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Volumn 11, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 58-86

National environmental regulation? A case-study of waste management in England and Germany

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; LEGAL SYSTEM; REGULATORY APPROACH; WASTE MANAGEMENT;

EID: 0032830655     PISSN: 09528873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jel/11.1.59     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (6)

References (136)
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    • Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • See, for example, the important contributions from B. Hutter, Compliance: Regulation and Environment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); A. Ogus, Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). In his discussion of an economic analysis of regulatory law Ogus, however, also draws on American literature but the concrete examples of regulatory law are derived from British national law; K. Hawkins, Environment and Enforcement, Regulation and the Social Definition of Pollution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Y. Brittan, The Impact of Water Pollution Control on Industry: A Case-Study of Fifty Dischargers (Oxford: Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, 1984); G. Richardson, A. Ogus and P. Burrows, Policing Pollution: A Study of Regulation and Enforcement (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).
    • (1997) Compliance: Regulation and Environment
    • Hutter, B.1
  • 2
    • 0004074931 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • See, for example, the important contributions from B. Hutter, Compliance: Regulation and Environment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); A. Ogus, Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). In his discussion of an economic analysis of regulatory law Ogus, however, also draws on American literature but the concrete examples of regulatory law are derived from British national law; K. Hawkins, Environment and Enforcement, Regulation and the Social Definition of Pollution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Y. Brittan, The Impact of Water Pollution Control on Industry: A Case-Study of Fifty Dischargers (Oxford: Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, 1984); G. Richardson, A. Ogus and P. Burrows, Policing Pollution: A Study of Regulation and Enforcement (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).
    • (1994) Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory
    • Ogus, A.1
  • 3
    • 0003734726 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • See, for example, the important contributions from B. Hutter, Compliance: Regulation and Environment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); A. Ogus, Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). In his discussion of an economic analysis of regulatory law Ogus, however, also draws on American literature but the concrete examples of regulatory law are derived from British national law; K. Hawkins, Environment and Enforcement, Regulation and the Social Definition of Pollution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Y. Brittan, The Impact of Water Pollution Control on Industry: A Case-Study of Fifty Dischargers (Oxford: Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, 1984); G. Richardson, A. Ogus and P. Burrows, Policing Pollution: A Study of Regulation and Enforcement (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).
    • (1984) Environment and Enforcement, Regulation and the Social Definition of Pollution
    • Hawkins, K.1
  • 4
    • 0346404984 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Centre for Socio-Legal Studies
    • See, for example, the important contributions from B. Hutter, Compliance: Regulation and Environment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); A. Ogus, Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). In his discussion of an economic analysis of regulatory law Ogus, however, also draws on American literature but the concrete examples of regulatory law are derived from British national law; K. Hawkins, Environment and Enforcement, Regulation and the Social Definition of Pollution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Y. Brittan, The Impact of Water Pollution Control on Industry: A Case-Study of Fifty Dischargers (Oxford: Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, 1984); G. Richardson, A. Ogus and P. Burrows, Policing Pollution: A Study of Regulation and Enforcement (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).
    • (1984) The Impact of Water Pollution Control on Industry: A Case-Study of Fifty Dischargers
    • Brittan, Y.1
  • 5
    • 0003991264 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • See, for example, the important contributions from B. Hutter, Compliance: Regulation and Environment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); A. Ogus, Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). In his discussion of an economic analysis of regulatory law Ogus, however, also draws on American literature but the concrete examples of regulatory law are derived from British national law; K. Hawkins, Environment and Enforcement, Regulation and the Social Definition of Pollution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Y. Brittan, The Impact of Water Pollution Control on Industry: A Case-Study of Fifty Dischargers (Oxford: Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, 1984); G. Richardson, A. Ogus and P. Burrows, Policing Pollution: A Study of Regulation and Enforcement (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).
    • (1982) Policing Pollution: A Study of Regulation and Enforcement
    • Richardson, G.1    Ogus, A.2    Burrows, P.3
  • 6
    • 0003781706 scopus 로고
    • Ithaca: Cornell University Press
    • D. Vogel, National Styles of Regulation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); A. Peacock (ed), The Regulation Game: How British and West German Companies Bargain with Government (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984); S. Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden, A Comparative Study of Occupational Safety and Health Policy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981); R. Williams, Government Regulation of the Occupational and General Environments in the UK, US and Sweden (Ottawa: Science Council of Canada, 1977); K.C. Davis, Discretionary Justice in Europe and America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976).
    • (1986) National Styles of Regulation
    • Vogel, D.1
  • 7
    • 0002875030 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Basil Blackwell
    • D. Vogel, National Styles of Regulation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); A. Peacock (ed), The Regulation Game: How British and West German Companies Bargain with Government (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984); S. Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden, A Comparative Study of Occupational Safety and Health Policy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981); R. Williams, Government Regulation of the Occupational and General Environments in the UK, US and Sweden (Ottawa: Science Council of Canada, 1977); K.C. Davis, Discretionary Justice in Europe and America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976).
