A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals

International Journal for Parasitology

Volumn 29, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 1269-1287

  De Graaf, Dirk C ^a   Vanopdenbosch, Emmanuel ^a   Ortega Mora, Luis M ^b   Abbassi, Hayet ^c   Peeters, Johan E ^a  

^a VETERINARY AND AGROCHEMICAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

^c CEMAGREF   (France)

Author keywords

Concurrent infections; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Economic losses; Epidemiology; Livestock; Pathology; Prevalence; Transmission

Indexed keywords

DISEASE; LIVESTOCK; PARASITE;

ANIMAL PARASITOSIS; ARTICLE; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FOOD INDUSTRY; NONHUMAN; SEROPREVALENCE; SOCIOECONOMICS;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; CATTLE; CATTLE DISEASES; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; GOAT DISEASES; GOATS; POULTRY DISEASES;

ANIMALIA; AVES; CAPRA HIRCUS; COCCIDIA; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; GALLIFORMES; GALLUS GALLUS; MAMMALIA; OVIS ARIES; PROTOZOA;

EID: 0032831768     PISSN: 00207519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00076-4     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Slavin D. Cryptosporidium meleagridis (sp.nov.). J Comp Pathol 1955;65:262-6.
2. Tzipori S, Campbell I, Sherwood D, Snodgrass DR, Whitelaw A. An outbreak of calf diarrhoea attributed to cryptosporidial infection. Vet Rec 1980;107:579-80.
3. Angus KW, Tzipori S, Gray EW. Intestinal lesions in SPF lambs associated with Cryptosporidium from calves with diarrhoea. Vet Pathol 1982;19:67-8.
4. Nime FA, Burek JD, Page DL, Holscher MA, Yardley JH. Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium. Gastroenterol 1976;70:592-8.
5. Current WL, Reese NC, Ernst JV, Bailey WS, Heyman MB, Weinstein WM. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons. Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission. New Engl J Med 1983;308:1252-7.
6. MacKenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. New Engl J Med 1994;331:161-7.
7. Widmer G. Genetic heterogeneity and PCR detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Adv Parasitol 1998;40:223-39.
8. Fayer R, Speer CA, Dubey JP. General biology of Cryptosporidium. In: Dubey JP, Speer CA, Fayer R, editors. Cryptosporidiosis of man and animals. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1990; 1-29.
9. Payer R, Leek RG. The effects of reducing conditions, medium, pH, temperature, and time on in vitro excystation of Cryptosporidium. J Protozool 1984;31:567-9.
10. Heine J, Moon HW, Woodmansee DB, Pohlenz JFL. Experimental tracheal and conjunctival infections with Cryptosporidium sp. in pigs. Vet Parasitol 1984;17:17-25.
11. Lindsay DS, Blagburn BL, Hoerr FJ, Giambrone JJ. Experimental Cryptosporidium baileyi infections in chickens and turkeys produced by ocular inoculation of oocysts. Avian Dis 1987;31:355-7.
12. Randall CJ. Conjunctivitis in pheasants associated with cryptosporidial infection. Vet Rec 1986;118:211-2.
13. Baskin GB. Cryptosporidiosis of the conjunctiva in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. J Parasitol 1996;82:630-2.
14. Brady E, Margolis ML, Korzeniowski OM. Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in acquired immuno deficiency syndrome. J Am Med Assoc 1984;252:89-90.
15. Dhillon AS, Thacker HL, Dietzel AV, Winterfield RW. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in broiler chickens. Avian Dis 1981;25:747-51.
16. Glisson JR, Brown TP, Brugh M, Page RK, Kleven SH, Davis RB. Sinusitus in turkeys associated with respiratory cryptosporidiosis. Avian Dis 1984;28:783-90.
17. Harari MD, West B, Dwyer B. Cryptosporidium as a cause of laryngotracheitis in an infant. Lancet 1986;1:1207.
18. Tham VL, Kniesberg S, Dixon BR. Cryptosporidiosis in quails. Avian Pathol 1982;11:619-26.
19. Mascaro C, Arnedo T, Rosales MJ. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in a bovine. J Parasitol 1994;80:334-6.
