa M, Izumo S, Ijichi S, et al. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy analysis of 213 patients based on clinical features and laboratory findings. J Neurovirol 1995; 1:50-61.
10. Takatsuki K, Uchiyama T, Sagawa K, Yodoi J. Adult T cell leukemia in Japan. In: Seno S, Takaku F, Irino S, eds. Topics in hematology. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1977:73-77.
11. Morgan O, Johnson PR, Mora C. HTLV-I and polymyositis in Jamaica. Lancet 1989; 2:1184-1187.
12. Aming RM, Sherman MP, Rodgers-Johnson PEB, et al. Association of HTLV-I with polymyositis. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV, Kumamoto, May 11-13, 1992
13. Yamamoto K, Nakajima T, Aono H, Hasunuma T, Maruyama I, Nishioka K. Oligoclonal integration of the virus in the lesion of HTLV-I associated arthropathy (HAAP). Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV, Kumamoto, May 11-13, 1992.
14. Kitajima I, Maruyama I, Maruyama Y, et al. Polyarthritis in human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy. Arthritis Rheum 1989; 32:1342-1344.
15. Shirao M, Yoshimura K, Mochizuki M, Araki S, Miyata N, Yamaguchi K A seroepidemiological study of HTLV-I uveitis. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV. Kumamoto, May 11-13, 1992.
16. Taguchi H, Sawada T, Fukushima A, et al. Bilateral uveitis in an HTLV-I-infected rabbit. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV, Kumamoto, May 11-13, 1992.
17. Watanabe T, Mochizuki M, Yamaguchi K, et al. Virological analysis of HTLV-I uveitis patients. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV, Kumamoto, May 11-13, 1992.
18. Dixon AC, Kwock W, Nakamura JM, et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and human T-lymphotropic virus, type 1 (HTLV-1). Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:93-94.
19. Eguchi K, Yamashita I, Ida H, et al. Primary Sjögren's syndrome with anti-HTLV-I antibodies. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV, Kumamoto, May 11-13, 1992.
20. Basdeo-Maharaj K, Suite M, Bartholomew C, Jack N, Edwards J, Blattner W. Infective dermatitis in Trinidad and Tobago. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV, Kumamoto, May 11-13, 1992.
21. LaGrenade L, Fletcher V, Carberry C, et al. Infective dermatitis of Jamaican children, 1966-1991. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV, Kumamoto, May 11-13, 1992.
22. Nomata K, Nakamura T, Suzu H, et al. Novel complications with HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: interstitial cystitis and persistent prostatitis. Jpn J Cancer Res 1992; 83:601-608.
23. Couderc LJ, Caubarrere I, Venet A, et al. Lymphocytic alveolitis in HTLV-I-associated tropical spastic paraparesis. In: Román G, Vernant JC, Osame M, eds HTLV-I and the nervous system. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989:457-461.
24. Sugimoto M, Mita S, Tokunaga M, Yamaguchi K, Mochizuki M, Araki S. Pulmonary involvement in patients with HTLV-I infection. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV, Kumamoto, May 11-13, 1992.
25. Ramcharan K, Bartholomew C, Jack N, Edwards J, Blattner W. HTLV-I-associated hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) in Trinidad. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV, Kumamoto, May 11-13, 1992.
26. Vernant JC, Buisson G, Bellance R, François MA, Madhaud O, Zavaro O. Pseudoamyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, and chronic polyradiculoneuritis in patients with HTLV-I-associated paraplegias. In: Román G, Vernant JC, Osame M, eds. HTLV-I and the nervous system. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989:361-365.
27. Kimiyoshi A, Hiroaki N, Wataru M, et al. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) presenting with ALS-like features. In: Román G, Vernant JC, Osame M, eds. HTLV-I and the nervous system. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989:367-370.
28. Yokota T, Furukawa T, Tsukagoshi H, Iwasaki Y. Lymphocytic meningitis in a patient with HTLV-I-associated myeolopathy. In: Román G, Vernant JC, Osame M, eds. HTLV-I and the nervous system. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989:479-482.
29. Yokoi K, Kawai H, Akaike A, et al. HTLV-I infection in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV, Kumamoto, May 11-13, 1992.
30. Hashiguchi T, Osame M, Kimiyoshi A, et al. Skin manifestations in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM): xerosis and erythema. In: Roman G, Vernant JC, Osame M, eds. HTLV-I and the nervous system. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989:443-448.
