Proposed panel of diagnostic criteria, including the use of ultrasound, to refine the concept of 'endemic normals' in lymphatic filariasis

Tropical Medicine and International Health

Volumn 4, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 575-579

  Dreyer, G ^a   Santos, A ^a   Noroes, J ^a   Addiss, D ^b  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PERNAMBUCO   (Brazil)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Adult worm; Diethylcarbamazine; Filariasis; Ultrasound; Wuchereria bancrofti

Indexed keywords

DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE;

DISEASE CONTROL; PARASITE PREVALENCE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; ENDEMIC DISEASE; FILARIASIS; HUMAN; LYMPHANGIECTASIS; MALE; NONHUMAN; SCROTUM; ULTRASOUND; WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI;

ADULT; ANIMALS; DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE; ELEPHANTIASIS, FILARIAL; FILARICIDES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SCROTUM; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI;

NEMATODA; WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI;

EID: 0032841503     PISSN: 13602276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00440.x     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Amaral F, Dreyer G, Figueredo-Silva J et al. (1994) Adult worms detected by ultrasonography in human bancroftian filariasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 50, 753-757.
2. Chen TT (1964) Demonstration of macrofilaricidal action of hetrazan, antimony, and arsenic preparations in man. Chinese Medical Journal 83, 625-640.
3. Day KP (1991) The endemic normal in lymphatic filariasis: a static concept. Parasitology Today 7, 341-343.
4. Dreyer G, Pires ML, Andrade LD et al. (1994a) Tolerance of diethylcarbamazine by microfilaraemic and amicrofilaraemic individuals in an endemic area of bancroftian filariasis, Recife, Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, 232-236.
5. Dreyer G, Amaral F, Noroes J & Medeiros Z (1994b) Ultrasonographic evidence for stability of adult worm location in bancroftian filariasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, 558.
6. Dreyer G, Coutinho A, Miranda D et al. (1995) Treatment of bancroftian filariasis in Recife, Brazil: a two-year comparative study of the efficacy of single treatment with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, 98-102.
7. Dreyer G, Santos A, Noroes J, Rocha A & Addiss D (1996) Amicrofilaremic carriers of adult Wuchereria bancrofti. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, 288-289.
8. Dreyer D, Medeiros Z, Netto MJ, Leal NC, Gonzaga de Castro L & Piessens WF (1999) Acute attacks in the extremities of persons living in an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis: differentiation of two syndromes. In Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, 1-5.
9. Dreyer G & Piessens W (1999) Worms and microorganisms can cause lymphatic disease in residents of filariasis-endemic areas. In Tropical Medicine: Science and Practice (eds S Hoffmann & G Pasvol) Imperial Press, London, pp. 239-256.
10. Faris R, Hussain O, El Setouhy M, Ramzy RMR & Weil GJ (1998) Bancroftian filariasis in Egypt: Visualization of adult worms and subclinical lymphatic pathology by scrotal ultrasound. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59, 864-867.
11. Figueredo-Silva J, Jungmann P, Noroes J et al. (1996) Histological evidence for adulticidal effect of low doses of diethylcarbamazine in bancroftian filariasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, 192-194.
12. Freedman DO, Nutman TB & Ottesen EA (1989) Protective immunity in bancroftian filariasis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 83, 14-22.
13. Gyapong JO, Magnussen P & Binka FN (1994) Parasitological and clinical aspects of bancroftian filariasis in Kassena-Naukana District, Upper East Region, Ghana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, 555-557.
14. Hawking F (1979) Diethylcarbamazine and new compounds for the treatment of filariasis. In Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy (ed. S Garattini et al.) Academic Press, New York, pp. 129-194.
15. Lalitha P, Ravichandran M, Suba S, Kaliraj P, Narayanan RB & Jayaraman K (1998) Quantitative assessment of circulating antigens in human lymphatic filariasis: a field evaluation of monoclonal antibody-based ELISA using blood collected on filter strips. Tropical Medicine and International Health 3, 41-45.
16. Lammie PJ, Hightower AW & Eberhard ML (1994) The age-specific prevalence of antigenenaemia in a Wuchereria bancrofti-exposed population. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51, 348-355.
17. Mackenzie CD & Kron MA (1985) Diethylcarbamazine: a review of its action in onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis and inflammation. Tropical Diseases Bulletin 82, R1-R37.
18. Mazzotti L (1948) Posibilidad de ultilizar como mediodiagnostico auxiliar en la onchocercosis, las reacciones alergicas consecutivas a la administracion del 'Hetrazan'. Revista Del Instituto de Salubridad Y Enfermedades Tropicales 9, 235-237.
19. de McMahon JEC, Marshall TF, Vaughn JP & Kolstrup N (1979) Tanzania Filariasis Project: A provocative day test with diethylcarbamazine for the detection of microfilariae of nocturnally periodic Wuchereria bancrofti in the blood. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 57, 759-765.
20. Moller R (1980) Arrangement and fine structure of lymphatic vessels in the human spermatic cord. Andrology 12, 564-576.
21. Noroes J, Addiss D, Amaral F, Coutinho A, Medeiros Z & Dreyer G (1996a) Occurrence of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in the scrotal area of men with microfilaremia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, 55-56.
22. Noroes J, Addiss D, Santos A, Medeiros Z, Continho A & Dreyer G (1996b) Ultrasonographic evidence of abnormal lymphatic vessels in young men with adult Wuchereria bancrofti infection in the scrotal area. Journal of Urology 156, 409-412.
23. Noroes J, Dreyer G, Santos A, Mendes VG, Medeiros Z & Addiss D (1997) Assessment of the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine on adult Wuchereria bancrofti in vivo. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91, 78-81.
24. Ottesen EA (1984) Immunological aspects of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis in man. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78, S9-S18.
25. Ottesen EA (1992) Infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis: an immunological perspective. Parasitology 104, S71-S79.
26. Rocha A, Addiss D, Ribiero ME et al. (1996) Evaluation of the Og4C3 ELISA in Wuchereria bancrofti infection: Infected persons with undetectable or ultra-low microfilarial densities. Tropical Medicine and International Health 1, 859-864.
27. Sabry M (1988) A quantitative analysis of the diagnostic value of diethylcarbamazine provocation in endemic Wuchereria bancrofti infection. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, 117-121.
28. Sullivan U & Hembree SC (1970) Enhancement of the density of circulating microfilariae with diethylcarbamazine. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 64, 787-788.
29. Weil GJ, Ramzy RMR, Chandrashekar R, Gad AM, Lowrie RC & Faris R (1996) Parasite antigenemia without microfilaremia in bancroftian filariasis. Journal of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 55, 333-337.
30. WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis (1992) Lymphatic filariasis: the disease and its control: 5th Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis. WHO Technical Report Series 821, 1-71.
31. Wijers DJB (1977) Bancroftian filariasis in Kenya. 1. Prevalence survey among adult males in the coast province. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 71, 313-331.
32. Wong MM & Chong LK (1967) Diurnal inducement of microfilariae into the peripheral blood by diethylcarbamazine. Medical Journal of Malaysia 21, 383.