Volcanoes as agents of past environmental change

Global and Planetary Change

Volumn 21, Issue 1-3, 1999, Pages 181-196

  Sadler, J P ^a   Grattan, J P ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Climate change; Environmental change; Temperature change; Volcanic aerosols; Volcanoes

Indexed keywords

GLOBAL CHANGE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

PINATUBO;

EID: 0032853491     PISSN: 09218181     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0921-8181(99)00014-4     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Angell J.K.Surface temperature changes following the six major volcanic episodes between 1780 and 1980 Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 24:1985;937-951.
2. Angell J.K. Variations in global tropospheric temperature after adjustment for the El Niño influence, 1958-89. Geophysical Research Letters. 17:1990;1093-1096.
3. Angell J.K., Koshover J. Impact of El Niño on the delineation of tropospheric cooling due to volcanic eruptions. Journal of Geophysical Research. 93(D4):1988;3697-3704.
4. Baillie M.G.L. Tree-Ring Dating and Archaeology. 1988;Croom Helm, Canberra.
5. Baillie M.G.L. Hekla 3: how big was it? Endeavour. 13(2):1989;78-81.
6. Baillie M.G.L. Suck in and smear, two related chronological problems for the 90's. Journal of Theoretical Archaeology. 2:1991;12-16.
7. Baillie M.G.L. Dendrochronology raises questions about the nature of the AD536 dust-veil event. The Holocene. 4(2):1994;212-217.
8. Baillie M.G.L., Munro M.A.R. Irish tree rings, santorini and volcanic dust veils. Nature. 332:1988;344-346.
9. Baldwin P., Pollack J.B., Summers A., Toon O.B., Sagan C., Van Camp W. Stratospheric aerosols and climatic change. Nature. 263:1976;551-555.
10. Baron W.R. 1816 in perspective: the view from the Northeastern United States. Harington C.R. The Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816. 1992;124-144 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.
11. Bekki S., Pyle J.A. A 2-dimensional modeling study of the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. 99(D9):1994;18861-18869.
12. Blackford J.J., Edwards K.J., Dugmore A.J., Cook G.T., Buckland P.C. Hekla-4: icelandic volcanic ash and the mid-holocene Scots Pine decline in northern Scotland. The Holocene. 2(3):1992;260-265.
13. Bradley R.S. The explosive volcanic eruption signal in northern hemisphere continental temperature records. Climatic Change. 12:1988;221-243.
14. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Records of explosive volcanic eruptions over the last 500 years. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate Since AD 1500. 1992;606-622 Routledge, London.
15. Briffa K.R., Schweingruber F.H. Recent dendroclimatic evidence of northern and central European summer temperatures. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate Since AD 1500. 1992;366-392 Routledge, London.
16. Briffa K.R., Jones P.D., Pilcher J.R., Hughes M.K. Reconstructing summer temperatures in northern Fennoscandinavia back to A.D. 1700 using tree-ring data from Scots Pine. Arctic and Alpine Research. 20(4):1988;295-385.
17. Briffa K.R., Jones P.D., Schweingruber F.H. Summer temperatures over Europe: a reconstruction from 1750 AD based on maximum latewood density indices of conifers. Quaternary Research. 30:1988;36-52.
18. Briffa K.R., Bartholin T.S., Eckstein D., Jones P.D., Karlén W., Schweingruber F.H., Zetterburg P. A 1400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia. Nature. 346:1990;434-439.
19. Briffa K.R., Jones P.D., Schweinguber F.H. Tree-ring density reconstructions of summer temperature patterns across western Northern America since 1600. Journal of Climate. 5:1992;735-754.
20. Bryson R.A., Goodman B.M. Volcanic activity and climatic changes. Science. 207:1980;1041-1044.
21. Burgess C. Volcanoes, catastrophe and the global crisis of the late second millenium BC. Current Archaeology. 117:1989;325-329.