20. Tzipori S, Griffiths JK. Natural history and biology of Cryptosporidium parvum. Adv Parasitol 1998;40:5-36.
21. Mawdsley JL, Brooks AE, Merry RJ, Pain BF. Use of a novel soil tilting table apparatus to demonstrate the horizontal and vertical movement of the protozoan pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum in soil. Biol Fert Soils 1997;23:215-20.
22. Goodrich J, Fox K. Small system control of cryptosporidium. Water Condit Purific 1996;38:50-8.
23. Medema GJ, Bahar M, Schets FM, Morris R, Grabow WOK, Jofre J. Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli, faecal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens in river water: influence of temperature and autochthonous microorganisms. Water Sci Technol 1997;35:249-52.
24. Panciera RJ, Thomassen RW, Garner FM. Cryptosporidial infection in a calf. Vet Pathol 1971;8:470-9.
25. Barker IK, Carbonell PL. Cryptosporidium agni sp. n. from lambs and Cryptosporidium bovis sp. n. from a calf with observations on the oocyst. Z Parasitenkd 1974;44:289-98.
26. Meuten DJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Lein DH. Cryptosporidiosis in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974;165:910-4.
27. Tzipori S, Smith M, Halpin C, Angus KW, Sherwood D, Campbell I. Experimental cryptosporidiosis in calves: clinical manifestations and pathological findings. Vet Rec 1983;112:116-20.
28. Heine J, Pohlenz JFL, Moon HW, Woode GN. Enteric lesions and diarrhea in gnotobiotic calves monoinfected with Cryptosporidium species. J Infect Dis 1984;150:768-75.
29. Tyzzer EE. Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.), a coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse. Arch Protistenkd 1912;26:390-4.
30. Upton SJ, Current WL. The species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) infecting mammals. J Parasitol 1985;71:620-5.
31. Anderson BC. Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle. In: Angus KW, Blewett DA, editors. Proc. 1st Int. Workshop on Cryptosporidiosis. Edinburgh, September 7 to 8, 1989;55-50.
32. Bukhari Z, Smith HV. Detection of Cryptosporidium muris oocysts in the faeces of adult dairy cattle in Scotland. Vet Rec 1996;138:207-8.
33. de J. Pena HF, Kasai N, Gennari SM. Cryptosporidium muris in dairy cattle in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 1997;73:353-5.
34. Anderson BC. Abomasal cryptosporidiosis in cattle. Vet Pathol 1987;24:235-8.
35. Esteban E, Anderson BC. Cryptosporidium muris: prevalence, persistency and detrimental effect on milk production in a drylot dairy. J Dairy Sci 1995;78:1068-72.
36. Fayer R, Gasbarre L, Pasquali P, Canals A, Almeria S, Zarlenga D. Cryptosporidium parvum infection in bovine neonates: dynamic clinical, parasitic and immunologic patterns. Int J Parasitol 1998;28:49-56.
37. Snodgrass DR, Angus KW, Gray EW, Keir WA, Clerihew LW. Cryptosporidia associated with rotavirus and Escherichia coli in an outbreak of calf scour. Vet Rec 1980;106:458-60.
38. Xiao L, Herd RP. Infection patterns of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in calves. Vet Parasitol 1994;55:257-62.
39. Quilez J, Sanchez-Acedo C, Del Cacho E, Clavel A, Causape AC. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle in Aragon (northeastern Spain). Vet Parasitol 1996;66:139-46.
40. Harp JA, Woodmansee DB, Moon HW. Resistance of calves to Cryptosporidium parvum: effects of age and previous exposure. Infect Immun 1990;58:2237-40.
41. Villacorta I, Peeters JE, Vanopdenbosch E, Ares-Mazas E, Theys H. Efficacy of halofuginone lactate against Cryptosporidium parvum in calves. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:283-7.
42. Current WL. Cryptosporidiosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985;187:1334-8.
43. Sanford SA, Josephson GKA. Bovine cryptosporidiosis: clinical and pathological findings in forty-two scouring neonatal calves. Can Vet J 1982;23:340-3.
44. Peeters JE, Villacorta I, Vanopdenbosch E et al. Cryptosporidium parvum in calves: kinetics and immunoblot analysis of specific serum and local antibody responses (immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG and IgM) after natural and experimental infections. Infect Immun 1992;60:2309-16.
45. Pohlenz J, Moon HW, Cheville NF, Bemrick WJ. Cryptosporidiosis as a probable factor in neonatal diarrhea of calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978;172:452-7.