31. Miyazaki K, Yamaguchi K, Tohya T, Fujisaki S, Takatsuki K, Okamura H. HTLV-I infection as an oncogenic and prognostic risk factor in patients with cervical carcinoma and vaginal carcinoma. Abstracts of the 3rd Annual Retrovirology Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, February 12-14, 1990.
32. Said G, Goulon-Coeau C, Lacroix C, Feve A, Descamps H, Fouchard M. Inflammatory lesions of peripheral nerve in a patient with human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy. Ann Neurol 1988; 24:275-277.
33. Sugimura K, Takahashi A, Watanabe M, Mano K, Watanabe H. Demyelinating changes in sural nerve biopsy of patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Neurology 1990; 40:1263-1266.
34. Jean-Baptiste G, Arfi S, Horreard A, Chenière J, Vernant JC, Bokor J. Lomboradiculalgies atypiques associées au HTLV-I. Rev Rheum 1990; 57:869-872.
35. Bartholomew C, Cleghorn F, Blattner W. The clinical spectrum of HTLV-I infection in Trinidad and Tobago. In: Blattner W, ed. Human retrovirology: HTLV. New York: Raven Press, 1990:237-244.
36. Bartholomew C, Cleghorn F, Jack N, et al. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated facial nerve palsy in Trinidad and Tobago. Ann Neurol 1997; 41:806-809.
37. Pate FJ, Williams N, Hanchard B, et al. Persistent lymphadenopathy syndrome in infants of HTLV-I seropositive mothers. Fourth International Congress of Retrovirology, Montego Bay, Jamaica, May 7-9, 1991.
38. Sasaki K, Morooka I, Inomata H, et al. Retinal vasculitis in human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1989; 73:812-815.
39. Nakao K, Ohba N, Isashiki M, et al. Pigmentary retinal degeneration in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1989, 33:383-391.
40. Vernant JC, Buisson GG, Sobesky G, et al. Can HTLV-I lead to immunological disease? Lancet 1987; i:404.
41. Bravo LE, Barreto P. Sarna noruega en un paciente con linfoma/leucemia de células T del adulto. Colombia Med 1987; 18:67-70.
42. Taguchi H, Daibata M, Kitagawa T, et al. Generalized lymph node metastasis of early uterine cancer in an HTLV-I carrier. Cancer 1988; 62:2614-2617.
43. James W, Lee MD, Edward P, et al. T-cell lymphoma, tropical spastic paraparesis, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma in a patient with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:239-241.
44. Reddy EP, Sanberg-Wollheim M, Mettus RV, Ray PE, deFreitas E, Koprowski H. Amplification and molecular cloning of HTLV-I sequences from DNA of multiple sclerosis patients. Science 1989; 243:529-533.
45. Igakura T, Kawahigashi Y, Kanazawa H, Nakagawa M, Osame M. HTLV-I and Behçet disease. J Rheumatol 1993; 20:2175-2176.
46. Yokota T, Miura Y, Yamada M, Kaneko K, Miyatake T. Multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure and human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection. Am Neurol Assoc 1994; 35:244.
47. Yoshida Y, Sakamoto Y, Yoshimine A, et al. Three cases of juvenile-onset HTLV-I-associated myelopathy with pseudohypoparathyroidism. J Neurol Sci 1993; 118:145-149.
48. Yamaguchi K. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I in Japan. Lancet 1994; 343:213-216.
49. Nakada K, Yamaguchi K, Furugen S, et al. Monoclonal integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA in patients with strongyloidiasis. Int J Cancer 1987; 40:145-148.
50. Smadja D, Bellance R, Cabre PH, Arfi S, Vernant JC. Clinical characteristics of HTLV-I associated dermatopolymyositis. Acta Neurol Scand 1995; 92:206-212.
51. Cartier L, Castillo JL, Cea JG, Villagra R. Chronic dacryosialadenitis in HTLV-I associated myelopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 58:244-246.
52. Kuroda Y, Fukuoka M, Endo C, et al. Occurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis, CREST syndrome and Sjögren syndrome in a patient with HAM. J Neurol 1993; 116:47-51.