    • (1984) The Regulation Game: How British and West German Companies Bargain with Government
    • Peacock, A.1
  • 8
    • 0003594224 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • D. Vogel, National Styles of Regulation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); A. Peacock (ed), The Regulation Game: How British and West German Companies Bargain with Government (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984); S. Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden, A Comparative Study of Occupational Safety and Health Policy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981); R. Williams, Government Regulation of the Occupational and General Environments in the UK, US and Sweden (Ottawa: Science Council of Canada, 1977); K.C. Davis, Discretionary Justice in Europe and America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976).
    • (1981) Regulating America, Regulating Sweden, a Comparative Study of Occupational Safety and Health Policy
    • Kelman, S.1
  • 9
    • 24044437851 scopus 로고
    • Ottawa: Science Council of Canada
    • D. Vogel, National Styles of Regulation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); A. Peacock (ed), The Regulation Game: How British and West German Companies Bargain with Government (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984); S. Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden, A Comparative Study of Occupational Safety and Health Policy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981); R. Williams, Government Regulation of the Occupational and General Environments in the UK, US and Sweden (Ottawa: Science Council of Canada, 1977); K.C. Davis, Discretionary Justice in Europe and America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976).
    • (1977) Government Regulation of the Occupational and General Environments in the UK, US and Sweden
    • Williams, R.1
  • 10
    • 84925899800 scopus 로고
    • Urbana: University of Illinois Press
    • D. Vogel, National Styles of Regulation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); A. Peacock (ed), The Regulation Game: How British and West German Companies Bargain with Government (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984); S. Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden, A Comparative Study of Occupational Safety and Health Policy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981); R. Williams, Government Regulation of the Occupational and General Environments in the UK, US and Sweden (Ottawa: Science Council of Canada, 1977); K.C. Davis, Discretionary Justice in Europe and America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976).
    • (1976) Discretionary Justice in Europe and America
    • Davis, K.C.1
  • 12
    • 24044501919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, the EC Waste Framework Directive 91/156 OJ L78/32
    • See, for example, the EC Waste Framework Directive 91/156 OJ L78/32.
  • 13
    • 24044487881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council of Europe, Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment (Lugano, 1993) in P.W. Birnie and A.E. Boyle, op cit at 132-52
    • Council of Europe, Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment (Lugano, 1993) in P.W. Birnie and A.E. Boyle, op cit at 132-52.
  • 15
    • 0344616116 scopus 로고
    • Europäische Integration und die öffentlichen Verwaltungen der Mitgliedstaaten
    • H. Siedentopf and C. Hauschild, 'Europäische Integration und die öffentlichen Verwaltungen der Mitgliedstaaten', Die öffentliche Verwaltung [1990] Heft 11, PP 445-55, at 453.
    • (1990) Die Öffentliche Verwaltung , Issue.11 , pp. 445-455
    • Siedentopf, H.1    Hauschild, C.2
  • 16
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    • note
    • Throughout this article reference will be made to 'England' since the law is discussed as applicable to England and Wales only, rather than Great Britain, i.e. not including Northern-Ireland and Scotland.
  • 17
    • 24044479052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The UK and Germany were chosen for a comparison because they are sufficiently alike to be compared. Both countries have similar economic and political structures such as a liberal parliamentary democracy and a capitalist economy. Also, the legal framework for the regulation of waste management sites is sufficiently similar for a comparison. An early EC Framework Directive (75/442, OJ L194/23) on Waste, which was implemented in the UK and Germany harmonised basic aspects of waste management regulation. While there are sufficient similarities between the two countries there are also enough differences to raise the issue if there are nationally distinct styles of regulation. For example, while the English legal system is based on the common law Germany is a civil law system. While in the UK environmental regulation is created mainly through parliamentary statutes in Germany also the written Basic Law shapes environmental regulation.
  • 19
    • 24044449275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phases of Implementation
    • H. Siedentopf and J. Ziller
    • Siedentopf and Hausschild identify such 'national patterns' of enforcement for most of the countries which participated in their study. But they qualify their general assumption by stating that national patterns have to be treated with caution since there can be variation in enforcement within one Member State or variations between different policy sectors (H. Siedentopf and C. Hausschild, 'Phases of Implementation', pp 26-72 in H. Siedentopf and J. Ziller, vol I, ibid at 57, 58).
    • Making European Policies Work: The Implementation of Community Legislation in the Member States , vol.1 , pp. 26-72
    • Siedentopf, H.1    Hausschild, C.2
  • 20
    • 24044535089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Such as the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 in Kelman's study. Also A. Peacock, op cit, ch 5 refers to national legal regulation. The study emphasises the importance of negotiation in the implementation of regulation. Explanations, however, of such characteristics of negotiation are linked back to aspects of the national legal framework, such as its vague definitions of key concepts (A. Peacock, op cit at 131).