46. Angus KW. Cryptosporidiosis in ruminants. In: Dubey JP, Speer CA, Fayer R, editors. Cryptosporidiosis of man and animals. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1990;83-103.
47. Abrahamsen MS, Lancto CA, Walcheck B, Layton W, Jutila MA. Localization of α/β and γ/δ lymphocytes in Cryptosporidium parvum-infected tissues in naïve and immune calves. Infect Immun 1997;65:2428-33.
48. Blanco J, Blanco M, Garabal JI, Gonzalez EA. Enterotoxins, colonization factors and serotypes of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from humans and animals. Microbiol 1991;7:57-73.
49. Tzipori S. The aetiology and diagnosis of calf diarrhoea. Vet Rec 1981;108:510.
50. Moore DA, Zeman DH. Cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves: 277 cases (1986-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991;198:1969-71.
51. McDonough SP, Stull CL, Osburn BI. Enteric pathogens in intensively reared veal calves. Am J Vet Res 1994;55:1516-20.
52. de la Fuente R, Garcia A, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA et al. Proportional morbidity rates of enteropathogens among diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain. Prev Vet Med 1998;36:145-52.
53. Chanter N, Morgan JH, Bridger JC, Hall GA, Reynolds DR. Dysentery in gnotobiotic calves caused by atypical Escherichia coli. Vet Rec 1984;114:71.
54. Mainil JG, Jacquemin E, Kaeckenbeeck A, Pohl P. Association between the effacing gene (eae) and the Shiga-like toxin-encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolates from cattle. Am J Vet Res 1993;54:1064-8.
55. China B, Pirson V, Mainil J. Prevalence and molecular typing of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli among calf populations in Belgium. Vet Microbiol 1998;63:249-59.
56. Mohammad A, Peiris JSM, Wijewanta EA, Mahalingam S, Gunasekara G. Role of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in cattle and buffalo calf diarrhoea. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1985;26:281-3.
57. Wieler LH, Vieler E, Erpenstein C et al. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from bovines: association of adhesion with carriage of eae and other genes. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:2980-4.
58. Orden J A, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Cid D, Garcia S, Sanz R, de la Fuente R. Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) and eae-positive non-VETEC in 1-30-days-old diarrhoeic dairy calves. Vet Microbiol 1988;11:239-48.
59. Vanopdenbosch E, Wellemans G. Bovine birna type virus: a new etiological agent of neonatal calf diarrhoea? Vl Dierg Tijdschr 1990;59:137-40.
60. Woode GN, Bridger JC. Isolation of small viruses resembling astrovirus and caliciviruses from acute enteritis of calves. J Med Microbiol 1978;11:441-52.
61. Orr JP. Necrotizing enteritis in a calf infected with adenovirus. Can Vet J 1984;25:72-4.
62. Van de Maaten MJ, Packer RA. Isolation and characterization of bovine enteric viruses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1967;28:677-84.
63. Snodgrass DR, Stewart J, Taylor J, Krautl FL, Smith ML. Diarrhoea in dairy calves reduced by feeding colostrum from cows vaccinated with rotavirus. Res Vet Sci 1982;32:70-3.
64. Bellinzoni RC, Blackhall J, Terzolo HR et al. Microbiology of diarrhoea in young beef and dairy calves in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 1990;22:130-6.
65. de Visser NA, Breukink HJ, van Zijderveld FG, de Leeuw PW. Enteric infections in veal calves: a longitudinal study on four veal calf units. Vet Q 1987;9:289-96.
66. Lorenzo-Lorenzo MJ, Ares-Mazas E, Villacorta-Martinez de Maturana I. Detection of oocysts and IgG antibodies to Cryptosporidium parvum in asymptomatic adult cattle. Vet Parasitol 1993;47:9-15.
67. Scott CA, Smith HV, Gibbs HA. Excretion of Cryptosporidium parvum by a herd of beef suckler cows. Vet Rec 1994;134:172.
68. Scott CA, Smith HV, Mtambo MMA, Gibbs HA. An epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium parvum in two herds of adult beef cattle. Vet Parasitol 1995;57:277-88.
69. Atwill ER, Harp JA, Jones T, Jardon PW, Checel S, Zylstra M. Evaluation of periparturient dairy cows and contact surfaces as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum for calfhood infection. Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1116-21.
70. Reynolds DJ, Morgan JH, Chanter N et al. Microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern Britain. Vet Rec 1986;119:34-9.
