Measurement of simulated drop size distribution with an optical spectro pluviometer: Sample size considerations

Earth Surface Processes and Landforms

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 545-556

  Salles, Christian ^a   Poesen, Jean ^a   Borselli, Lorenzo ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

Drop size distribution; Optical spectro pluviometer; Rain simulation; Sample size

Indexed keywords

EROSION; PARTICLE SIZE; RAINDROP; SAMPLING; SIZE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0032851950     PISSN: 01979337     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199906)24:6<545::AID-ESP3>3.0.CO;2-D     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Battan, L. J. 1977. Radar Observation of the Atmosphere, University of Chicago Press, 324 pp.
2. Beard, K. V. 1976. 'Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft', J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 851-864.
3. Bentley, W.A . 1904. 'Studies of raindrops and raindrop phenomena', Mon. Weather Rev., 32, 450 .
4. Best, A. C. 1949. 'The size distribution of raindrops', Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 76, 16-36.
5. Bollinne, A., Florins, P., Hecq, P., Homerin, D., Renard, V. and Wolfs, J. L. 1984. 'Etude de l'énergie des pluies en climat tempéré océanique d'Europe Atlantique', Z. Geomorph. N.F., 27-35.
6. Borselli, L. 1998. Soil surface roughness dynamics and its influence on infiltration processes: experimental analysis and modeling, PhD thesis, University of Florence (in Italian).
7. Brandt, C. J. 1989. 'The size distribution of throughfall drops under vegetation canopies', Catena, 16 , 507-524.
8. Bryan, R. B. and Poesen, J. 1989. 'Laboratory experiments on the influence of slope length on runoff, percolation and rill development', Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 14, 211-231.
9. Bubenzer, G. D. and Jones, B. A. 1971. 'Drop size and impact velocity effects on the detachment of soils under simulated rainfall', Trans. ASAE, 14, 625-628.
10. Carter, C. E., Greer, J. D., Braud, H. J. and Floyd, J. M. 1974. 'Raindrop characteristics in south central United States', Trans. ASAE, 1033-1037.
11. Cerdà, A. 1997. 'Rainfall drop size distribution in the Western Mediterranean basin, València, Spain', Catena, 30, 169-182.
12. De Wulf, F. and Gabriels, D. 1980. 'A device for analyzing the energy load of rainstorms', in De Boodt, M. and Gabriels, D., (Eds), Assessment of Erosion, John Wiley & Sons, Chicester, 165-167.
13. Erpul, G., Gabriels, D. and Janssens, D. 1998. 'Assessing the drop size distribution of simulated rainfall in a wind tunnel', Soil and Tillage Research, 45(3-4), 455-463.
14. Gertzman, H. S. and Atlas, D. 1977. 'Sampling errors in the measurement of rain and hail parameters', J. Geophys. Res., 82(31), 4955-4966.
15. Gilley, J. E. and Finkner, S. C. 1985. 'Estimating soil detachment caused by raindrop impact', Trans. ASAE, 28, 140-146.
16. Govers, G., Everaert, W., Poesen, J., Rauws, G. and De Ploey, J. 1987. 'Susceptibilite d'un sol limoneux a l'erosion par rigoles: Essais dans le grand canal de Caen', Bull. Centre Géomorph. CNRS Caen, 33, 85-106.
17. Hall, M. J. 1970. 'Use of stain method in determining the drop-size distributions of coarse liquid sprays', Trans. ASAE, 33-41.
18. Hall, R. L. and Calder, I. R. 1993. 'Drop size modification by forest canopies: Measurements using a disdrometer', J. Geophys. Res. 98 (D10): 18465-18470.
19. Hassel, J. and Richter, G. 1988. 'Die Niederschlagsstruktur des Trierer Regensimulators', Mitteilgn. Dtsch. Bodendkundl. Gesellsch., 56, 93-96.
20. Hauser, D., Amayenc, P., Nutten, B. and Waldteufel, P. 1984. 'A new optical instrument for simultaneous measurement of raindrop diameter and fall speed distributions', J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 1 , 256-269.
21. Hudson, N. W. 1961. 'An introduction to te mechanics of soil erosion under conditions of sub-tropical rainfall ', Proc. Trans. Rhodesian Sci. Assoc, 29, 15-25.
22. Illingworth, A. J. and Stevens, C. J. 1987. 'An optical disdrometer for the measurement of raindrop size spectra in windy conditions', J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 411-421.
23. Imeson, A. C., Vis, R. and de Water, E. 1981. 'The measurement of water-drop impact forces with a piezo-electric transducer', Catena, 8 , 83-96.
24. Jones, D. M. A. 1956. Rainfall drop-size distribution and radar reflectivity, Urbana, Meteor. Lab. Illinois State Water Survey, Research Report, 20 pp.
25. Jones, D. M. A. 1992. 'Raindrop spectra at the ground', J. Appl. Meteor, 31, 1219-1225.
26. Joss, J. and Waldvogel, A. 1967. 'Ein Spektrograph für Niederschlagatropher mit automatischer Auswertung', (A spectrograph for automatic measurement of rainfall), Geofis. Pura Appl., 68, 240-246.
27. Kincaid, D. C., Solomon, K. H. and Oliphant, J. C. 1997. 'Drop size distributions for irrigation sprinklers', Trans. ASAE, 39, 839-845.