    • Making European Policies Work: The Implementation of Community Legislation in the Member States , pp. 131
    • Peacock, A.1
  • 22
    • 85068457729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Concept of Policy Style
    • J. Richardson, London: George Allen and Unwin
    • Such as the consultation of national representatives of workers and employers (see, S. Kelman, op cit at 18-80. See also, J. Richardson, G. Gustafsson and G. Jordan, 'The Concept of Policy Style' in J. Richardson, Policy Styles in Western Europe (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982), pp 1-16.
    • (1982) Policy Styles in Western Europe , pp. 1-16
    • Richardson, J.1    Gustafsson, G.2    Jordan, G.3
  • 24
    • 0013612267 scopus 로고
    • Regulating Drug Prices: The West German and British Experience
    • L. Hancher and M. Moran, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • For example, L. Hancher refers to relationships between central (emphasis added) government and the industry in her study of the regulation of the pharmaceuticals industry (L. Hancher, 'Regulating Drug Prices: The West German and British Experience' in L. Hancher and M. Moran, Capitalism, Culture and Economic Regulation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp 79-108 at 84-5. See also, D. Vogel (1996), op cit, ch 7, who refers to aspects of the national civil service, national business cultures and the national public as the key characteristics for explaining different approaches to regulation in Britain and the US.
    • (1989) Capitalism, Culture and Economic Regulation , pp. 79-108
    • Hancher, L.1
  • 25
    • 24044525268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Clarendon Press, ch 7, who refers to aspects of the national civil service, national business cultures and the national public as the key characteristics for explaining different approaches to regulation in Britain and the US
    • For example, L. Hancher refers to relationships between central (emphasis added) government and the industry in her study of the regulation of the pharmaceuticals industry (L. Hancher, 'Regulating Drug Prices: The West German and British Experience' in L. Hancher and M. Moran, Capitalism, Culture and Economic Regulation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp 79-108 at 84-5. See also, D. Vogel (1996), op cit, ch 7, who refers to aspects of the national civil service, national business cultures and the national public as the key characteristics for explaining different approaches to regulation in Britain and the US.
    • (1996) Capitalism, Culture and Economic Regulation
    • Vogel, D.1
  • 26
    • 24044522538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Such as OSHA in the US or the Worker Protection Board in Sweden in Kelman's study
    • Such as OSHA in the US or the Worker Protection Board in Sweden in Kelman's study.
  • 27
    • 24044541686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H. Siedentopf and C. Hausschild (1990), op cit at 452
    • H. Siedentopf and C. Hausschild (1990), op cit at 452.
  • 28
    • 24044493511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • D. Vogel (1986) op cit at 202: Whereas American regulatory officials have come under substantial pressure to establish standards that "guarantee" a safe workplace, the British public (emphasis added) appears to accept a certain amount of occupational injury as a necessary concomitant of industrial production.'
  • 29
    • 24044521006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See, D. Vogel (1986) op cit at 174 who refers to pressure groups at a federal level in the US such as the American Industrial Health Council, the National Economic Development Association and the Utilities Air Regulatory Group.
  • 30
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    • S. Kelman, op cit at 221
    • S. Kelman, op cit at 221.
  • 31
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    • S. Kelman, op cit at 221, 229-30
    • S. Kelman, op cit at 221, 229-30.
  • 32
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    • S. Kelman, op cit at 196
    • S. Kelman, op cit at 196.
  • 33
    • 24044465179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Vogel (1986), op cit at 21
    • D. Vogel (1986), op cit at 21.
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    • Regulating Drug-Prices: The West German and British Experience
    • L. Hancher and M. Moran, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • See, for example, L. Hancher's description of the British style of enforcing competition policy in the area of pharmaceuticals regulation. L. Hancher, 'Regulating Drug-Prices: The West German and British Experience' in L. Hancher and M. Moran, Capitalism, Culture and Economic Regulation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp 79-108 at 99.
    • (1989) Capitalism, Culture and Economic Regulation , pp. 79-108
    • Hancher, L.1
  • 35
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    • London: Butterworths
    • C. Harlow and R. Rawlings, Law and Administration (London: Butterworths, 1997), pp 312-15; G. Jordan and J. Richardson, 'The British Policy Style or the Logic of Negotiation?' in J. Richardson, Policy Styles in Western Europe (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982), pp 80-110 at 81, 85.
    • (1997) Law and Administration , pp. 312-315
    • Harlow, C.1    Rawlings, R.2
  • 36
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    • The British Policy Style or the Logic of Negotiation?
    • J. Richardson, London: George Allen and Unwin
    • C. Harlow and R. Rawlings, Law and Administration (London: Butterworths, 1997), pp 312-15; G. Jordan and J. Richardson, 'The British Policy Style or the Logic of Negotiation?' in J. Richardson, Policy Styles in Western Europe (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982), pp 80-110 at 81, 85.