53. Miyai I, Saida T, Fujita M, Kitahara Y, Hirono N. Familial cases of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Ann Neurol 1987; 22:601-605.
54. Salazar-Grueso E, Roos RP, Wollmann R, Gutiérrez R, Dawson G. HTLV-I infection associated with a familial spastic paraparesis syndrome. Ann Neurol 1989; 26:152-156.
55. Bartholomew C, Cleghorn F, Charles W, et al. HTLV-I and tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 1986; ii:99-100.
56. Gessain A, Francis H, Sonan T, et al. HTLV-I and tropical spastic paraparesis in Africa. Lancet 1986; ii:698.
57. Lycke J, Svennerholm B, Svenningsson A, et al. Possible association of HTLV-I infection and dementia. Acta Neurol Scand 1993; 88:199-203.
58. Cartier L, Gormaz A, Araya F, Castillo JL. Cognitive function in progressive spastic paraparesis associated to HTLV-I: a preliminary study. Rev Chil Neuropsiquiatr 1992; 30:241-246.
59. Takegoshi K, Nakanuma Y, Tsukada K, Okuda K. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy and primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 13:202-204.
60. Araújo AQC, Andrada-Serpa MJ, Paulo-Filho TA, Rodrigues MT, Prado LAF. Folliculitis decalvans and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 20:696-699.
61. Kawano Y, Kira J. Chronic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis associated with HTLV-I infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 59:435-437.
62. Ijichi T, Adachi Y, Nishio A, et al. Myasthenia gravis, acute transverse myelitis, and HTLV-I. J Neurol Sci 1995; 133:194-196.
63. Hyer S, Richardson JH, Brown M, Lever AML, Nussey SS. Progressive flaccid myelopathy associated with HTLV-I. Lancet 1991; 338:944.
64. Gracia F, Castillo LC, Larreategui M, et al. Relation between HTLV-I and neurologic diseases in Panama: 1985-1990. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1995, 10:192-197.
65. Takayanagui OM, Moura LS, Petean FC, Biscaro TA, Covas DT, Osame M. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 1997; 48:1469-1470
66. Douen AG, Pringle CE, Guberman A. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I myositis, peripheral neuropathy, and cerebral white matter lesions in the absence of spastic paraparesis. Arch Neurol 1997; 57:896-900.
67. Mattock C, Parker NE. HTLV-I infection and schizophrenia. Lancet 1985; ii:945.
68. Hugon J, Dumas M, Vallat JM, et al. Spastic paraparesis and dual exposure to human lymphotropic virus type I and human T-lymphotropic virus type IV. Ann Intern Med 1987; 10:111.
69. Hugon J, Giordano C, Dumas M, et al. HIV-2 antibodies in an African with spastic paraplegia. Lancet 1988; 1:189.
70. Kira JI, Koyanagi Y, Hamakado T, Itoyama Y, Yamamoto N, Goto I. HTLV-II in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Lancet 1991; 338:64-65.
71. Hjelle B, Appenzeller O, Mills R. Chronic neurodegenerative disease associated with HTLV-II infection. Lancet 1992; 339:645-646.
72. Jacobson S, Lehky T, Nishimura M, Robinson S, McFarlin DE, Dhib-Jalbut S. Isolation of HTLV-II from a patient with chronic, progressive neurological disease clinically indistinguishable from HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Ann Neurol 1993; 33:392-396.
73. Harrington WJ, Sheremata W, Hjelle B, et al. Spastic ataxia associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II infection. Ann Neurol 1993; 33:411-414.
74. Menna-Barreto M, Doval A, Rabolini G, Bianchini O. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy in Porto Alegre (Southern Brazil). Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1995; 53:771-776.
75. Gout O, Baulac M, Gessain A, et al. Rapid development of myelopathy after HTLV-I infection acquired by transfusion during cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:383-388.
76. Sakai Y, Yao H, Sadoshima S, Fujishima M, Okochi K. Development of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) in a seroconverted patient for antibody to HTLV-I. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52:1445.
77. Zaninovic' V. Is it tropical spastic paraparesis due to HTLV-I only? In: Zaninovic' V, ed. HTLV truths and questions. Cali: Colciencias, Fundación MAR, 1996:203-211.
78. Leon FE, Costa CM, Gaffga N. Discrepancy, coincidence, or evidence in chronic idiopathic spastic paraparesis throughout the world. A meta-analysis on 2811 patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1997; 55:530-535.