71. Garber LP, Salman MD, Hurd HS, Keefe T, Schlater JL. Potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;205:86-91.
72. Mann ED, Sekla LH, Nayer GPS et al. Infection with Cryptosporidium spp. in humans and cattle in Manitoba. Can J Vet Res 1986;50:174-8.
73. Vanopdenbosch E, Wellemans G, Dekegel X, Strobbe R. Neonatal calf diarrhoea: a complex etiology. Vl Dierg Tijdschr 1979;48:512-26.
74. Snodgrass DR, Angus KW, Gray EW. Experimental cryptosporidiosis in germ-free lambs. J Comp Pathol 1984;94:141-52.
75. Matos-Fernandez MJ, Ortega-Mora LM, Pereira-Bueno J et al. Epidemiologia de la criptosporidiosis en el ganado ovino y caprino de la montana de León. Med Vet 1994;11:147-52.
76. Munoz-Fernandez M, Alvarez M, Lanza I, Carmenes P. Role of enteric pathogens in the aethiology of neonatal diarrhoea in lambs and goat kids in Spain. Epidemiol Infect 1996;117:203-11.
77. Mason RW, Martley WJ, Tilt L. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis in a kid goat. Aust Vet J 1981;57:386-8.
78. Polack B, Chermette R, Savey M, Bussieras J. Les cryptosporidies en France. Techniques usuelles d'identification et résultats préliminaires d'enquêtes épidémiologiques. Point Vet 1983;15:41.
79. Nagy B, Bozso M, Palfi V, Nagy G, Sahibi MA. Studies on cryptosporidial infection of goat kids. In: Yvoré P, Perrini G, editors. Les maladies de la chèvre. INRA Publ, 1984;443-451.
80. Matos-Fernandez MJ, Pereira-Bueno J, Ortega-Mora LM, Pilar-Izquierdo M, Ferre I, Rojo-Vazquez FA. Prevalencia de la infeccion por Cryptosporidium parvum en corderos, cabritos y terneros en la provincia de León. Acta Paras Port 1993;1:211.
81. Koudela B, Modry D, Vitovec J. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium muris isolated from cattle. Vet Parasitol 1998;76:181-8.
82. Tzipori S, Angus KW, Campbell I, Clerihew LW. Diarrhea due to Cryptosporidium infection in artificially reared lambs. J Clin Microbiol 1981;14:100-5.
83. Koudela B, Jiri V. Experimental cryptosporidiosis in kids. Vet Parasitol 1997;71:273-81.
84. Blewett DA, Wright SE, Casemore DP, Booth NZ, Jones CE. Infective dose size studies on Cryptosporidium parvum using gnotobiotic lambs. Wat Sci Tech 1993;27:61-4.
85. Ortega-Mora LM, Wright SE. Age-related resistance in ovine cryptosporidiosis: patterns of infection and humoral immune response. Infect Immun 1994;62:5003-9.
86. Tzipori S, Larsen J, Smith M, Luefl R. Diarrhea in goat kids attributed to Cryptosporidium infection. Vet Rec 1982;111:35-6.
87. Anderson BC. Cryptosporidiosis in Idaho lambs: natural and experimental infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982;181:151-3.
88. Angus KW, Appleyard WT, Menzies JD, Campbell I, Sherwood D. An outbreak of diarrhoea associated with cryptosporidiosis in naturally reared lambs. Vet Rec 1982;110:129-30.
89. Hill BD, Blewett DA, Dawson AM, Wright S. Analysis of kinetics, isotype and specificity of serum and coproantibody in lambs infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Res Vet Sci 1990;48:76-81.
90. Naciri M, Yvoré P, Leieux D. Cryptosporidiose expérimentale du chèvreau. Influence de la prise du colostrum. Essais de traitements. In: Yvoré P, Perrini G, editors. Les maladies de la chèvre. I. NRA Publ, 1984;465-471.
91. Blanco J, Cid D, Blanco JE, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, de la Fuente R. Serogroups, toxins and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic lambs in Spain. Vet Microbiol 1996;49:209-17.
92. Cid D, Blanco M, Blanco JE, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, de la Fuente R, Blanco J. Serogroups, toxins and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic goat kids in Spain. Vet Microbiol 1996;53:349-54.