    • (1982) Policy Styles in Western Europe , pp. 80-110
    • Jordan, G.1    Richardson, J.2
  • 39
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    • West Germany: The Search for a Rationalist Consensus
    • J. Richardson, London: George Allen and Unwin
    • K. Dyson, 'West Germany: The Search for a Rationalist Consensus' in J. Richardson, Policy Styles in Western Europe (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982), pp 17-46 at 19.
    • (1982) Policy Styles in Western Europe , pp. 17-46
    • Dyson, K.1
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    • London: George Allen and Unwin
    • H. Siedentopf and C. Hausschild (1990) op cit at 453; H. Siedentopf, 'The Implementation of Directives in the Member States' in H. Siedentopf and J. Ziller, Making European Policies Work: The Implementation of Community Legislation in the Member States, vol I (London: Sage, 1988), p 176; Y. Mény, 'Variations sur un Thème Donné: L' Application des Directives par les Etats Membres' [1985] Revue Française d'Administration Publique 34, pp 177-89 at 179; K. von Beyme, 'Policy-Making in the Federal Republic: A Systematic Introduction' in K. von Beyme and M. Schmidt (eds), Policy and Politics in the Federal Republic of Germany (Aldershot: Gower, 1985), pp 1-26 at 3, 13; K. Dyson, op cit at 20.
    • (1990) Policy Styles in Western Europe , pp. 453
    • Siedentopf, H.1    Hausschild, C.2
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    • 24044516188 scopus 로고
    • The Implementation of Directives in the Member States
    • H. Siedentopf and J. Ziller, London: Sage
    • H. Siedentopf and C. Hausschild (1990) op cit at 453; H. Siedentopf, 'The Implementation of Directives in the Member States' in H. Siedentopf and J. Ziller, Making European Policies Work: The Implementation of Community Legislation in the Member States, vol I (London: Sage, 1988), p 176; Y. Mény, 'Variations sur un Thème Donné: L' Application des Directives par les Etats Membres' [1985] Revue Française d'Administration Publique 34, pp 177-89 at 179; K. von Beyme, 'Policy-Making in the Federal Republic: A Systematic Introduction' in K. von Beyme and M. Schmidt (eds), Policy and Politics in the Federal Republic of Germany (Aldershot: Gower, 1985), pp 1-26 at 3, 13; K. Dyson, op cit at 20.
    • (1988) Making European Policies Work: The Implementation of Community Legislation in the Member States , vol.1 , pp. 176
    • Siedentopf, H.1
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    • Variations sur un Thème Donné: L' Application des Directives par les Etats Membres
    • H. Siedentopf and C. Hausschild (1990) op cit at 453; H. Siedentopf, 'The Implementation of Directives in the Member States' in H. Siedentopf and J. Ziller, Making European Policies Work: The Implementation of Community Legislation in the Member States, vol I (London: Sage, 1988), p 176; Y. Mény, 'Variations sur un Thème Donné: L' Application des Directives par les Etats Membres' [1985] Revue Française d'Administration Publique 34, pp 177-89 at 179; K. von Beyme, 'Policy-Making in the Federal Republic: A Systematic Introduction' in K. von Beyme and M. Schmidt (eds), Policy and Politics in the Federal Republic of Germany (Aldershot: Gower, 1985), pp 1-26 at 3, 13; K. Dyson, op cit at 20.
    • (1985) Revue Française d'Administration Publique , vol.34 , pp. 177-189
    • Mény, Y.1
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    • Policy-Making in the Federal Republic: A Systematic Introduction
    • K. von Beyme and M. Schmidt (eds), Aldershot: Gower
    • H. Siedentopf and C. Hausschild (1990) op cit at 453; H. Siedentopf, 'The Implementation of Directives in the Member States' in H. Siedentopf and J. Ziller, Making European Policies Work: The Implementation of Community Legislation in the Member States, vol I (London: Sage, 1988), p 176; Y. Mény, 'Variations sur un Thème Donné: L' Application des Directives par les Etats Membres' [1985] Revue Française d'Administration Publique 34, pp 177-89 at 179; K. von Beyme, 'Policy-Making in the Federal Republic: A Systematic Introduction' in K. von Beyme and M. Schmidt (eds), Policy and Politics in the Federal Republic of Germany (Aldershot: Gower, 1985), pp 1-26 at 3, 13; K. Dyson, op cit at 20.
    • (1985) Policy and Politics in the Federal Republic of Germany , pp. 1-26
    • Von Beyme, K.1
  • 44
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    • Aldershot: Gower
    • H. Siedentopf and C. Hausschild (1990) op cit at 453; H. Siedentopf, 'The Implementation of Directives in the Member States' in H. Siedentopf and J. Ziller, Making European Policies Work: The Implementation of Community Legislation in the Member States, vol I (London: Sage, 1988), p 176; Y. Mény, 'Variations sur un Thème Donné: L' Application des Directives par les Etats Membres' [1985] Revue Française d'Administration Publique 34, pp 177-89 at 179; K. von Beyme, 'Policy-Making in the Federal Republic: A Systematic Introduction' in K. von Beyme and M. Schmidt (eds), Policy and Politics in the Federal Republic of Germany (Aldershot: Gower, 1985), pp 1-26 at 3, 13; K. Dyson, op cit at 20.