22. Catchpole A.J.W., Hanuta I. Severe summer ice in Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay following major volcanic eruptions, 1751 to 1889 A.D. Climatic Change. 14:1989;61-79.
23. Charman D.J., Grattan J.P., West S. Environmental response to tephra deposition in the Strath of Kildonan, northern Scotland. The Journal of Archaeological Science. 22(6):1995;799-809.
24. Chester D.K. Volcanoes and climate: recent volcanological perspectives. Progress in Physical Geography. 12(1):1988;1-35.
25. Cleaveland M.K. Volcanic effects on Colorado plateau douglas fir-tree rings. Harington C.R. The Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816. 1992;115-123 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.
26. Conkey L.E. Red Spruce tree-ring widths and densities in Eastern North America as indicators of past climate. Quaternary Research. 26:1986;232-243.
27. Cook E.R., Stahle D.W., Cleaveland M.K. Dendroclimatic evidence from eastern North America. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate since A.D. 1500. 1992;331-348 Routledge, London.
28. Crowley T.J., Criste T.A., Smith N.R. Reassessment of Crête (Greenland) ice core acidity/volcanism link to climate change. Geophysical Research Letters. 20(3):1993;209-212.
29. D'Arrigo R.D., Jacoby G.C. Dendroclimatic evidence from northern North America. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate Since AD 1500. 1992;296-312 Routledge, London.
30. Deepak A., Newell R.E. Mt. St. Helens eruptions of 1980. (Atmospheric effects and potential climatic impact.). 1982;458 NASA SP.
31. Devine J.D., Sigurdsson H., Davis A.N., Self S. Estimates of sulfur and chlorine yield to the Atmosphere from volcanic eruptions and potential climatic effects. Journal of Geophysical Research. 89:1984;6309-6325.
32. Eddy J.A. Before Tambora: the sun and climate. Harington C.R. The Year Without a Summer. 1992;11 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.
33. Ellsaesser H.W., MacCracken M.C., Walton J.J., Grotch S.L. Global climate trends as revealed by recorded data. Reviews of Geophysics. 24:1986;745-792.
34. Epstein S., Krishnamurthy R.V. Environmental information in the isotopic record in trees. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 330:1990;427-439.
35. Fayle D.C., Bentley C.V., Scott P.A. How did treeline white spruce at Churchill Manitoba, respond to conditions around 1816. Harington C.R. The Year Without a Summer. 1992;281-290 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.
36. Fiacco R.J., Thordarson Th., Germani M.S., Self S., Palais J., Whitlow S., Groutes P. Atmospheric aerosol loading and transport due to the 1783-84 Laki eruption in Iceland, Interpreted from ash particles and acidity in the GISP2 ice-core. Quaternary Research. 42(3):1994;231-240.
37. Filion L., Payette S., Gauthier L., Boutkin Y. Light rings in subarctic conifers as a dendroecological tool. Quaternary Research. 26:1986;272-279.
38. Fritts H.C., Lofgren R.G., Gordon G.A. Variations in climate since 1602 as reconstructed from tree-rings. Quaternary Research. 12:1979;18-46.
39. Fritts H.C., Lofgren R.G., Gordon G.A. Reconstructing seasonal to century time scale variations in climate from tree ring evidence. Wigley T.M.L., Ingram M.J., Farmer G. Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and their Impact on Man. 1981;139-161 C.U.P.
40. Fritts H.C., Shao X.M. Mpaaing climate sing tre-rings from western North America. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate since A.D. 1500. 1992;269-295 Routledge, London.
41. Grattan J.P. Land abandonment and Icelandic volcanic eruptions in the late 2nd millennium. Stötter J., Wilhelm F. Environmental change in Iceland. Münchener Geographische Abhandlungen B. 12:1994;111-132.
42. Grattan J.P., Gilbertson D.D. Acid-loading from Icelandic tephra falling on acidified ecosystems as a key to understanding archaeological and environmental stress in northern and western Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science. 21(6):1994;851-859.
