Radionuclide characterization and associated dose from long-lived radionuclides in close-in fallout delivered to the marine environment at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 237-238, Issue , 1999, Pages 311-327

  Robison, William L ^a   Noshkin, Victor E ^a  

^a LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dose assessment; Marine environment; Marshall islands; Radioactivity

Indexed keywords

RADIOISOTOPE;

ATOLL; NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTING; POLLUTION MONITORING; RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION;

ATOMIC BOMB; CONFERENCE PAPER; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY; FALLOUT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION MONITORING; SEA;

ANIMALS; DIET; FISH PRODUCTS; GEOLOGIC SEDIMENTS; HUMANS; MICRONESIA; NUCLEAR WARFARE; PACIFIC OCEAN; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT; RADIOISOTOPES; SEAWATER; WATER POLLUTANTS, RADIOACTIVE; WATER POLLUTION, RADIOACTIVE;

PACIFIC OCEAN;

EID: 0032863588     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00145-X     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (37)

1. Adams CE, Farlow NH, Schell WR. The compositions, structures and origins of radioactive fall-out particles. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1960;18:42-56.
2. Atkinson M, Smith SV, Stroup ED. Circulation in Enewetak Atoll lagoon. Limnol Oceanogr 1981;26:1074-1083.
3. Bogen KT, Conrado CL, Robison WL. Uncertainty and variability in updated estimates of potential dose and risk at a US nuclear test site - Bikini Atoll. Health Phys 1997;73: 115-126.
4. Bonham K. Further contributions on gross beta radioactivity of biological and related samples at the Eniwetok Proving Ground, 1952-1958. University of Washington, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Seattle, WA, UWFL-63, 1959.
5. Emery KO, Tracy JI, Ladd HS. Geology of Bikini and nearby atolls. Professional Paper 260-A, US Geological Survey, Washington, DC: US Gov. Printing Office, 1954:263.
6. Gallery of US Nuclear Tests. High energy weapons archive. (Carey Sublette administrator) (updated 12 Dec 1997), http://www.envirolink.org/issues/nuketesting/hew/.
7. Hansen C. Nuclear weapons. The secret history. New York, NY: Aerofax, Inc. for Orion Books, Div. of Crown Pub. Inc, 1988.
8. Hawthorne HA. Compilation of local fallout data from test detonations 1945-1962. Extracted from DASA 1251, vol. II, Oceanic US Tests, Report DNA 1251-2-EX, Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington, DC, 1979:333.
9. 14C in the Pacific Proving Ground. Health Phys 1965;11:1445-1457.
10. Lowman FG, Palumbo RF, South DJ. The occurrence and distribution of radioactive non-fission products in plants and animals of the Pacific Proving Ground. University of Washington, Applied Fisheries Laboratory, Seattle, WA, UWFL-51, 1957.
11. Lowman FG. Marine biological investigations at the Eniwetok test site. Disposal of radioactive wastes. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1960:105-138.
12. McMurty GM, Schneider RC, Colin PL, Buddemeier RW, Suchanek TH. Redistribution of fallout radionuclides in Enewetak Atoll lagoon sediments by callianassid bioturbation. Nature 1985;313:674-677.
13. Nelson V, Noshkin VE. Marine program, vol. 1. Enewetak survey report. US Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, NV; NVO-140, 1973: 131-224.
14. Nethaway DR, Barton GW. A compilation of fission product yields in use at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, Report UCRL-51458, 1973.
15. Nevissi A, Schell WR. Distribution of plutonium and americium in Bikini Atoll lagoon. Health Phys 1975;28:539-547.
16. Noshkin V. Transuranium radionuclides in components of the benthic environment of Enewetak Atoll. In: Hanson WC, editor. Transuranic elements in the environment, DOE/ TIC 22800, 1980:578-601.
17. Noshkin VE, Wong KM, Eagle RJ, Gatrousis C. Transuranics at Pacific atolls, IL. Concentration in the waters at Enewetak and Bikini. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, Report UCRL-51612, 1974.
