Resource structure, scalar stress, and the development of inuit social organization

World Archaeology

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 21-37

  Friesen, T Max ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Arctic; Eskimo; Hunter gatherers; Inuit; Social organization; Whaling

Indexed keywords

HUNTER-GATHERER; NATURAL RESOURCE; WHALING;

ALSKA; CANADA; MACKENZIE DELTA; NORTHWEST TERRITORIES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0032863878     PISSN: 00438243     EISSN: 14701375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00438243.1999.9980430     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Ames, K. 1994. The Northwest Coast: complex hunter-gatherers, ecology, and social evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology, 23:209-29.
2. Arnold, C. 1988. Vanishing villages of the past: rescue archaeology in the Mackenzie Delta. The Northern Review, 1:40-58.
3. Arnold, C. 1994. Archaeological investigations on Richards Island. In Bridges Across Time: The NOGAP Archaeology Project (ed. J.-L. Pilon). Canadian Archaeological Association Occasional Paper No. 2, pp. 85-94.
4. Arnold, C. and Hart, E. 1992. The Mackenzie Inuit winter house. Arctic, 45:199-200.
5. Balkwill, D. and Rick, A. 1994. Siglit subsistence: preliminary report on faunal remains from a large midden at the Gupuk Site (NiTs-1), Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T. In Bridges Across Time: The NOGAP Archaeology Project (ed. J.-L. Pilon). Canadian Archaeological Association Occasional Paper No. 2, pp. 95-116.
6. Bettinger, R. 1991. Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological and Evolutionary Theory. New York: Plenum.
7. Burch, E. 1976. The ‘Nunamiut’ concept and the standardization of error. In Contributions to Anthropology: The Interior Peoples of North Alaska (ed. E. Hall). Ottawa: Archaeological Survey of Canada Mercury Series Paper No. 49, pp. 52-97.
8. Burch, E. 1980. Traditional Eskimo societies in Northwest Alaska. In Alaska Native Culture and History (eds Y. Kotani and W. Workman). Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, Senri Ethnological Studies No. 4, pp. 253-304.
9. Burch, E. 1981. The Traditional Eskimo Hunters of Point Hope, Alaska. Barrow: North Slope Borough.
10. Cameiro, R. 1967. On the relationship between size of population and complexity of social organization. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 23:234-43.
11. Cassell, M. 1988. ‘Farmers of the northern ice’: relations of production in the traditional North Alaskan Inupiat whale hunt. Research in Economic Anthropology, 10: 89-116.
12. Crowell, A. 1988. Dwellings, settlements, and domestic life. In Crossroads of Continents: Cultures of Siberia and Alaska (eds W. Fitzhugh and A. Crowell). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 194-208.
13. De Sainville, E. 1984. Journey to the mouth of the Mackenzie River (1889-1894). Fram: The Journal of Polar Studies, 1:541-50.
14. Fraker, M. 1980. Status and harvest of the Mackenzie stock of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Report of the International Whaling Commission, 30: 451-8.
15. Fraker, M., Sergeant, D. and Hoek, W. 1978. Bowhead and White Whales in the Southern Beaufort Sea. Sidney: Beaufort Sea Project, Department of Fisheries and the Environment.
16. Fraker, M., Gordon, C., McDonald, J., Ford, J. and Cambers, G. 1979. White Whale (Delphinapterus leucas) Distribution and Abundance and the Relationship to Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Mackenzie Estuary. Fisheries and Marine Service Technical Report 863.
17. Friesen, T. and Arnold, C. 1995a. Zooarchaeology of a focal resource: dietary importance of beluga whales to the precontact Mackenzie Inuit. Arctic, 48: 22-30.
18. Friesen, T. and Arnold, C. 1995b. Prehistoric beluga whale hunting at Gupuk, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories. In Hunting the Largest Animals: Aboriginal Whaling in the Western Arctic (ed. A. McCartney). Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 109-26.
19. Grier, C. and Savelle, J. 1994. Intrasite spatial patterning and Thule Eskimo social organization. Arctic Anthropology, 31(2): 95-107.
20. Harrison, A. 1908. In Search of a Polar Continent, 1905-1908. London: E. Arnold.
21. Hazard, K. 1988. Beluga whale. In Selected Marine Mammals of Alaska: Species Accounts with Research and Management Recommendations (ed. J. Lentfer). Washington: Marine Mammal Commission, pp. 195-235.
22. Jochim, M. 1976. Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence and Settlement: A Predictive Model. New York: Academic Press.
23. Johnson, G. 1982. Organizational structure and scalar stress. In Theory and Explanation in Archaeology (eds C. Renfrew, M. Rowlands and B. Segraves). New York: Academic Press, pp. 389-421.
24. Kelly, R. 1995. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
25. Krech, S. 1989. A Victorian Earl in the Arctic: The Travels and Collections of the Fifth Earl of Lonsdale 1888-1889. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
26. Larson, M. 1995. And then there were none: the ‘disappearance’ of the Qargi in northern Alaska. In Hunting the Largest Animals: Native Whaling in the Western Arctic and Subarctic (ed. A. McCartney). Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 207-20.
27. Lee, R. 1969. IKung Bushman subsistence: an input-output analysis. In Environment and Cultural Behavior: Ecological Studies in Cultural Anthropology (ed. A. Vayda). Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 47-79.
28. Lee, R. 1979. The IKung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
29. Lightfoot, K. 1993. Long-term developments in complex hunter-gatherer societies: recent perspectives from the Pacific Coast of North America. Journal of Archaeological Research, 1:167-202.
30. Lucier, C. and VanStone, J. 1995. Traditional beluga drives of the Inupiat of Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. Fieldiana: Anthropology, No. 25.