28. Kinnel, P. I. A. 1972. 'The acoustic measurement of water-drop impacts', J. Appl. Meteorol. 11, 691-694.
29. Klaus, V. 1976. Etude d'un spectropluviomètre photoelectrique fournissant en temps réel des paramètres intégrés, PhD dissertation. University of Paris VI, 96 pp.
30. Knollenberg, R. G. 1970. 'The optical array: an alternative to scattering or extinction for airborne particle size determination', J. Appl. Meteor., 9 , 86-103.
31. Kowal, J. M. and Kassam, A. H. 1977. 'Energy load and instantaneous intensity of rainstorms at Samaru, Northen Nigeria', in Greenland, D.J. and LaI, R. (Eds), Soil Conservation and Management in the Humid Tropics, Proceedings of the International Conference on Soil Conservation and Management in the Humid Tropics, Ibadan, June 1975.
32. Laws, J. O. and Parsons, D. A. 1943. 'Relation of raindrop size to intensity', Trans. Amr. Geophys. Union, 24, 452-459.
33. Lovejoy, S. and Schertzer, D. 1990. 'Fractals, raindrops and resolution dependence of rain measurements', J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 1167-1170.
34. Marshall, J. S. and Palmer, W. M. 1948. 'The distribution of raindrop with size', J. Meteorol. 5, 165-166.
35. McIsaac, G. F. 1990. 'Apparent geographic and atmospheric influences on raindrop sizes and rainfall kinetic energy', J. Soil Water Conserv. 45, 663-666.
36. Morgan, C. 1983. 'The non-independence of rainfall erosivity and soil erodibility', Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 8, 323-338.
37. Morgan, R. P. C., Quinton, J. N., Smith, R. E., Govers, G., Poesen, J. W. A., Auerswald, K., Chisci, G., Torri, D., Styczen, M. E. and Folly, A. J. V. 1998. The European Soil Erosion Model (EUROSEM) Documentation and User Guide, Cranfield University.
38. Panini, T., Salvador Sanchis, M. P. and Torri, D. 1993. 'A portable rain simulator for rough and smooth morphologies', Quad. Scienz. Suelo, 5 , 47-58.
39. Park, S. W., Mitchell, J. K. and Bubenzer, G. D. 1983. 'Rainfall characteristics and their relation to splash erosion', Trans. ASAE, 26, 195-804.
40. Poesen, J. 1985. 'An improved splash transport model', Z. Geomorph. N. F., 29(2), 193-211.
41. Poesen, J., Ingelmo-Sanchez, F. and Mücher, H. 1990. 'The hydrological response of soil surfaces to rainfall as affected by cover and position of rock fragments in the top layer', Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 15, 653-671.
42. Pruppacher, H. R. and Pitter, R. L. 1971. 'A semi-empirical determination of the shape of cloud and rain drops', J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 86-94.
43. Renard, V. 1983. Etude de l'energie cinétique des pluies et observation de l'érosion dans les sols limoneux de Moyenne Belgique, Training Period Report, Universite de Liège, 137 pp.
44. Rose, C. W. 1960. 'Soil detachment caused by rainfall', Soil Sci., 89(1), 28-35.
45. Rouhipour, H. 1997. Interaction between flow-driven and rainfall-driven soil erosion processes, PhD dissertation, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 319 pp.
46. Salles, C., Creutin, J. D. and Sempere-Torres, D. 1998. 'The Optical Spectro Pluviometer revisited', J. Atm. Oceanic Techn., 15(5), 1215-1222.
47. Sauvageot, H. 1988. Radarmétéorologie, Ed. Eyrolles, Paris, 296 pp.
48. Smith, P. L. 1982. 'On the graphical presentation of raindrop size data', Atmos.-Ocean, 20(1), 4-16.
49. Smith, P. L., Liu, Z. and Joss, J. 1993. 'A study of sampling-variability effects in raindrop size observations', J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1259-1269.
50. Stout, G. E. and Mueller, E. A. 1968. 'Survey of relationships between rainfall rate and radar reflectivity in the measurement of precipitation', J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 465-474.
51. Styczen, M. and Høgh-Schmidt, K. 1988. 'A new description of splash erosion in relation to raindrop sizes and vegetation', in Morgan, R. J., (Ed.), Erosion Assesment and Modelling, Commission of the European Communities.
52. Tuck, C. R., Butler Ellis, M. C. and Miller, P. C. H. 1997. 'Techniques for measurement of droplet size and velocity distributions in agricultural sprays,' Crop Protection, 16(7), 619-628.
53. Waldvogel, A. 1974. 'The No jump of raindrop spectra', J. Atmos. Sci, 1067-1078.
54. Wiesner, J. 1895). 'Beiträge zur Kenntnis der tropischen regens', Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien., 104.
55. Zanchi, C. and Torri, D. 1980. 'Evaluation of rainfall energy in central Italy', in De Boodt, M. and Gabriels, D., (Eds), Assessment of Erosion John Wiley & Sons, Chicester, 133-142.
56. Zhao, Y., Hirschi, M. C., Cooke, R. A., Mitchell, J. K. and Ni, B. 1996. 'Measurement of simulated rainfall characteristics for raindrop erosion studies', Proceedings of 1996 ASAE Annual International Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, 20 pp.