18. Noshkin VE, Eagle RJ, Wong KM, Jokela TA. Transuranic concentrations in reef and pelagic fish from the Marshall Islands. Impacts of radionuclide releases into the marine environment. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, IAEA-AM-248/146, 1981:293-317.
19. 241Am in tissues of fish from the Marshall Islands and calculated dose commitments from their consumption. In: Pinder JE III, Alberts JJ, McLeod KW, Schreckhise RG, editors. Environmental research on actinide elements. CONF-841142, US Dept. of Energy, Washington, DC, 1987: 391-427.
20. 210Pb in the diet at the Marshall Islands. Sci Total Environ 1994;155:87-104.
21. Noshkin VE, Eagle RJ, Wong KM, Robison WL. Sediment studies at Bikini Atoll Part 2. Transuranium elements in surface sediments. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-LR-129379, 1997.
22. Noshkin VE, Eagle RJ, Brunk JL, Robison WL. Sediment studies at Bikini Atoll Part 3. Inventories of some long-lived gamma emitting radionuclides associated with lagoon surface sediments. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-LR-129834, 1997.
23. Noshkin VE, Robison WL, Wong KM, Brunk JL, Eagle RJ, Jones HE. Past and present levels of some radionuclides in fish from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls. Health Phys 1997c;73(1):49-65.
24. Noshkin VE, Eagle RJ, Robinson WL. Sediment studies at Bikinis Atoll. Part 1. Distribution of fine and coarse components in surface sediments. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, CA UCRL-LR-126641, 1997.
25. Noshkin VE, Robison WL, Wong KM, Eagle RJ. Environmental behavior of plutonium isotopes in the marine environment of Enewetak Atoll. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1998a;234(1-2):243-249.
26. Noshkin VE, Robison WL, Wong KM, Eagle RJ, Jokela TA, Brunk JL. Distribution and inventory of several long-lived radionuclides in Enewetak lagoon sediment. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, CA. 1998:in preparation.
27. Robison WL. Dose estimates for the marine food chain. In: Enewetak s Survey report, vol. 1. US Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, NV, NVO-140, 1973:526-541.
28. Robison WL, Conrado CL, Phillips WA. Enjebi Island dose assessment. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, Report UCRL-53805, 1987.
29. Robison WL, Bogen KT, Conrado CL. An updated dose assessment for resettlement options at Bikini Atoll - A US nuclear test site. Health Phys 1997;73:100-114.
30. Schell WR, Lowman FG., Marshall RP. Geochemistry of transuranic elements at Bikini Atoll. In: Hansen WC, editor. Transuranic elements in the environment. US Dept. of Energy, Washington, DC, DOE/TIC-22800, 1980.
31. Simon SL, Robison WL. A compilation of nuclear weapons test detonation data for US Pacific Ocean tests. Health Phys 1997; 73:258-264.
32. Von Arx WW. The circulation systems of Bikini and Rongelap lagoons. Trans Am Geophys Union 1948;29:861-870.
33. Weiss HV, Shipman WH. Biological concentration by killer clams of cobalt-60 from radioactive fallout. Science 1957; 125:695.
34. Welander AD. Radioactivity in the reef fishes of Belle Island Eniwetok Atoll April 1954 to November 1955. University of Washington, Applied Fisheries Laboratory, WA. UWFL-49, 1957.
35. Welander AD. Distribution of radionuclides in the environment of Eniwetok and Bikini Atolls, August 1964. In: Nelson DJ, Evans FC, editors. Proc. of 2nd National Symp. On Radioecology. US Atomic Energy Commission, Washington DC, CONF-670503, 1969:346-354.
36. Welander AD, Bonham K, Palumbo RF, Gessel SP, Lowman FG, Jackson WB, McClin R, Lewis GB. Bikini-Eniwetok studies, 1964. Part II, Radiobiological Studies. College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, Report UWFL-93, Pt. II, 1967.
37. Wong KM, Jokela TA, Eagle RJ, Brunk JL, Noshkin VE. Radionuclide concentrations, fluxes, and residence times at Santa Monica and San Pedro Basins. Prog Oceanog 1992; 30:353-391.