93. Forey WJ. Coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in sheep and goats. Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract 1990;6:655-69.
94. Xiao L. Giardia infection in farm animals. Parasitol Today 1994;10:436-8.
95. Olson ME, Thorlakson CL, Deselliers L, Morck DW, McAllister TA. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Canadian farm animals. Vet Parasitol 1997;68:375-81.
96. Nouri M, Ahdfavi S. Effect of nomada shepherds and their sheep on the incidence of cryptosporidiosis in an adjacent town. J Infect 1993;26:105-6.
97. Rossanigo EG, Gialletti L, Grelloni V, Floroni A, Rivero VB. Diagnosi di criptosporidiosi in alcuni allevamenti dell'Italia Centrale. Riv Zoot Vet 1987;15:9-15.
98. Pilar-Izquierdo M, Ortega-Mora LM, Pereira-Bueno J, Rojo-Vazquez FA. Participacion de Cryptosporidium parvum en brotes de diarrea en corderos en al NO de Castilla y Leon. Acta Paras Port 1993;1:223.
99. Kaminjolo JS, Adesiyun AA, Loregnard R, Kitson-Piggott W. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in livestock in Trinidad and Tobago. Vet Parasitol 1993;45:209-13.
100. Xiao L, Herd RP, Rings DM. Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium on a sheep farm with neonatal diarrhea by immunofluorescence assays. Vet Parasitol 1993;47:17-23.
101. Caver JA, Hill JE, Thompson SJ. Surveillance of cryptosporidia in a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. J Vet Diagn Invest 1996;8:497-500.
102. Yvoré P, Esnault A, Naciri M, et al. Enquête épidémiologique sur les diarrhées néonatales des chevreaux dans les élevages de Touraine. In: Yvoré P, Perrini G, editors. Les maladies de la chèvre. INRA Publ, 1984;437-442.
103. Thamsborg SM, Jorgensen RJ, Henriksen SA. Cryptosporidiosis in kids of dairy goats. Vet Rec 1990;127:627-8.
104. Vieira LS, Silva MBO, Tolentino ACV, Lima JD, Silva AC. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in dairy goats in Brazil. Vet Rec 1997;140:427-8.
105. Xiao L, Herd RP, McClure KE. Periparturient rise in the excretion of Giardia sp. cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts as a source of infection for lambs. J Parasitol 1994;80:55-9.
106. Bukhari Z, Smith HV. Cryptosporidium parvum: oocyst excretion and viability patterns in experimentally infected lambs. Epidemiol Infect 1997;119:105-8.
107. Klesius PH, Haynes TB, Malo LK. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from mice for calves and mice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;189:192-3.
108. Ortega-Mora LM, Troncoso JM, Rojo-Vazquez FA, Gomez-Bautista M. Serum antibody response in lambs naturally and experimentally infected with Cryptosporidium. Vet Parasitol 1993;50:45-54.
109. Molina JM, Rodriguez-Ponce E, Ferrer O, Gutierrez AC, Hernandez S. Biopathological data of goat kids with cryptosporidiosis. Vet Rec 1994;135:67-8.
110. Tyzzer EE. Coccidiosis in gallinaceous birds. Am J Hyg 1929;10:269-383.
111. Current WL, Upton SV, Haynes TB. The life cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicmplexa Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens. J Parasitol 1986;33:289-96.
112. Lindsay DS, Blagburn BL, Sundermann CA. Morphometric comparison of the oocysts of Cryptosporidium meleagridis and Cryptosporidium baileyi from birds. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 1989;56:91-2
113. Ritter GD, Ley DH, Levy M, Guy J, Barnes HJ. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis and reovirus isolation from bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) with enteritis. Avian Dis 1986;30:603-8.
114. Guy JS, Levy MG, Ley DH, Barnes HJ, Geric TM. Experimental reproduction of entiritis in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) with Cryptosporidium and reovirus. Avian Dis 1987;31:713-22.
115. Gajadhar AA. Host specificity studies and oocyst description of a Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from ostriches. Parasitol Res 1994;80:316-9.
116. O'Donoghue PJ. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. Int J Parasitol 1995;25:139-95.
117. Fayer R, Speer CA, Dubey JP. Avian cryptosporidiosis. In: Fayer R, editor. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1997;1-33.
