The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae alters ambient pH, allowing extracellular protease production and activity

Microbiology

Volumn 145, Issue 10, 1999, Pages 2691-2699

  St Leger, Raymond J ^a   Nelson, Judd O ^a   Screen, Steven E ^a  

^a University of Maryland   (United States)

Author keywords

Aspergillus fumigatus; Metarhizium anisopliae; Neurospora crassa; pH; Protease production

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; OXALIC ACID; PROTEINASE; SUBTILISIN;

ACIDIFICATION; ALKALINIZATION; AMMONIA FORMATION; ARTICLE; ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; FUNGUS; FUNGUS MUTANT; METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE; NEUROSPORA CRASSA; NONHUMAN; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE; NEUROSPORA CRASSA;

EID: 0032844240     PISSN: 13500872     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-10-2691     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Al-Aidroos, K. & Seifert, A. M. (1980). Polysaccharide and protein degradation, germination, and virulence against mosquitoes in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. J Invertebr Pathol 36, 29-34.
2. Arst, H. N. & Cove, D. J. (1969). Methylammonium resistance in Aspergillus nidulans. J Bacteriol 98, 1284-1293.
3. Bidochka, M. J. & Khachatourians, G. G. (1993). Oxalic acid hyperproduction in Beauveria bassiana mutants is related to a utilizable carbon source but not to virulence. J Invertebr Pathol 62, 53-57.
4. Caddick, M. X., Brownlee, A. G. & Arst, H. N. (1986). Regulation of gene expression by pH of the growth medium in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Gen Genet 203, 346-353.
5. Chaney, A. L & Marbach, E. P. (1962). Modified reagents for the determination of urea and ammonia. Clin Chem 8, 130-132.
6. Chen, G., Fournier, R. L., Varanasi, S. & Mahama-Relue, P. A. (1997). Helicobacter pylori survival in gastric mucosa by generation of a pH gradient. Biophys J 73, 1081-1088.
7. De Bernardis, F., Muhlschlegel, F. A., Cassone, A. & Fonzi, W. A. (1998). The pH of the host niche controls gene expression in and virulence of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 66, 3317-3325.
8. Doyle, C. & Butler, M. (1990). The effect of pH on the toxicity of ammonia to a murine hybridoma. J Biotechnol 15, 91-100.
9. Emerson, K., Russo, R. & Lund, R. (1975). Aqueous ammonia equilibrium calculations : effect of pH and temperature. J Fish Res Board Can 32, 2379-2383.
10. Godoy, G., Steadman, J. R., Dickman, M. B. & Dam, R. (1990). Use of mutants to demonstrate the role of oxalic acid in pathogenicity of Sclerotina sclerotiorum on Phaseolus vulgaris. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 37, 179-191.
11. Guerrini, V. H. (1997). Excretion of ammonia by Lucilia cuprina larvae suppresses immunity in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 56, 311-317.
12. Hallsworth, J. E. & Magan, N. (1996). Culture age, temperature, and pH affect the polyol and trehalose contents of fungal propagules. Appl Environ Microbiol 62, 2435-2442.
13. Jennings, D. H. (1989). Some perspectives on nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in fungi. In Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur Utilization by Fungi, pp. 1-31. Edited by L. Boddy, R. Marchant & D. J. Read. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
14. 4), and pH. J Protozool 35, 541-546.
15. Mekalanos, J. J. (1992). Environmental signals controlling expression of virulence determinants in bacteria. J Bacteriol 174, 1-7.
16. Moore, D., Horner, J. & Liu, M. (1987). Co-ordinate control of ammonium-scavenging enzymes in the fruit body cap of Coprinus cinereus avoids inhibition of sporulation by ammonium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 44, 239-242.
17. Palkova, Z., Janderova, B., Gabriel, J., Zikanova, B., Pospisek, M. & Forstova, J. (1997). Ammonia mediates communications between yeast colonies. Nature 390, 532-535.
18. Robert A. & Al-Aidroos, K. M. (1985). Acid production by Metarhizium anisopliae: effects on virulence against mosquitoes and on detection of in vitro amylase, protease, and lipase activity. J Invertebr Pathol 45, 9-15.
19. Robinson, I. P., Wimpenny, J. W. T. & Earnshaw, R. G. (1991). pH gradients through colonies of Bacillus cereus and the surrounding agar. J Gen Microbiol 137, 2885-2889.
20. 2+ levels. Dev Biol 168, 179-188.
21. Schindler, J. & Sussman, M. (1977). Ammonia determines the choice of morphogenetic pathways in Dictyostelium discoideum. J Mol Biol 116, 161-169.
22. ter Schure, E. G., Sillje, H. H., Verkleij, A. J., Boonstra, J. & Verrips, C. T. (1995). The concentration of ammonia regulates nitrogen metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 177, 6672-6675.
23. Sikora, L. & Marzluf, G. A. (1982). Regulation of L-amino acid oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase in Neurospora crassa. Mol Gen Genet 186, 33-39.
24. St Leger, R. J., Chamley, A. K. & Cooper, R. M. (1987). Characterization of cuticle-degrading proteases produced by the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae. Arch Biochem Biophys 253, 221-232.
25. St Leger, R. J., Bidochka, M. J. & Roberts, D. W. (1994). Isoforms of the cuticle degrading Pr1 protease and production of a metalloproteinase by Metarhizium anisopliae. Arch Biochem Biophys 313, 1-7.
26. St Leger, R. J., Joshi, L. & Roberts, D. (1998). Ambient pH is a major determinant in the expression of cuticle-degrading enzymes and hydrophobin by Metarhizium anisopliae. Appl Environ Microbiol 64, 709-713.
27. Strasser, H., Burgstaller, W. & Schinner, F. (1994). High-yield production of oxalic acid for metal leaching processes by Aspergillus niger. FEMS Microbiol Lett 119, 365-370.
28. Takahashi, N., Saito, K., Schchtele, C. F. & Yamada, T. (1997). Acid tolerance and acid-neutralizing activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Oral Microbiol Immunol 12, 323-328.
29. Tsuboi, R., Matsuda, K., Ko, I. J. & Ogawa, H. (1989). Correlation between culture medium pH, extracellular proteinase activity, and cell growth of Candida albicans in insoluble stratum corneum-supplemented media. Arch Dermatol Res 281, 342-345.