An appraisal of the disc-macula distance to disc diameter ratio in the assessment of optic disc size

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 365-375

  Barr, D B ^a   Weir, C R ^a   Purdie, A T ^a  

^a GARTNAVEL GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ADULT; AMBLYOPIA; ARTICLE; BIOMETRY; EYE FUNDUS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MACULA DENSA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEASUREMENT; MYOPIA; OPTIC DISK; OPTIC DISK ANOMALY; OPTIC NERVE HYPOPLASIA; PHOTOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0032848131     PISSN: 02755408     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.1999.00463.x     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Acers T.E. Optic nerve hypoplasia: septo-optic-pituitary dysplasia syndrome. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 79:1981;425-457.
2. Alvarez E., Wakakura M., Khan Z., Dutton G.N. The disc-macula distance to disc diameter ratio: a new test for confirming optic nerve hypoplasia in young children. J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strab. 25:1988;151-154.
3. Barr D.B. Estimation of optic disc size (letter). Br. J. Ophthalmol. 79:1995;298-299.
4. Barr, D. B. (1995b). An appraisal of the accuracy of Littmann's method of determining the real dimension of a retinal object. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand., 73 (Suppl. 216).
5. Bengtsson B. The alteration and asymmetry of cup and disc diameters. Acta Ophthalmol. 58:1980;726-732.
6. Bennett, A. G. and Rabbetts, R. B. (1984). Clinical Visual Optics, Butterworths.
7. Bennett A.G., Rudnicka A.R., Edgar D.F. Improvements on Littmann's method of determining the size of retinal features by fundus photography. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 232:1994;361-367.
8. Boynton J.R., Pheasant T.R., Levine M.R. Hypoplastic optic nerves studied with B-scan ultrasonography and axial tomography of the optic canals. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 10:1975;473-481.
9. Britton R.J., Drance S.M., Schulzer M., Douglas G.R., Mawson D.K. The area of the neuroretinal rim of the optic nerve in normal eyes. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 103:1987;497-504.
10. Brodsky M.C. Congenital optic disc anomalies. Surv. Ophthalmol. 39:1994;89-112.
11. Caprioli J., Miller J.M. Optic disc rim area is related to disc size in normal subjects. Arch. Ophthalmol. 105:1987;1683-1685.
12. Caprioli J., Klingbeil U., Sears M., Pope B. Reproducibility of optic disc measurements with computerised analysis of stereoscopic video images. Arch. Ophthalmol. 104:1986;1035-1039.
13. Chi T., Ritch R., Stickler D., Pitman B., Tsai C., Hsieh F.Y. Racial differences in optic nerve head parameters. Arch. Ophthalmol. 107:1989;836-839.
14. Chihara E., Chihara K. Covariation of optic disc measurements and ocular parameters in the healthy eye. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 232:1994;265-271.
15. Cohen I.J., Weisberg H.K. Vertical heterotopia of the macula. Arch. Ophthalmol. 44:1950;419-423.
16. Franceschetti A., Bock R.H. Megalopapilla: a new congenital anomaly. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 33:1950;227-234.
17. Frisén L., Holmegaard L. Spectrum of optic nerve hypoplasia. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 62:1978;7-15.
18. Gordon R.A., Donzis P.B. Refractive development of the human eye. Arch. Ophthalmol. 103:1985;785-789.
19. Harayama K., Amemiya T., Nishimura H. Development of the eyeball during fetal life. J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strab. 18:1981;37-40.
20. Hoyt C.S. Optic nerve hypoplasia: changing perspective. Aust. N.Z. J. Ophthalmol. 14:1986;325-331.
21. Hoyt C.S., Good W.V. Do we really know the difference between optic nerve hypoplasia and atrophy? Eye. 6:1992;201-204.
22. Jonas J.B., Königsreuther K.A. Optic disk appearance in ocular hypertensive eyes. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 117:1994;732-740.
23. Jonas J.B., Gusek G.C., Naumann G.O.H. Optic disc, cup and neuroretinal rim size, configuration and correlations in normal eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 29:1988;1151-1158.