    • Policy and Politics in the Federal Republic of Germany , pp. 20
    • Dyson, K.1
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    • The Implementation of Directives in the Member States
    • Aldershot: Gower, H. Siedentopf and J. Ziller, op cit at 176. H. Siedentopf and C. Hausschild
    • H. Siedentopf, 'The Implementation of Directives in the Member States' in H. Siedentopf and J. Ziller, op cit at 176. H. Siedentopf and C. Hausschild (1990) op cit at 453.
    • (1990) Policy and Politics in the Federal Republic of Germany , pp. 453
    • Siedentopf, H.1
  • 52
    • 24044548996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Such as, for example, the German Civil Code ('BGB') which deals with private law
    • Such as, for example, the German Civil Code ('BGB') which deals with private law.
  • 54
    • 24044554886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the BGB regulates the law of succession and property relationships
    • For example, the BGB regulates the law of succession and property relationships.
  • 55
    • 84928466347 scopus 로고
    • Taking Civil Codes less Seriously
    • Kötz puts emphasis on the fact that where codes are unclear or leave gaps civil law judges develop the law in a creative way, not dissimilar to judges in a common law system. H. Kötz, 'Taking Civil Codes less Seriously' [1987] MLR 50 pp 1-15 at 11, 12.
    • (1987) MLR , vol.50 , pp. 1-15
    • Kötz, H.1
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    • 24044555554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The German Ministry of the Environment is currently preparing the proposal ('Referentenentwurf') for the first book ('1. Buch, Allgemeiner Teil') of the German Environmental Code. This proposal will be published in order to enable public consultation with the 'Länder' and interest groups ('Verbände').
  • 58
    • 24044492231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abbreviated as BImSchG
    • Abbreviated as BImSchG.
  • 59
    • 24044515536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz as amended by Article 1 G des Genehmigungsverfahrensbeschleunigungsgesetz 1996, abbreviated as VwVfG
    • Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz as amended by Article 1 G des Genehmigungsverfahrensbeschleunigungsgesetz 1996, abbreviated as VwVfG.
  • 60
    • 85024139920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Blackstone Press
    • In contrast to this, in the UK there is no general requirement for administrative authorities to consult those affected by their decisions. Instead consultation rights are developed through the common law in specific contexts taking into account the particular circumstances of a case (P. Leyland and T. Woods, Textbook on Administrative Law (London: Blackstone Press, 1997), p 247, 248. There is no systematic legal framework for this right because common law provisions can be overridden by statute law and consultation rights vary from statute to statute. For example, Regulation 5 of the Environmental Protection (Application, Appeals and Registers) Regulations 1991 (SI 1991 No 507) requires the advertisement of applications for authorisation and an invitation for representations to be made. Similarly according to section 88(2) WRA 1991 in connection with Schedule 10, paras 1(4) and a applications for consents under the WRA 1991 have to be publicised and comments from the public have to be considered. In contrast to this, there is no provision for consultation of the public in the process of issuing waste management licences under EPA 1990 (only at the earlier stage of planning permission) or in the process of issuing a trade effluent consent under the WIA 1991.
    • (1997) Textbook on Administrative Law , pp. 247
    • Leyland, P.1    Woods, T.2
  • 61
    • 24044447867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For example, the authorisation procedure ('Genehmigungsverfahren') according to §10 of the Federal Air Emissions Statute ('Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz') mirrors provisions from the plan determination procedure ('Planfeststellungsverfahren') regulated in §§72-78 VwVfG.
  • 62
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    • Common Law and Civil Law: An Elementary Comparison
    • See, for example, Max Rheinstein's comments on the civil law: The traditional consistency of the civil law is due not only to its professorial origin, but, during the last one hundred and fifty years or so, also to the very active role that has been played in its development by governments and their bureaucratic civil servants. Where legislative needs are constantly watched and laws drafted by highly trained governmental specialists more inner consistency (emphasis added) can be achieved than in law that grows haphazardly from case to case. (M. Rheinstein, 'Common Law and Civil Law: An Elementary Comparison' [1952] 22 Rev J UPR 90, 103).
    • (1952) Rev J UPR , vol.22 , pp. 90
    • Rheinstein, M.1
  • 64
    • 84866807611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Currently the precautionary principle is part of a range of German environmental statutes, see, for example, §5 Abs 1 Nr 2 BImSchG
    • Currently the precautionary principle is part of a range of German environmental statutes, see, for example, §5 Abs 1 Nr 2 BImSchG.