118. Bermudez AJ, Ley DH, Levy MG, Picken MD, Guy JS, Gerig TM. Intestinal and bursal cryptosporiosis in turkeys following inoculation with Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from commercial poults. Avian Dis 1988;32:445-50.
119. Goodwin MA, Steffens WL, Russell ID, Brown J. Diarrhea associated with intestinal crypotosporidiosis in turkeys. Avian Dis 1988;32:63-7.
120. Lindsay DS, Blagburn BL, Sundermann CA, Hoerr FJ, Ernest JA. Experimental Cryptosporidium infections in chickens: oocyst structure and tissue specificity. Am J Vet Res 1986;47:876-9.
121. Blagburn BL, Lindsay DS, Giambrone JJ, Sunderman CA, Hoerr FJ. Experimental cryptosporidiosis in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci 1987;66:442-9.
122. Lindsay DS, Blagburn BL, Hoerr FJ. Experimental induced infections in turkeys with Cryptosporidium baileyi isolated from chickens. Am J Vet Res 1987;48:104-8.
123. Lindsay DS, Blagburn BL, Sundermann CA, Hoerr FJ. Experimental infections in domestic ducks with Cryptosporidium baileyi isolated from chickens. Avian Dis 1989;33:69-73.
124. Lindsay DS, Blagburn BL. Cryptosporidiosis in birds. In: Dubey JP, Speer CA, Fayer R, editors. Cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1990;133-148.
125. Hoerr FJ, Current WL, Haynes TB. Fatal cryptosporidiosis in quail. Avian Dis 1986;30:421-5.
126. Itakura C, Goryo M, Umemura T. Cryptosporidial infection in chickens. Avian Pathol 1984;13:487-99.
127. Goodwin MA, Latimer KS, Brown J, Steffens WL, Martin PW, Resurreccion RS, Smeltzer MA, Dickson TG. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in chicken. Poultry Sci 1988;67:1684-93.
128. Current WL, Snyder DB. Development of an serologic evaluation of acquired immunity to Cryptosporidium baileyi by broiler chickens. Poultry Sci 1988;67:720-9.
129. Lindsay DS, Blagburn BL, Sundermann CA, Giambrone JJ. Effect of broiler chicken age on susceptibility to experimentally induced Cryptosporidium baileyi infection. Am J Vet Res 1988;49:1412-4.
130. Taylor MA, Catchpole J, Norton CC, Green JA. Variations in oocyst output associated with Cryptosporidium baileyi infections in chickens. Vet Parasitol 1994;53:7-14.
131. Sréter T, Varga I, Bikisi L. Age-dependent resistance to Cryptosporidium baileyi infection in chickens. J Parasitol 1995;81:827-9.
132. Goodwin MA, Brown J. Effect on Cryptosporidium baileyi on broilers infected at 26 days of age. Avian Dis 1990;34:458-62.
133. Fayer R, Ungar BLP. Cryptosporidium sp. and cryptosporidiosis. Microbiol Rev 1986;50:458-83.
134. Goodwin MA, Brown J. Histologic incidence and distribution of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in chickens: 68 cases in 1986. Avian Dis 1988;32:365-9.
135. Current WL. Cryptosporidiosis. In: Calnek BW, Barnes HJ, Beard CW, McDougald LR, Saif YM, editors. Diseases of poultry. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1997;883-890.
136. Goodwin MA. Cryptosporidiosis in birds - a review. Avian Pathol 1989;18:365-84.
137. Kichou F, Saghir F, El Hamidi M. Infection naturelle de Cryptosporidium sp. chez le poulet de chair au Maroc. Avian Pathol 1996;25:103-11.
138. Tzipori S, Campbell I. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium antibodies in 10 animal species. J Clin Microbiol 1981;14:455-6.
139. Randall CJ. Cryptosporidiosis of the bursa of Fabricius and trachea in broilers. Avian Pathol 1982;11:95-102.
140. Gorham SL, Mallinson ET, Synder DB, Odor EM. Cryptosporidia in the bursa of Fabricius - a correlation with mortality rates in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 1987;16:205-11.
141. Snyder DB, Current WL, Russek-Cohen E. Serologic incidence of Cryptosporidium in Delmarva broiler flocks. Poultry Sci 1988;67:730-5.
142. Papadopoulou C, Xylouri E, Zisides N. Cryptosporidial infection in broiler chikens in Greece. Avian Dis 1988;32:842-3.