43. Grattan J.P., Sadler J.P. Regional warming of the lower atmosphere in the wake of volcanic eruptions: the role of the Laki fissure eruption in the hot summer of 1783. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Association. 1997.
44. Graumlich L.J., Brubaker L.B. Reconstruction of annual temperature (1590-1979) for Longmire Washington derived from tree-rings. Quaternary research. 25:1986;223-234.
45. Graybill D.A., Shiyatov S.G. Dendroclimatic evidence from the northern Soviet Union. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate Since AD 1500. 1992;393-414 Routledge, London.
46. Groisman P.Ya. Possible regional climate consequences of the Pinatubo eruption: an empirical approach. Geophysical Research Letters. 19(15):1992;1603-1606.
47. Hammer C.U. Past volcanism revealed by Greenland ice sheet impurities. Nature. 270:1977;482-486.
48. Hammer C.H. Traces of Icelandic eruptions in the Greenland ice sheet. Jökull. 34:1984;51-65.
49. Hammer C.U., Clausen H.B., Dansgaard W. Greenland ice sheet evidence of post glacial volcanism and its climatic impact. Nature. 288:1980;230-235.
50. Hammer C.U., Clausen H.B., Dansgaard W. Past volcanism and climate revealed by Greenland ice cores. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 11:1981;3-10.
51. Handler P. Sratospheric Aerosols and the indian monsoon. Journal of Geophysical Research. 91(D13):1986;14475-14490.
52. Handler P. The effect of volcanic aerosols on the global climate. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 37:1989;233-249.
53. Handler P., Andsager K. El Niño, volcanism, and global climate. Human Ecology. 22(1):1994;37-58.
54. Hansen J.E., Lacis A.A. Sun and dust versus greenhouse gases: an assessment of their relative roles in global climate change. Nature. 346:1990;713-719.
55. Harington C.R. The Year Without a Summer. 1992;Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.
56. Hughes M.K. Dendroclimatic evidence from the western Himalaya. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate since A.D. 1500. 1992;415-431 Routledge, London.
57. Hughes M.K., Schweingruber F.H., Cartwright D., Kelly P.M. July-August temperature at Edinburgh between 1721 and 1975 from tree-ring density and width data. Nature. 308:1984;341-344.
58. Jacoby G.C., Ulan L.D. Reconstruction of past ice conditions in a Hudson bay estuary using tree-rings. Nature. 298:1982;637-639.
59. Jacoby G.C., D'Arrigo R. Reconstructed northern hemispere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from north America. Climatic Change. 14:1989;39-59.
60. Jacoby G.C., D'Arrigo R. Spatial patterns of tree-growth anomalies from the North American boreal treeline in the early 1800s, including the year 1816. Harington C.R. The Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816. 1992;255-269 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.
61. Jacoby G.C., Ivanciu I.S., Ulan L.D. Reconstructed summer degree-days in Central Alaska and Northwestern Canada since 1524. Quaternary Research. 23:1985;18-26.
62. Jacoby G.C., Ivanciu I.S., Ulan L.D. A 263-year record of summer temperature for Northern Quebec reconstructed from tree-ring data and evidence of a major climatic shift in the early 1800s. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 64:1988;69-78.
63. Jones P.D., Bradley R.S. Climatic variations in the longest instrumental records. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate Since AD 1500. 1992;246-268 Routledge, London.
64. Kelly P.M., Sear C.B. Climatic impact of explosive volcanic eruptions. Nature. 311:1984;740-743.
65. Kelly P.M., Wigley T.M.L., Jones P.D. European pressure maps for 1815-16, the time of the eruption of Tambora. Climate Monitor. 13:1984;76-91.
66. Kington J.A. Weather Patterns over Europe in 1816. Harington C.R. The Year Without a Summer. 1992;358-371 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.