31. McCartney, A. 1995. Whale size selection by precontact hunters of the North American Western Arctic and Subarctic. In Hunting the Largest Animals: Native Whaling in the Western Arctic and Subarctic (ed. A. McCartney). Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 83-108.
32. McGhee, R. 1974. Beluga Hunters: An Archaeological Reconstruction of the History and Culture of the Mackenzie Delta Kittegaryumiut. St. John’s: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland Social and Economic Studies 13.
33. Martell, A., Dickinson, D. and Casselman, L. 1984. Wildlife of the Mackenzie Delta Region. Edmonton: Boreal Institute for Northern Studies, Occasional Paper No. 15.
34. Moore, S. and Reeves, R. 1993. Distribution and movement. In The Bowhead Whale (eds J. Bums, J. Montague and C. Cowles). Society for Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication No. 2., pp. 313-86.
35. Morrison, D. 1988. The Kugaluk Site and the Nuvorugmiut. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Civilization, Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper 137.
36. Morrison, D. 1990. Iglulualumiut Prehistory: The Lost Inuit of Franklin Bay. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Civilization, Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper 142.
37. Morrison, D. 1991. The Copper Inuit soapstone trade. Arctic, 44: 239-46.
38. Morrison, D. and Arnold, C. 1994. The Inuktuiut of the Eskimo Lakes. In Bridges Across Time: The NOGAP Archaeology Project (ed. J.-L. Pilon). Canadian Archaeological Association Occasional Paper No. 2, pp. 117-26.
39. Morseth, C. 1997. Twentieth-century changes in beluga whale hunting and butchering by the Kanigmiut of Buckland, Alaska. Arctic, 50: 241-55.
40. Murdoch, J. 1892. Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. Washington: Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
41. Nuligak. 1966.1, Nuligak (ed. M. Metayer). Toronto: Peter Martin Associates.
42. Petitot, E. 1876. Vocabulaire français-esquimau. San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft and Co.
43. Petitot, E. 1970. The Amerindians of the Canadian Northwest in the 19th Century, as seen by Emile Petitot (ed. D. Savoie). Ottawa: Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Mackenzie Delta Research Project No. 9.
44. Savelle, J. and McCartney, A. 1991. Thule Eskimo subsistence and bowhead whale procurement. In Human Predators and Prey Mortality (ed. M. Stiner). Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 201-16.
45. Savelle, J. and McCartney, A. 1994. Thule Inuit bowhead whaling: a biometrical analysis. In Threads of Arctic Prehistory: Papers in Honour of William E. Taylor, Jr. (eds D. Morrison and J.-L. Pilon). Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Civilization Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper No. 149, pp. 281-310.
46. Schalk, R. 1977. The structure of an anadromous fish resource. In For Theory Building in Archaeology (ed. L. Binford). New York: Academic Press, pp. 207-49.
47. Sergeant, D. 1973. Biology of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in western Hudson Bay. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30:1065-90.
48. Sheehan, G. 1985. Whaling as an organizing focus in northwestern Alaskan Eskimo Society. In Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity (eds T. Price and J. Brown). Orlando: Academic Press, pp. 123-54.
49. Sheehan, G. 1995. Whaling surplus, trade, war, and the integration of prehistoric northern and northwestern Alaskan economies, A.D. 1200-1826. In Hunting the Largest Animals: Native Whaling in the Western Arctic and Subarctic (ed. A. McCartney). Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 185-206.
50. Slaughter, D. 1982. The Point Barrow house type: an analysis of archaeological examples from Siraagruk and other sites in northern Alaska. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 20:141-91.
51. Smith, D. 1984. Mackenzie Delta Eskimo. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 5: Arctic (ed. D. Damas). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 347-58.
52. Smith, E. and Winterhalder, B. (eds). 1992. Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior. Hawthorne: Aldine de Gruyter.
53. Spencer, R. 1959. The North Alaskan Eskimo: A Study in Ecology and Society. Bulletin 171 of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
54. Spencer, R. 1984. North Alaska Coast Eskimo. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 5: Arctic (ed. D. Damas). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 320-37.
55. Stefansson, V. 1919. The Stefansson-Anderson Arctic Expedition of the American Museum: preliminary ethnological report. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 14, Part 1.
56. Stringer, I. n.d. Journals on file, Toronto: Anglican Archives of Canada.
57. Trigger, B. 1991. Constraint and freedom: a new synthesis for archaeological explanation. American Anthropologist, 93: 551-69.
58. Usher, P. 1971. The Canadian Western Arctic: a century of change. Anthropologica, n.s., 13:169-83.
59. Whittaker, C. 1937. Arctic Eskimo. London: Seeley & Service.
60. Whittaker, C. n.d. Memoranda to the Mission to the Mackenzie River Eskimo. Manuscript on file, Toronto: Anglican Archives of Canada.
61. Winterhalder, B. and Smith, E. (eds). 1981. Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analyses. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
62. Worl, R. 1980. The North Slope Inupiat whaling complex. Senri Ethnological Studies, 4:305-20.
63. Yellen, J. 1977. Archaeological Approaches to the Present. New York: Academic Press.
64. Yerbury, C. 1984. Bishop William Carpenter Bompas’ notes on the Inuit of the Mackenzie River. Fram: The Journal of Polar Studies, 1: 507-38.
65. Yesner, D. 1981. Archaeological applications of optimal foraging theory: harvest strategies of Aleut hunter-gatherers. In Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analyses (eds B. Winterhalder and E. Smith). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 148-70.