143. Ley DH, Levy MG, Hunter L, Barnes HJ. Cryptosporidia-positive rates of avian necropsy accessions determined by examination of auramine O-stained fecal smears. Avian Dis 1988;32:108-13.
144. Woodmansee DB, Pavlasek I, Pohlenz JFL, Moon HW. Subclinical cryptosporidiosis of turkeys in Iowa. J Parasitol 1988;74:898-900.
145. Goodwin MA, Brown J, Fletcher O. The relationship of Cryptosporidium sp. infection on the bursa of Fabricius, intestinal tract, and respiratory system of chickens in Georgia, 1974-1988. Avian Dis 1990;34:701-3.
146. Rhee JK, Seu YS, Park BK. Isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium from various animals in Korea. I. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in various animals. Korean J Parasitol 1991;29:139-48.
147. Goodwin MA, Brown J. Incidence of respiratory cryptosporidiosis in Georgia broilers: 1987-1992. Avian Dis 1994;38:358-60.
148. Goodwin MA, Brown J, Resurreccion RS, Smith JA. Respiratory coccidiosis (Cryptosporidium baileyi) among Northern Georgia broilers in one company. Avian Dis 1996;40:572-5.
149. Naciri M, Mazella O. Association cryptosporidiose et maladie de Marek chez des poulets nains. Rec Med Vet 1988;164:311-2.
150. Fletcher OJ, Munnell JF, Page RK. Cryptosporidiosis of the bursa of Fabricius of chickens. Avian Dis 1975;19:630-9.
151. Goodwin MA. Small-intestinal cryptosporidiosis in a chicken. Avian Dis 1988;32:844-8.
152. Dobos-Kovacs M, Varga I, Bikisi L, Drin CsN, Nimeth I, Farkas T. Concurrent cryptosporidiosis and chicken anemia virus infection in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 1994;23:365-8.
153. Guy JS, Levy MG, Ley DH, Barnes HJ, Gerig TM. Interaction of reovirus and Cryptosporidium baileyi in experimentally infected chickens. Avian Dis 1988;32:881-90.
154. Levy MG, Ley DH, Barnes J, Gerig TM, Corbett WT. Experimental cryptosporidiosis and infectious bursal disease virus infection of specific pathogen-free chickens. Avian Dis 1988;32:803-11.
155. Hornok S, Heijmans JF, Bikisi, Peek HW, Dobos-Kovas M, Varga I. Interaction of chickens anaemia virus and Cryptosporidium baileyi in experimentally infected chickens. Vet Parasitol 1998;76:43-55.
156. Goodwin MA. Esophageal and proventricular cryptosporidiosis in a chicken. Avian Dis 1995;39:643-5.
157. Blagburn BL, Lindsay DS, Hoerr FJ, Davis JF, Giambrone JJ. Pathobiology of cryptosporidiosis (C. baileyi) in broiler chickens. J Protozool 1991;38:25S-28S.
158. Rhee JK, Kim HC, Park BK. Effect of Cryptosporidium baileyi infection on antibody response to sRBC in chickens. Korean J Parasitol 1998;36:33-6.
159. Rhee JK, Kim HC, Lee SB, Yook SY. Immunosuppresive effect of Cryptosporidium baileyi infection on vaccination against Newcastle disease in chicks. Korean J Parasitol 1998;36:121-5.
160. Varga I, Sréter T, Bikisi L. Potentiation of ionophorous anticoccidials with Duokvin: battery trials against Cryptosporidium baileyi in chickens. J Parasitol 1995;81:777-80.
161. Bergeland ME. Necrotic enteritis in nursing piglets. Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn 1977;20:151-8.
162. Kennedy GA, Kreitner GL, Strafuss AC. Cryptosporidiosis in three pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1977;170:348-50.
163. Kim CW. Cryptosporidiosis in pigs and horses. In: Dubey JP, Speer CA, Fayer R, editors. Cryptosporidiosis of man and animals. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1990;104-111.
164. Tzipori S, McCartney E, Lawson GHK, Rowland AC, Campbell I. Experimental infection of piglets with Cryptosporidium. Res Vet Sci 1981;31:358-68.
165. Moon HW, Bemrick WJ. Fecal transmission of calf cryptosporidia between calves and pigs. Vet Pathol 1981;18:248-55.
166. Vitovec J, Koudela B. Pathogenesis of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in conventional and gnotobiotic piglets. Vet Parasitol 1992;43:25-36.
