Plant characteristics determine insect borer assemblages on Protea species in the Cape Fynbos, and importance for conservation management

Biodiversity and Conservation

Volumn 8, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 1089-1100

  Wright, Mark G ^a,b   Samways, Michael J ^c  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

^b Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Cape; Conservation; Insect borers; Insect diversity

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; SPECIES OCCURRENCE;

SOUTH AFRICA;

PROTEA;

EID: 0032860093     PISSN: 09603115     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1008880618304     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Bernays E and Graham M (1988) On the evolution of host specificity in phytophagous arthropods. Ecology 69: 886-892
2. Bush GL (1975) Sympatric host race formation and specification in frugivorous flies of the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Evolution 23: 237-251
3. Courtney SP and Chew FS (1987) Coexistence and host use by a large community of period butterflies: habitat is the template. Oecologia 71: 210-220
4. Coetzee JH (1989) The arthropod communities of Proteaceae with special reference to plant insect interactions. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
5. Coetzee JH and Giliomee JH (1987a) Seed predation and survival in the infructescences of Protea repens (Proteaceae). South African Journal of Botany 53: 61-64
6. Coetzee JH and Giliomee JH (1987b) Borers and other inhabitants of the infructescences of Protea repens in the western Cape. Phytophylactica 19: 1-6
7. Cowling RM (ed) (1992) The Ecology of Fynbos: Nutrients, Fire and Diversity. Oxford University Press, Cape Town
8. Cowling RM and Gxaba T (1990) Effect of a fynbos overstorey shrub on understory community structure: implications for the maintenance of community-wide species richness. South African Journal of Ecology 1: 1-7
9. Cowling RM and Holmes PM (1992) Flora and vegetation. In: Cowling RM (ed) The Ecology of Fynbos: Nutrients, Fire and Diversity, pp 23-61. Oxford University Press, Cape Town
10. Fernandes GW (1992) Plant family size and age effects on insular gall-forming species. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 2: 71-74
11. Fernandes GW and Price PW (1991) Comparisons of tropical and temperate galling species richness: the roles of environmental harshness and plant nutrient status. In: Price PW, Lewinsohn TM, Fernandes GW and Benson WW (eds) Plant-Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions. pp 91-115, John Wiley, New York
12. Futuyma DJ and Gould F (1979) Associations of plants and insects in a deciduous forest. Ecological Monographs 49: 33-50
13. Gaston KJ, Reavey D and Valladares G (1992) Intimacy and fidelity: internal and external feeding by the British microlepidoptera. Ecological Entomology 17: 86-88
14. Guttman SI, Wood TK and Karlin AA (1981) Genetic differentiation along host lines in the sympatric Enchenopa binotata Say complex (Homoptera: Membracidac). Evolution 35: 205-217
15. Hill MO (1979) DECORANA - A FORTRAN Programme for Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Reciprocal Averaging. Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
16. Janzen DH (1968) Host plants as islands in evolutionary and contemporary time. American Naturalist 102: 592-595
17. Janzen DH (1978) The ecology and evolutionary biology of seed chemistry as relates to seed predation. In: Harborne JB (ed) Biochemical Aspects of Plant and Animal Coevolution, pp 163-206. Academic Press, London
18. Johnson SD (1992) Plant-animal relationships. In: Cowling RM (ed) The Ecology of Fynbos: Nutrients, Fire and Diversity, pp 175-205. Oxford University Press, Cape Town
19. Jordaan A, Lloyd P and Burgers C (1991) The Kogelberg: Conservation versus Development. Chief Directorate of Nature and Environmental Conservation, Cape Town
20. Langor DW and Spence JR (1991) Host effects on allozyme and morphological variation of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolitidae). Canadian Entomologist 123: 395-410
21. Lawton JH and Gaston KJ (1989) Temporal patterns in the herbivorous insects of bracken: a test of community predictability. Journal of animal Ecology 58: 1021-1034
22. Linder P (1991) Environmental correlates patterns of species richness in the South Western Cape Province of South Africa. Journal of Biogeography 18: 509-518
23. Maynard Smith J (1966) Sympatric speciation. American Naturalist 100: 637-650
24. Mustart PJ, Cowling RM and Wright MG (1995) Clustering of fertile seeds in infructescences of serotinous Protea species: an anti-predation mechanism? African Journal of Ecology 33: 224-229
25. Opler P (1974) Oaks as evolutionary islands for leaf-mining insects. American Scientist 62: 67-73
26. Penev LD (1992) Qualitative and quantitative spacial variation in soil wire-worm plant assemblages in relation to climate and habitat factors. Oikos 63: 180-192
27. Sampford MR (1962) An Introduction to Sampling Theory, With Applications to Agriculture. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh
28. Samways MJ (1992) Some comparative insect conservation issues of north temperate, tropical and south temperate landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 40: 137-154
29. Schultz JC (1988) Many factors influence the evolution of herbivore diets, but plant chemistry is central. Ecology 69: 896-897
30. Southwood TRE (1960) The abundance of the Hawaiian trees and the number of their associated insect species. Proceedings of the Hawaii Entomological Society 17: 299-303
31. Sterlieng PH, Gibson SWD and Brown VK (1992) Leafminer assemblies: effects of succession and grazing management. Ecological Entomology 17: 167-178
32. Strong DR (1974) Rapid asymptotic species accumulation in phytophagous insect communities: the pests of cacao. Science 185: 1064-1066
33. Taylor HC (1978) Capensis. In: Werger MJA (ed) Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa, pp 171-229. Junk, The Hague
34. Ter Braak CJF (1978) CANOCO - a FORTRAN Programme for Canonical Community Ordination by Correspondence Analysis. TWO Institute of Applied Computer Science, Statistics Department, Wageningen, The Netherlands
35. Van Wilgen BW and Kruger FJ (1981) Observations on the effects of fire in mountain fynbos at Zachariashoek, Paarl. Journal of South African Botany 47: 195-212
36. Van Wilgen BW, Bond WJ and Richardson DM (1992) Ecosystem management. In: Cowling RM (ed) The Ecology of Fynbos: Nutrients, Fire and Diversity, pp 345-371. Oxford University Press, Cape Town
37. Webb NR, Clarke RT and Nicholas JT (1984) Invertebrate diversity on fragmented Calluna-heathland: Effects of surrounding vegetation. Journal of Biogeography 11: 41-46
38. Wright MG (1993) Insect conservation in the African Cape Fynbos, with special reference to endophagous insects. In: Gaston KJ, New T and Samways MJ (eds) Perspectives on Insect Conservation, pp 97-110. Intercept, Andover, UK
39. Wright MG (1994) Variability in seed set: a defence mechanism against seed predators in Protea species (Proteaceae). Oecologia 99: 397-400
40. Zar JH (1984) Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