  • 65
    • 9444228984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In a judicial review case the High Court decided that no obligation arose under national law for the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry to give effect to a wide meaning of the precautionary principle when deciding if and what secondary legislation to issue. Such an obligation also did not arise under Art. 13or of the EC Treaty. See D. Hughes, R v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry ex parte Duddridge, JEL [1995] 7(2), PP 224-44.
  • 66
    • 24044537896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Article 20 a which was introduced to the Basic Law in 1994: 'Der Staat schützt auch in Verantwortung für die künftigen Generationen die natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen im Rahmen der verfassungsmäßigen Ordnung durch die Gesetzgebung und nach Maßgabe von Gesetz und Recht durch die vollziehende Gewalt und die Rechtsprechung.'
  • 67
    • 84866804657 scopus 로고
    • Informales Verwaltungshandeln im Gesetzesvollzug
    • E. Blankenburg and K. Lenk (eds) Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
    • E. Bohne, 'Informales Verwaltungshandeln im Gesetzesvollzug' in E. Blankenburg and K. Lenk (eds) Jahrbuch für Rechtssoziologie: Organisation und Recht (Bd 7, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1980), pp 20-77 at 29.
    • (1980) Jahrbuch für Rechtssoziologie: Organisation und Recht , vol.7 , pp. 20-77
    • Bohne, E.1
  • 69
    • 0004136149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • München: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, §5, Rz 224
    • It can also be in breach of the general administrative law duty of the regulatory authority to fully examine the licence application according to §24 VwVfG, see M. Kloepfer, Umweltrecht (München: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1998), §5, Rz 224, p 298.
    • (1998) Umweltrecht , pp. 298
    • Kloepfer, M.1
  • 72
    • 24044479051 scopus 로고
    • London: Cavendish
    • The principle of proportionality is not explicity referred to in one of the articles of the German Basic Law but the German constitutional court considers it as part of the 'Rechtsstaatsprinzip' (the constitutional state principle). See R. Youngs, Sourcebook on German Law (London: Cavendish, 1994), p 104.
    • (1994) Sourcebook on German Law , pp. 104
    • Youngs, R.1
  • 73
    • 24044498314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • on different perceptions of regulated industrial dischargers according to their size
    • See, for example, K. Hawkins, op cit at 110 on different perceptions of regulated industrial dischargers according to their size.
    • Sourcebook on German Law , pp. 110
    • Hawkins, K.1
  • 74
    • 24044548319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In England, Regulation 15(a) of the Control of Pollution (Applications, Appeals, Registers) Regulations 1996 (SI 1996 No 2971) provide for similar rights of access in relation to applications for discharge consents under the WRA 1991. See also, Reg 10 of the Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994 (SI 1994 No 1056).
  • 75
    • 24044553599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. Harlow and R. Rawlings (1997) op cit at 582
    • C. Harlow and R. Rawlings (1997) op cit at 582.
  • 76
    • 0004136149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • München: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, §4 Rz 46, 47
    • Informal and non-adversarial ways of interaction between regulatory authorities, the regulated and third-parties can be justified with reference to the cooperation principle since they can help to prevent the invocation of lengthy, costly and conflict-enhancing procedures such as administrative court challenges by operators to administrative action. See M. Kloepfer, Umweltrecht (München: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1998), §4 Rz 46, 47, p 186.
    • (1998) Umweltrecht , pp. 186
    • Kloepfer, M.1
  • 78
    • 0004136149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • München: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhand-lung, §3 Rz 102
    • Most of the Länder in Germany have three tiers of administrative bodies, others have two. The few city states, such as Hamburg and Berlin, have a one-tier administrative structure. The three tier administrative structure consists of the superior administration of the Land ('Obere Landesbehörde') at the highest level, then the president of the government ('Regierungspräsident') at the second level and on the lowest level, as part of the special administration, there are the trade supervision offices ('Gewerbeaufsichtsämter'), the county councils ('Kreise') and the towns. See also, Kloepfer, Umweltrecht (München: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhand-lung, 1998), §3 Rz 102 at 157-8.
    • (1998) Umweltrecht , pp. 157-158
    • Kloepfer1
  • 79
    • 24044493600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This, however, will change through devolution when a more independent EA for Wales will emerge
    • This, however, will change through devolution when a more independent EA for Wales will emerge.
  • 80
    • 24044444568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • One of the reasons for this is the early Waste Framework Directive 75/442 OJ L 194/23 as amended by Directive 91/156 OJ L 78/32 which harmonised these basic aspects of waste management regulation.
  • 81
    • 84866808606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See §31(1), (2) Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz (KrW-/AbfG) 1994, section 33 EPA 1990
    • See §31(1), (2) Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz (KrW-/AbfG) 1994, section 33 EPA 1990.
  • 82
    • 84866807146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, section 35(3) EPA 1990 and §32(4) KrW-/AbfG
    • See, section 35(3) EPA 1990 and §32(4) KrW-/AbfG.