167. Tzipori S, Smith M, Makin T, Halpin C. Enterocolitis in piglets caused by Cryptosporidium spp. purified from calf faeces. Vet Parasitol 1982;11:121-6.
168. Trotti GC, Pampliglione S, Visconti S. Cryptosporidium sp. and Isospora suis in pigs in Italy. Parassitologia 1984;26:299-304.
169. Ayeni AO, Olubunmi PA, Abe JO. The occurrence and effect of Cryptosporidium species on livestock in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Trop Vet 1985;3:96-100.
170. Cabrera JF, Garcia MG. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis of diarrhoeic piglets in our environment. Rev Cubana Cienc Vet 1985;16:259-64.
171. Quilez J, Sanchez-Acedo C, Clavel A, del Cache E, Lopez-Bernad F. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections in pigs in Aragon (Northeastern Spain). Vet Parasitol 1996;67:83-8.
172. Tacal JV, Sobieh M, El-Ahraf A. Cryptosporidium in market pigs in southern California, USA. Vet Rec 1987;120:615-7.
173. Kaminjolo JS, Adesiyun AA, Loregnard R, Kison-Piggott W. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in livestock in Trinidad and Tobago. Vet Parasitol. 1993;45:209-13.
174. Adesiyun AA, Kaminjolo JS. Prevalence and epidemiology of selected enteric infections of livestock in Trinidad. Prev Vet Med 1994;19:151-65.
175. Morgan UM, Buddle JR, Armson A, Elliot A, Thompson RCA. Molecular and biological characterisation of Cryptosporidium in pigs. Aust Vet J 1999;77:44-7.
176. Peeters JE. Recent advances in intestinal pathology of rabbits and further perspectives. In: 4th Congress of the World Rabbit Science Association. Budapest, Hungary, 1988; 293-313.
177. Peeters JE, Charlier GJ, Dussart P. Pouvoir pathogène de Cryptosporidium sp. chez les lapereaux avant et apres sevrage. In: 4émes journées de la recherche cunicole en France. Paris, France, 1986; 371-378.
178. Naciri M, Yvoré P. Efficacité du lactate d'halofuginone dans le traitement de la cryptosporidiose chez l'agneau. Rec Med Vet 1989;165:823-6.
179. Naciri M, Mancassola R, Yvoré P, Peeters JE. The effect of halofuginone lactate on experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infections in calves. Vet Parasitol 1993;45:199-207.
180. Peeters JE, Villacorta I, Naciri M, Vanopdenbosch E. Specific serum and local antibody responses against Cryptosporidium parvum during medication of calves with halofuginone lactate. Infect Immun 1993;61:4440-5.
181. Fayer R, Ellis W. Paromomycin is effective as prophylaxis for cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves. J Parasitol 1993;79:771-4
182. Mancassola R, Répérant JM, Naciri M, Chartier C. Chemoprophylaxis of Cryptosporidium parvum infection with paromomycin in kids and immunological study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:75-8.
183. Redman DR, Fox JE. The effect of varying levels D. ECCOX® on experimental Cryptosporidia infections in Holstein bull calves. Bovine Proc 1994;26:157-9.
184. Mancassola R, Richard A, Naciri M. Evaluation of decoquinate to treat experimental cryptosporidiosis in kids. Vet Parasitol 1997;69:31-7.
185. Hornok S, Bitay Z, Szill Z, Varga I. Assessment of maternal immunity to Cryptosporidium baileyi in chickens. Vet Parasitol 1998;79:203-12.
186. Harp JA, Woodmansee DB, Moon HW. Effect of colostral antibody on susceptibility of calves to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Am J Vet Res 1989;50:2117-9.
187. Fayer R, Andrews C, Ungar BLP, Blagburn B. Efficacy of hyperimmune bovine colostrum for prophylaxis of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves. J. Parasitol 1989;75:393-7.
188. Naciri M, Mancassola R, Répérant JM, Canivez O, Quinque B, Yvoré P. Treatment of experimental ovine crytosporidiosis with ovine or bovine hyperimmune colostrum. Vet Parasitol 1994;53:173-90.
189. de Graaf DC, Spano F, Petry F, Sagodira S, Bonnin A. Speculation on whether a vaccine against cryptosporidiosis is a reality or fantasy. Int J Parasitol (in press).