Curbing corruption in Africa: Some lessons from Botswana's experience

International Social Science Journal

Volumn 51, Issue 160, 1999, Pages 241-254

  Fombad, Charles Manga ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA   (Botswana)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORRUPTION; POLITICAL SYSTEM; STRATEGIC APPROACH;

BOTSWANA;

EID: 0032836438     PISSN: 00208701     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2451.00193     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. See generally, Transparency International, TI Annual Report 1996 and TI Annual Report 1997, Berlin, Transparency International.
2. Simon Coldham, 'Legal responses to state corruption in Commonwealth Africa', Journal of Africa Law 39 (2), 1995, p. 115.
3. The debate on the CEC bill was acrimonious and five members of the 34 member parliament walked out in protest. In general, see Kenneth Good, Realizing Democracy in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa, 1997. pp. 125-127 and E. K. Quansah, 'The Corruption and Economic Crime Act, 1994 of Botswana' Journal of Africa Law 38 (2), 1994, pp. 191-196.
4. The debate on the CEC bill was acrimonious and five members of the 34 member parliament walked out in protest. In general, see Kenneth Good, Realizing Democracy in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa, 1997. pp. 125-127 and E. K. Quansah, 'The Corruption and Economic Crime Act, 1994 of Botswana' Journal of Africa Law 38 (2), 1994, pp. 191-196.
5. See generally, John Mukum Mbaku, 'Bureaucratic corruption in Africa: The futility of cleanups' Cato Journal 16 (1), 1996, pp. 99-115; Kempe Ronald Hope, African Political Economy. Contemporary Issues in Development. New York: M.E. Shape, 1997, pp. 147-159; and Robert Williams, Political Corruption in Africa. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Co. 1987, pp. 106-126.
6. See generally, John Mukum Mbaku, 'Bureaucratic corruption in Africa: The futility of cleanups' Cato Journal 16 (1), 1996, pp. 99-115; Kempe Ronald Hope, African Political Economy. Contemporary Issues in Development. New York: M.E. Shape, 1997, pp. 147-159; and Robert Williams, Political Corruption in Africa. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Co. 1987, pp. 106-126.
7. See generally, John Mukum Mbaku, 'Bureaucratic corruption in Africa: The futility of cleanups' Cato Journal 16 (1), 1996, pp. 99-115; Kempe Ronald Hope, African Political Economy. Contemporary Issues in Development. New York: M.E. Shape, 1997, pp. 147-159; and Robert Williams, Political Corruption in Africa. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Co. 1987, pp. 106-126.
8. See Robert Williams, Loc. cit. in note 4, pp. 108-109.
9. See H. D. Dlakwa, 'Salient features of the 1988 civil service reforms in Nigeria'. Public Administration and Development 12, 1992, at p. 297.
10. See Petter Langseth, Rick Stapenhurst and Jeremy Pope, 'The role of a national integrity system in fighting corruption', Commonwealth Law Bulletin 1 & 2 (23), 1997, p. 508.
11. See Simon Coldham, loc. cit. in note 2 on p. 120.
12. See generally, Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988; Vinod Paravala, Interpreting Corruption. Elite Perspectives in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996 ; and John Quah, 'Singapore's experience in curbing corruption', in Heidenheimer Arnold, Johnston Michael and LeVine Victor (eds.), Political Corruption. A Handbook. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1989, pp. 841-853.
13. See generally, Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988; Vinod Paravala, Interpreting Corruption. Elite Perspectives in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996 ; and John Quah, 'Singapore's experience in curbing corruption', in Heidenheimer Arnold, Johnston Michael and LeVine Victor (eds.), Political Corruption. A Handbook. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1989, pp. 841-853.
14. See generally, Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988; Vinod Paravala, Interpreting Corruption. Elite Perspectives in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996 ; and John Quah, 'Singapore's experience in curbing corruption', in Heidenheimer Arnold, Johnston Michael and LeVine Victor (eds.), Political Corruption. A Handbook. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1989, pp. 841-853.