  • 83
    • 24044509781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Section 42(5)(a) EPA 1990
    • Section 42(5)(a) EPA 1990.
  • 84
    • 24044545534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Section 38(1) EPA 1990
    • Section 38(1) EPA 1990.
  • 85
    • 24044512629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Section 38(1)(c) EPA 1990. † Waste management sites which do not involve the landfilling or treatment of wastes are regulated under the Federal Air Emission Statute ('BImSchG'), not the KrW-/AbfG (§31 Abs 1 KrW-/AbfG).
  • 86
    • 24044539199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Section 33(6) EPA 1990 in connection with the Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994, reg 1(3) and sch 4; §61(1) Nr 2 and 3 KrW-/AbfG.
  • 87
    • 24044550991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See England's initial attempts to maintain co-disposal as a legal form of landfill under the proposed EC Landfill Directive. It now objects to a reduction in the landfilling of biodegradable and liquid wastes. 'Business Much as Usual as UK objects to Landfill Directive', ENDS Report 271, August 1997, pp 30-1 at 30.
  • 89
    • 85040852418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Butterworths
    • Making Waste Work: A Strategy for Sustainable Waste Management in England and Wales, CM 3040 (1995), para 1.2, Figure 1.2, p 4. In fact the UK has imported wastes for landfill (see, D. Hughes, Environmental Law (London: Butterworths, 1996), p 363.
    • (1996) Environmental Law , pp. 363
    • Hughes, D.1
  • 90
    • 24044532207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op cit, para 1.18 at 4
    • Making Waste Work, op cit, para 1.18 at 4. ‡Since 14 May 1993 when the 'TA Siedlungsabfall' came into force this legal regulation has been a further factor promoting demand for waste incineration services. Only wastes which fulfill certain criteria - spelled out in Annex B of the Regulations - are allowed to be disposed of in a landfill site. Wastes which do not fulfill these criteria have to be disposed of in other ways, including incineration.
    • Making Waste Work
  • 91
    • 24044468065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SI 1996 No 972, as amended by SI 1996 No 2019 and SI 1997 No 251
    • SI 1996 No 972, as amended by SI 1996 No 2019 and SI 1997 No 251.
  • 92
    • 24044547655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Special wastes ('besonders überwachungsbedürftige Abfälle') are defined in further regulations, the Bestimmungsverordung besonders überwachungsbedürftige Abfälle 1996 (BestbüAbfV) (§318) KrW-/AbfG.
  • 93
    • 84866808050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Die Gemeinwohlverträglichkeit der Beseitigung' muß gewährleistet sein
    • 'Die Gemeinwohlverträglichkeit der Beseitigung' muß gewährleistet sein.
  • 94
    • 24044525902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Zweite Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Abfallgesetz. Teil 1: Technische Anleitung zur Lagerung, chemisch-physikalischen, biologischen Behandlung, Verbrennung und Ablagerung von besonders überwachungsbedürftigen Abfällen (1991).
  • 95
    • 24044489889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For example, the basic point that public regulatory agencies (now the EA) provide licences for the carrying out of waste management operations has not changed. The case-study deals with the question how these licensing provisions are implemented, such as do the regulated and the regulators negotiate the contents of the licence. The fine detail i.e. how is the 'fit and proper person' requirement interpreted in negotiations is beyond the scope of this study. In Germany the 'Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz 1994' has being introduced since the completion of the fieldwork. Also, a new set of regulations have been passed under this Act. In particular, the 'Abfallbestimmungsverordnung (AbfBestV)' and the 'Restoffbestimmungsverordnung (RestBestV)' have been replaced by the 'Bestimmungsverordnung besonders überwachungsbedüftige Abfälle (BestbüVAbfV)' and the 'Bestimmungsverordnung Überwachungsbedürftige Abfälle zur Verwertung (BestüVAbfV)'. The Verordnung über das Einsammeln und Befördern sowie über die Überwachung von Abfällen und Reststoffen (AbfRestÜberwV)' has been repalced by the 'Verordnung über Verwertungs- und Beseitigungsnachweise (NachwV)'.
  • 96
    • 0008652857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • See, for example, F. Haynes, Corporate Regulation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); S. Dawson, P. William, A. Clinton and M. Bamford, Safety at Work: The Limits of Self-Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); J. Braithwaite, To Punish or Persuade, Enforcement of Local Coal Mine Safety (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985); M.B. Clinard, Corporate Ethics and Crime: The Role of Middle Management (London: Sage, 1983).
    • (1997) Corporate Regulation
    • Haynes, F.1
  • 97
    • 0003540031 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • See, for example, F. Haynes, Corporate Regulation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); S. Dawson, P. William, A. Clinton and M. Bamford, Safety at Work: The Limits of Self-Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); J. Braithwaite, To Punish or Persuade, Enforcement of Local Coal Mine Safety (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985); M.B. Clinard, Corporate Ethics and Crime: The Role of Middle Management (London: Sage, 1983).