67. Kuniholm P.I. Archaeological evidence and non evidence for climate change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 330:1990;645-655.
68. Lacis A., Hansen J., Sato M. Climate forcing by stratospheric aerosols. Geophysical Research Letters. 19(15):1992;1607-1610.
69. LaMarche V.C. Palaeoclimatic inferences from long tree-ring records. Science. 183:1974;1043-1048.
70. LaMarche V.C., Stockton C.W. Chronologies from temperature sensitive bristlecone pines at upper treeline in western United States. Tree-ring Bulletin. 34:1974;21-45.
71. LaMarche V.C., Hirschboek K. Frost rings in trees as records of major volcanic eruptions. Nature. 307:1984;121-126.
72. 2: tree-ring evidence of growth enhancement in natural vegetation. Science. 225:1984;1019-1021.
73. Lamb H.H. Volcanic dust in the atmosphere; with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological significance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 266(1170):1970;425-533.
74. Lamb H.H. First essay at reconstructing the general atmospheric circulation in 1816 and the Early Nineteenth Century. Harington C.R. The Year Without a Summer. 1992;355-357 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.
75. Landsberg H.E., Albert J.M. The summer of 1816 and volcanism. Weatherwise. 27(2):1974;63-66.
76. Lary D.J., Balluch M., Bekki S. Solar heating rates after a volcanic eruption: The importance of SO2 absorption. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 120:1994;1683-1688.
77. Lotter A.F., Birks H.J.B. The impact of the Laacher See Tephra on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the Black Forest, southern Germany. Journal of Quaternary Science. 8(3):1993;263-276.
78. Lough J.M. Climate in 1816 and 1811-20 as reconstructed from western North American Tree-Ring Chronologies. Harington C.R. The Year Without a Summer. 1992;97-114 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.
79. Manley G. Central England temperatures: monthly means 1659 to 1973. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 100:1974;389-405.
80. Mass C., Schneider S.H. Statistical evidence on the influence of sunspots and volcanic dust on long term temperature records. Journal of Atmospheric Science. 34:1977;1995-2008.
81. Mass C.F., Portman D.A. Major volcanic eruptions and climate: a critical evaluation. Journal of Climate. 2:1989;566-593.
82. Mayewski P.A., Meeker L.D., Morrison M.C., Twickler M.S., Whitlow S.I., Ferland K.K., Meese D.A., Legrand M.R., Steffensen J.P. Greenland ice core 'signal' characteristics: an expanded view of climate change. Journal of Geophysical Research. 98(12):1993;839-848.
83. Meko D.M. Dendroclimatic evidence from the Great Plains of the United States. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate since A.D. 1500. 1992;312-330 Routledge, London.
84. McClelland L., Simkin T., Summers M., Nielsen E., Stein T.C. Global Volcanism 1975-1985. 1989;Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
85. McCormick M.P., Thomason L.W., Trepte C.R. Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption. Nature. 373:1995;399-404.
86. Mosley-Thompson E. Paleoenvironmental conditions in antarctica since A.D.1500: ice core evidence. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate Since AD 1500. 1992;572-591 Routledge, London.
87. Mossman R.C. The meteorology of Edinburgh. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 39:1896;63-207.
88. Nesje A., Johannessen T. What were the primary forcing mechanisms of high-frequency Holocene climate and glacier variations. The Holocene. 2(1):1992;79-84.
89. Neumann J. The 1810s in the Baltic region, 1816 in particular: air temperatures, grain supply and Mortality. Climatic Change. 17(1):1990;97-120.
90. Newhall G.C., Self S. The volcanic explosivity index (VEI): an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism. Journal of Geophysical Research. 87(C2):1982;1231-1238.
91. Nicholls N. Low latitude volcanic eruptions and the El Niño Southern oscillation. Journal of Climatology. 8:1988;91-95.
92. Nicholls N. Low latitude volcanic eruptions and the El Niño Southern oscillation: A reply. International Journal of Climatology. 10:1990;425-429.