24. Jonas J.B., Koviszewski G., Neumann G.O.H. Morning glory syndrome and Handmann's anomaly in congenital macropapilla. Extreme variants of confluent optic pits. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 195:1989;371-374.
25. Kriss A., Russell-Eggitt I. Electrophysiological assessment of visual pathway function in infants. Eye. 6:1992;145-153.
26. Larsen L. The sagittal growth of the human eye. IV. Ultrasonic measurement of the axial length of the eye from birth to puberty. Acta Ophthalmologica. 49:1971;873-886.
27. Layman P.R., Anderson D.R., Flynn J.T. Frequent occurrence of hypoplastic optic discs in patients with aniridia. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 77:1974;513-516.
28. Littmann H. Zur Bestimmung der wahren Größe eines Objektes auf dem Hintergrund des lebenden Auges. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 180:1982;286-289.
29. Margolis, S. and Siegel, I. M. (1979). The tilted disc syndrome in craniofacial diseases. ed. J. L. Smith. In: Neuro-ophthalmology Focus 1980, Masson, New York, pp. 97-116.
30. Margolis S., Siegel I.M., Choy A., Breinin G.M. Oculocutaneous albinism associated with Apert's syndrome. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 84:1977;830-839.
31. Margolis, S., Aleksic, S., Charles, N., McCarthy, J., Greco, A. and Budzilovich, G. 1984. Retinal and optic nerve findings in Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome. Ophthalmology 91, 1327-1333.
32. Montgomery D.M.I. Measurement of optic disc and neuroretinal rim areas in normal and glaucomatous eyes: a new clinical method. Ophthalmology. 98:1991;50-59.
33. Nasemann JE, Burk ROW (Eds) 1990. Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Quintessenz, Munich.
34. Nelson L.B., Spaeth G.L., Nowinski T.S. Aniridia: a review. Surv. Ophthalmol. 28:1984;621-642.
35. Oetting W.S., Summers C.G., King R.A. Albinism and the associated ocular defects. Metabol. Ophthalmol. 17:1994;5-9.
36. Peterson R.A., Walton D.S. Optic nerve hypoplasia with good visual acuity and visual field defects: a study of children of diabetic mothers. Arch. Ophthalmol. 95:1977;254-258.
37. Quigley H.A. Childhood glaucoma: results with trabeculectomy and study of reversible cupping. Ophthalmology. 89:1982;219-226.
38. Quigley H.A., Brown A.E., Morrison J.D., Drance S.M. The size and shape of the optic disc in normal human eyes. Arch. Ophthalmol. 108:1990;51-57.
39. Rimmer S., Keating C., Chou T., Farb D.M., Christenson P.D., Foos R.Y., Bateman J.B. Growth of the human optic disc and nerve during gestation, childhood and early adulthood. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 116:1993;748-753.
40. Romano P.F. Simple photogrammetric diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia. Arch. Ophthalmol. 107:1989;824-826.
41. Ruben S. Estimation of optic disc size using indirect biomicroscopy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 78:1994;363-364.
42. Sorsby A., Leary G.A., Richards M.J. Correlation ametropia and component ametropia. Vision Res. 2:1962;309-313.
43. Spedick M.J., Beauchamp G.R. Retinal vascular and optic nerve abnormalities in albinism. J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus. 23:1986;58-63.
44. Spilker, B. (1991). Guide to clinical trials 1991, Raven Press Ltd. New York, pp. 278-279.
45. Varma R., Tielsch J.M., Quigley H.A., Hilton S.C., Katz J., Spaeth G.L., Sommer A. Race-, age-, gender-, and refractive error-related differences in the normal optic disc. Arch. Ophthalmol. 112:1994;1068-1076.
46. Wakakura M., Alvarez E. A simple clinical method of assessing patients with optic nerve hypoplasia. The disc-macula distance to disc diameter ratio. Acta Ophthalmol. (Kbh). 65:1987;612-617.
47. Whinery R.D., Blodi F.C. Hypoplasia of the optic nerve: a clinical and histopathological correlation. Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otol. 67:1963;733-738.
48. Williams, T. D. (03 Oct 1995). (personal communication).
49. Williams T.D. Elliptical features of the human optic nerve head. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 64:1987;172-178.
50. Williams T.D., Wilkinson J.M. Position of the fovea centralis with respect to the optic nerve head. Optom. Vis. Sci. 69:1992;369-377.
51. Zeki S.M., Dudgeon J., Dutton G.N. Reappraisal of the ratio of disc to macula/disc diameter in optic nerve hypoplasia. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 75:1991;538-541.