15. Nimrod Raphaeli, Jacques Roumani and A. C. Mackellar, Public Sector Management in Botswana. Washington DC: World Bank, 1984.
16. See generally, Barclays Bank of Botswana Ltd, Barclays Business Guide to Botswana 1997/1998, Gaborone: Barclays Bank of Botswana Ltd, 1997, and The Economist Intellegience Unit, Country Profile: Botswana and Lesotho 1997-1998. London: Redhouse Press, 1997.
17. See generally, Barclays Bank of Botswana Ltd, Barclays Business Guide to Botswana 1997/1998, Gaborone: Barclays Bank of Botswana Ltd, 1997, and The Economist Intellegience Unit, Country Profile: Botswana and Lesotho 1997-1998. London: Redhouse Press, 1997.
18. See John D. Holm, 'Botswana: A paternalistic democracy' in Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset (eds.) Democracy in Developing Countries. Vol. II. Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 1998, pp. 197-199.
19. Ibid. p. 213 note 64.
20. For a detailed discussion of these, see Kenneth Good, 'Corruption and mismanagement in Botswana: A best-case example?' Journal of Modern African Studies 32(3), 1994, pp. 499-521.
21. Ibid. p. 502.
22. See Kenneth Good, Realizing Democracy in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. loc. cit. in note 3, p. 125.
23. Ibid.
24. See Petter Langseth et. al., loc. cit. in note 7, p. 514.
25. By contrast, under section 6 of the Zambian Corrupt Practices Act 1980, the Commissioner who heads the Anti-corruption commission set up under the Act, together with his Deputy are appointed by and subject to the President of the Republic. They are however required to be qualified to be appointed as High Court judges and their tenure and terms of service are similar to those of High Court judges.
26. See examples of this discussed by E. K. Quansah, 'The Corruption and Economic Crime Act, 1994 of Botswana', loc. cit. in note 3, p. 192.
27. See generally, ibid. and Simon, Coldham, 'Legal responses to state corruption in Commonwealth Africa', loc. cit. in note 2, pp 124-125.
28. See generally, Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption, loc. cit. in note 9. pp. 168-223.
29. Sections 7 and 18 (2) of the CEC Act 1994.
30. Section 8 (1) (a) (i) ibid.
31. Sections 8 (1) (c) and 8 (2) ibid.
32. See in general, E. K. Quansah, 'The Corruption and Economic Crime Act, 1994 of Botswana'. Loc. cit. in note 3.
33. Section 10 of the CEC Act 1994.
34. See Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, Cap. 01:02.
35. DCEC, Annual Report 1996. Gaborone: Government Printer, 1997, pp. 22-23.
36. Ibid, p. 23.
37. Section 11 of the CEC Act 1994.
38. Sections 13, 14 and 15 (1) ibid.
39. Sections 16 and 17 ibid.
40. DCEC, Annual Report 1996. Loc. cit. in note 29, p. 29.
41. See E. K. Quansah, 'The Corruption and Economic Crime Act, 1994 of Botswana' loc. cit. in note 3, p. 195.
42. See Petter Langseth et al., loc. cit. in note 7, p. 507.
43. DCEC, Annual Reports 1996. Loc. cit. in note 29, p. 39.
44. ibid. p. 41.
45. See Kenneth Good, Realizing Democracy in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, loc. cit. in note 3, p. 133.
46. DCEC, Annual Report 1996. loc. cit. in note 29, p. 42.
47. ibid.
48. See press conference reported in the Gazette, 8 March 1995.
49. See The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Botswana and Lesotho, loc. cit. in note 11, p. 19.
50. See the Guardian, 20 March 1998.
51. See the Mirror, 10 March 1998.
52. 8 March 1995.
53. The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Botswana and Lesotho. loc. cit. in note 11, at p. 19.
54. See Kenneth Good, 'Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A best-case example?' loc. cit. in note 14, p. 521 note 84.
55. Cited by Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption. loc. cit. in note 9, p. 120.
56. DCEC, Annual Report 1996. loc. cit. in note 29, p. 20.
57. Cited in John Kramer, 'Political corruption in the USSR' The Western Political Quarterly 30 (2), 1997, pp. 213-224.
58. See Ernest Hasch, 'Accumulators and democrats: Challenging state corruption in Africa'. Journal of Modern Africa Studies 31 (1), 1991, p. 46.
59. See Robin Theoland, Corruption, Development and Underdevelopment. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1990, p. 143.
60. See in general, Carl J. Friedrich, The Pathology of Politics: Violence, Betrayal, Corruption, Secrecy and Propaganda. New York: Harper & Row, 1972, pp. 127-141.