93. Oswalt W.H. Volcanic activity and Alaskan Spruce growth in AD1783. Science. 126:1957;928-929.
94. Palais J.M., Sigurdsson H. Petrologic evidence of volatile emissions from major historic and pre-historic volcanic eruptions. Berger A., Dickinson R.E., Kidson J.W. Understanding Climate Change: Geophysical Monograph. 52(7):1989;31-53. IUGG.
95. Pang K.D., Slavin J.A., Chou H. Climatic anomalies of the late third century B.C.; correlation with volcanism, solar activity and planetary alignment. Eos. 68:1987;1234.
96. Pang K.D., Srivastava S.K., Chou H. Climatic impacts of past volcanic eruptions: inferences from ice-core, tree-ring and historical data. Eos. 69:1988;1062.
97. Pang K.D., Keston R., Srivastava S.K., Chou H. Climatic and hydrologic extremes in early chinese history: possible causes and dates. Eos. 70:1989;1095.
98. Parker D.E. Frost rings in trees and volcanic eruptions. Nature. 313:1985;160-161.
99. Peel D.A. Ice core evidence from the Antarctic Peninsula region. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate Since AD 1500. 1992;549-571 Routledge, London.
100. Petit J.R., Mounier L., Jouzel J., Korotkevich Y.S., Kotlyakov V.I., Lorius C. Palaeoclimatological and chronological implications of the Vostock ice core. Nature. 343:1990;56-58.
101. Pfister C. The year without a summer in Switzerland:1628 and 1816. Harington C.R. The Year Without a Summer. 1992;416-417 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.
102. Pinto J.P., Turco R.P., Toon O.B. Self-limiting physical and chemical effects in volcanic eruption clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. 94(ND8):1989;11165-11174.
103. Pollack J.B. Measurements of the volcanic plumes of Mt. St. Helens in the stratosphere and troposphere: Introduction. Science. 211:1981;815-816.
104. Porter S.C. Recent glacier variations and volcanic eruptions. Nature. 291:1981;139-141.
105. Porter S.C. Pattern and Forcing of Northern Hemisphere Glacier Variation during the Last Millennium. Quaternary Research. 26:1986;27-48.
106. Post J.D. The Last Great Subsistence Crisis of the Western World. 1977;John Hopkins Univ. Press.
107. Pyle D.M. On the 'Climatic Effectiveness' of volcanic eruptions. Quaternary Research. 37:1992;125-129.
108. Pyle, D.M., Beattie, P., Bekki, S., Pyle, J., 1997. Volcanic sulphur budgets and the impact of large magnitude explosive eruptions. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Geological Society.
109. Rampino M.R. Volcanic winters. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science. 16:1988;73-99.
110. Rampino M.R., Self S. Historic eruptions of Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883), and Agung (1963), their stratospheric aerosols and climatic impact. Quaternary Research. 18:1982;127-143.
111. Rampino M.R., Self S. Sulphur rich volcanic eruptions and stratospheric aerosols. Nature. 310:1984;677-679.
112. Rampino M.R., Self S., Fairbridge I.W. Can rapid climate change cause volcanic eruptions? Science. 206:1982;826-829.
113. Renfrew C. The Eruption of Thera and Minoan Crete. Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology. 1979;Academic Press, London.
114. Robock A., Mao J. Winter warming from large volcanic eruptions. Geophysical Research Letters. 12(24):1992;2405-2508.
115. Robock A., Mao J. The volcanic signal in surface temperature observations. Journal of Climate. 8:1995;1086-1103.
116. Sato M., Hansen J.E., McCormick M.P., Pollack J.B. Stratospheric aerosol optical depths, 1850-1990. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. 98(D12):1993;22987-22994.