79. Galeno H, Ramírez E, Cartier L. HTLV-I provirus in seronegative Chilean patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 1996; 348:1170.
80. Costa CM, Goubau P, Liu HF, et al. HTLV-negative and HTLV type I-positive tropical spastic paraparesis in northeastern Brazil. AIDS Res Human Retroviruses 1995; 2:315-318.
81. Ishida T, Yamamoto K, Omoto K, et al. Prevalence of a human retrovirus in native Japanese: evidence for a possible ancient origin. J Infect 1985, 11:153-157.
82. Hinuma Y. The origin of HTLV-I carriers. In: Roman GC, Vernant JC, Osame M, eds. HTLV-I and the nervous system. Neurology and neurobiology. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989.
83. Takesaki T, Tajima K. Epidemiology of ATLL and HAM/TSP in Asia. In: Zaninovic' V, ed. HTLV truths and questions. Cali: Colciencias. Fundación MAR, 1996:66-77.
84. Tajima K, Hinuma Y. Epidemiology HTLV-I/II in Japan and the world. Gan Monogr Cancer Res 1992; 39:129-149.
85. Osame M. HAM: Epidemiology, clinical features, and pathomechanism. Gan Monogr Cancer Res 1992; 39:57-68.
86. Itoyama Y, Minato SI, Goto I. HTLV-I associated myelopathy (HAM) and seronegative spastic spinal paraparesis (SSP). In: HTLV-I and the nervous system. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989:209-212.
87. Jeannel D, Garin B, Kazadi K, Singa L, de Thé G. The risk of tropical spastic paraparesis differs according to ethnic group among HTLV-I carriers in Inongo, Zaire. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6:840-844.
88. Mahé A, Gessain A, Huerre M, Valensi F, Kéita S, Bobin P. Leucémie/lymphome T de l'adulte associée au HTLV-I chez un africain séropositif pour le VIH 2. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1994; 121:704-709.
89. Dumas M, Preux PM, Houinato D, Cabanac MD, et al. HTLV-I and tropical spastic paraparesis in Africa. In: Zaninovic' V, ed. HTLV truths and questions. Cali: Colciencias, Fundación MAR, 1996:166-170.
90. Román GC, Román LN, Spencer PS, Schoenberg BS. Tropical spastic paraparesis: a neuroepidemiological study in Colombia. Ann Neurol 1985; 17:361-365
91. Zaninovic V. Investigación epidemiológica y virológica de la paraparesia espástica tropical. Academica Nacional de Medicina de Colombia 1997:11-17.
92. Garruto RM, Slover P, Mora C, et al. High prevalence rates of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection in isolated populations of the western Pacific without Japanese or African contact [Abstract]. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 263.
93. Yanagihara R, Ajdukiewicz AB, Garruto RM, et al. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection in the Solomon Islands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991; 44:122-130.
94. Kitagawa T, Fujishita M, Tagushi H, Miyoshi I, Takodoro H. Antibodies to HTLV-I in Japanese immigrants in Brazil. JAMA 1986; 256:2342.
95. Montgomery RD. The epidemiology of myelopathy associated with human T-lymphotropic virus I. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993; 87:154-159.
96. Miller GJ, Pegram SM, Kirkwood BR, et al. Ethnic composition, age, and sex, together with location and standard of housing as determinants of HTLV-I infection in an urban Trinidadian community. Int J Cancer 1986; 38:395-400.
97. Sheremata W, Lowis GW. Epidemiology of tropical spastic paraparesis and associated HTLV-I infection in the United States. In: Zaninovic' V, ed. HTLV truths and questions. Cali: Colciencias, Fundación MAR, 1996:171-186.
98. Bhagavati S, Ehrlich G, Kula RW, et al. Detection of human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I DNA and antigen in spinal fluid and blood of patients with chronic progressive myelopathy. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:1141-1147.
99. Janssen RS, Kaplan JE, Khabbaz RF, et al. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in the United States. Neurology 1991; 41:1355-1357.
100. Iwasaki Y, ed. Neuropathology of HAM/TSP in Japan. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neuropathology of Retrovirus Infections, Tokyo, August 31, 1989.