117. Schove D.J. Tree-rings and summer temperatures. Scottish Geographical Magazine. 66(1):1950;37-42.
118. Schove D. Summer temperatures and Tree rings in Northern Scandinavia. Geografiska Annaler. 36:1954;40-80.
119. Scuderi L.A. Tree-ring evidence for climatically effective volcanic eruptions. Quaternary Research. 34:1990;67-85.
120. Scuderi L.A. Climatically effective volcanism. Quaternary Research. 37:1992;130-135.
121. Sear C.B., Kelly P.M., Jones P.D., Goodess C.M. Global surface temperature responses to major volcanic eruptions. Nature. 330:1987;365-367.
122. Self S., Rampino M.R., Barbera J.J. The possible effects of large 19th and 20th century volcanic eruptions on zonal and hemispheric surface temperatures. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 11:1981;41-60.
123. Sigurdsson H. Evidence of volcanic loading of the atmosphere and climatic response. Global and Planetary Change. 3(3):1990;277-290.
124. Simkin T., Siebert L., McClelland L., Bridge D., Newhall C., Latter J.H. Volcanoes of the World. 1981;Hutchinson Ross, Strandsburg, PA.
125. Smith D.C., Borns H.W., Baron W.R., Bridges A.E. Climatic stress and Maine agriculture. Wigley T.M.L., Ingram M.J., Farmer G. Climate and history: studies in past climates and their impact on man. 1981;451-464. C.U.P.
126. Stommel H., Stommel E. The year without a summer. Scientific American. 240(6):1979;134-140.
127. Stommel H., Stommel E. Volcano weather. The story of 1816, the year without a summer. 1983;Seven Seas, Newport.
128. Stothers R.B., Rampino M.R. Historic volcanism, european dry fogs and Greenland ice precipitation. 1500 B.C.-A.D. 1500. Science. 222:1983;411-413.
129. Stothers R.B., Rampino M.R. Volcanic eruptions in the mediterranean before A.D.630 from written and archaeologcal sources. Journal of Geophysical Research. 88(B8):1983;6357-6371.
130. Stuiver M., Braziunas T.F. Evidence of solar variations. Bradley R., Jones P.D. Climate since A.D. 1500. 1992;593-602 Routledge, London.
131. Tarussov A. The Arctic from Svalbard to Severnaya Zemlya: climatic reconstructions from ice cores. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate Since AD 1500. 1992;483-504 Routledge, London.
132. Thompson L.G. Ice core evidence from Peru and China. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate since AD 1500. 1992;517-548 Routledge, London.
133. Villalba R. Climatic fluctuations in Northern Patagonia during the last 1000 years as inferred from tree-ring records. Quaternary Research. 34:1990;346-360.
134. Warner R. The 'Prehistoric' Irish annals: fable or history? Archaeology Ireland. 4(1):1990;30-33.
135. White R.S., Humphreys C.J. Famines and cataclysmic volcanism. Geology Today. 1994;181-185. September-October.
136. Wigley T.M.L. Climate variability on the 10-100 year time scale: observations and possible causes. Bradley R.S. Global Changes in the Past. 1991;83-101 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO.
137. Wood J.D. The complicity of climate in the 1816 depression in Dumfriesshire. Scottish Geographical Magazine. 81:1965;5-17.
138. Wu X.D. Dendroclimatic studies in China. Bradley R.S., Jones P.D. Climate since A.D. 1500. 1992;432-445 Routledge, London.
139. Zielinski G.A., Mayewski P.A., Meeker L.D., Whitlow S., Twickler M.S., Morrison M., Meese D.A., Gow A.J., Alley R.B. Record of volcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice core and implication for the volcano-climate system. Science. 264:1994;948-952.
140. Zielinski G.A., Germani M.S., Larsen G., Baillie M.G.L., Whitlow S., Twickler M.S., Taylor K. Evidence of the Eldgja (Iceland) eruption in the GISP2 Greenland ice core: relationship to eruption processes and climatic conditions in the tenth century. The Holocene. 5(2):1995;129-140.