101. Liberski PP, Rodgers-Johnson P, Yanagihara R, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC. Cambios neuropatológicos ultraestructurales de una encefalomieloneuropat'a por retrovirus. In: Zaninovic' V, ed. Retrovirus humanos. HTLV-I. Paraparesia Espástica y Linfomas. Cali: Feriva, 1989:133-146.
102. Cartier L. Análisis histopatológico de tres casos chilenos de paraparesia espástica esporádica progresiva del adulto. In: Zaninovic' V, ed. Retrovirus humanos. HTLV-I. Paraparesia Espástica y Linfomas. Cali: Feriva, 1989:147-154.
103. Cartier LM, Cea JG, Vergara C, Araya F, Born P. Clinical and neuropathological study of six patients with spastic paraparesis associated with HTLV-I: an axomyelinic degeneration of the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1997; 56:403-413.
104. Román GC, Vernant JC, Osame M, eds. HTLV-I and the nervous system. Neurology and neurobiology. Vol. 15. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989.
105. Trujillo JM, Concha M, Muoz A, et al. Seroprevalence and cofactors of HTLV-I infection in Tumaco, Colombia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:651-657.
106. Román GC, Schoenberg BS, Madden DL, et al. HTLV-I antibodies in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis from the Seychelles. Arch Neurol 1987; 44:605-607.
107. Kayembe K, Goubau P, Desmyter J, Vlietnick R, Carton H. A cluster of HTLV-I-assodated tropical spastic paraparesis in Equateur (Zaire): ethnic and familial distribution. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53:4-10.
108. Scott HH. Investigation into an acute outbreak of 'central neuritis.' Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1918; 12:109-196.
109. Ishiguro N, Abe M, Seto K, et al. A rat model of human T-lymphocyte virus type I (HTLV-I) infection. 1. Humoral antibody response, provirus integration, and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis-like myelopathy in seronegative HTLV-I carrier rats. J Exp Med 1992; 176:981-989.
110. Kushida S, Matsumura M, Tanaka H, et al. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis-like rats by intravenous injection of HTLV-I-producing rabbit or human T-cell line into adult WKA rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993; 84:831-833.
111. Kushida S, Mizusawa H, Matsumura M, et al. High incidence of HAM6TSP-like symptoms in WKA rats after administration of human T-cell leukemia virus type I-producing cells. J Virol 1994; 68:7221-7226.
112. de Castro-Costa CM. A preliminary analysis of an experimental long-term study of motor behavior and clinical aspects of wistar rats inoculated with blood from HTLV-I positive TSP patients from Ceará (northeastern Brazil). In: Zaninovic V, ed HTLV truths and questions. Cali: Colciencias, Fundación MAR, 1996:89-95.
113. Costa CM. Neuropatologiá de la PET/HAM humana y experimental. La PET/HAM. Zaninovic V, Costa CM, eds. Cali: Colciencias Fundación MAR, 1998 (in press).
114. Gardner MB. Neurotropic retroviruses of wild mice and macaques. Ann Neurol 1988; S23:201-206.
115. Ayabe M, Imaizumi T, Kikuchi M, Hino H, Shoji H. Clinical and immunological findings of hepatitis B virus-associated spastic paraparesis: a comparison with HAM. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1997; 37:283-286.
116. Kaplan JG. Neurotoxicity of selected biological toxins. In: Spencer PS, Schaumburg HH, eds. Experimental and clinical neurotoxicology. Baltimore, London: Williams & Wilkins, 1980:631-648.
117. Hirano A, Llena JF, Streifler M, Conn DF. Anterior horn changes in a case of neurolathyrism. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1976; 35:277-283.
118. Carton H, Kayembe K, Kabeya N, Odio N, Billiau A, Maertens K. Epidemic spastic paraparesis in Bandundu (Zaire). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49:620-627.
119. Tylleskar T, Legue FD, Peterson S, Kpizingui E, Stecker P. Konzo in the Central African Republic. Neurology 1994; 44:959-961.
120. García-Vallejo F. Molecular and immunological characteristics in the pathogenesis of tropical spastic paraparesis-HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). Ciencia e Cultura J Braz Associat Adv Sci 1996; 48:351-358.
121. García-Vallejo F. Un virus que provoca la autodestrucción. Ciencia al día. Cali: Universidad del Valle, http://aupec. univalle.edu.co/informes/ene99/paraparesis.html.