    • (1988) Safety at Work: The Limits of Self-Regulation
    • Dawson, S.1    William, P.2    Clinton, A.3    Bamford, M.4
  • 98
    • 0004107106 scopus 로고
    • Albany: State University of New York Press
    • See, for example, F. Haynes, Corporate Regulation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); S. Dawson, P. William, A. Clinton and M. Bamford, Safety at Work: The Limits of Self-Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); J. Braithwaite, To Punish or Persuade, Enforcement of Local Coal Mine Safety (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985); M.B. Clinard, Corporate Ethics and Crime: The Role of Middle Management (London: Sage, 1983).
    • (1985) To Punish or Persuade, Enforcement of Local Coal Mine Safety
    • Braithwaite, J.1
  • 99
    • 0004008703 scopus 로고
    • London: Sage
    • See, for example, F. Haynes, Corporate Regulation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); S. Dawson, P. William, A. Clinton and M. Bamford, Safety at Work: The Limits of Self-Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); J. Braithwaite, To Punish or Persuade, Enforcement of Local Coal Mine Safety (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985); M.B. Clinard, Corporate Ethics and Crime: The Role of Middle Management (London: Sage, 1983).
    • (1983) Corporate Ethics and Crime: The Role of middle Management
    • Clinard, M.B.1
  • 100
    • 24044530902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • During my stay with the English and German regulatory authorities I spent the working day with various enforcement officers who had direct responsibility for the supervision and the licensing of waste management plants. I gained knowledge about all aspects of their work. I accompanied them on enforcement visits, observed their handling of paper work and interaction with colleagues in the office. I accompanied them on meetings with representatives of regulated waste management plants, as well as meetings with other officials from the waste regulation authority. I also had access to the files on the licensing and supervision of sites. During my three month stay with the waste treatment plant in England and Germany I was based in the chemical laboratory of the plants where incoming waste loads would be analysed. Again observation and participant observation Were the main techniques of data collection which were complimented by unstructured interviews.
  • 101
    • 24044551631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These liquid waste loads were derived from industrial processes, such as metal plating and painting
    • These liquid waste loads were derived from industrial processes, such as metal plating and painting.
  • 102
    • 24044536621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Exceptions from this occurred in the English waste regulation authority. Sites which presented persistent compliance problems were identified as 'problem sites' which were then visited up to three times per week. According to the parliamentary report Toxic Waste, however, only larger waste regulation authorities which had sufficient resources were able to operate such a system. House of Lords Environment Committee, Second Report, session 1988-89, para 119.
  • 103
    • 24044444567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Section 9(4)(a) COPA 1974
    • Section 9(4)(a) COPA 1974.
  • 104
    • 24044501918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Section 9(4)(b) COPA 1974
    • Section 9(4)(b) COPA 1974.
  • 105
    • 85055309443 scopus 로고
    • Does Regulatory Enforcement Work? A Panel Analysis of OSHA Enforcement
    • See, for example, B. Hutter (1997), op cit; W.B. Gray and J.T. Scholz, 'Does Regulatory Enforcement Work? A Panel Analysis of OSHA Enforcement' [1993] Law and Society Review, 27(1) pp 177-213; B. Hutter, The Reasonable Arm of the Law? The Law Enforcement Procedures of Environmental Health Officers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988); K. Hawkins, op cit; K. Hawkins and J.M. Thomas (eds) Enforcing Regulation (Boston, MA: KluwerNijhoff, 1984).
    • (1993) Law and Society Review , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 177-213
    • Gray, W.B.1    Scholz, J.T.2
  • 106
    • 0003713548 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • See, for example, B. Hutter (1997), op cit; W.B. Gray and J.T. Scholz, 'Does Regulatory Enforcement Work? A Panel Analysis of OSHA Enforcement' [1993] Law and Society Review, 27(1) pp 177-213; B. Hutter, The Reasonable Arm of the Law? The Law Enforcement Procedures of Environmental Health Officers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988); K. Hawkins, op cit; K. Hawkins and J.M. Thomas (eds) Enforcing Regulation (Boston, MA: KluwerNijhoff, 1984).
    • (1988) The Reasonable Arm of the Law? The Law Enforcement Procedures of Environmental Health Officers
    • Hutter, B.1
  • 107
    • 24044544226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, B. Hutter (1997), op cit; W.B. Gray and J.T. Scholz, 'Does Regulatory Enforcement Work? A Panel Analysis of OSHA Enforcement' [1993] Law and Society Review, 27(1) pp 177-213; B. Hutter, The Reasonable Arm of the Law? The Law Enforcement Procedures of Environmental Health Officers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988); K. Hawkins, op cit; K. Hawkins and J.M. Thomas (eds) Enforcing Regulation (Boston, MA: KluwerNijhoff, 1984).
    • The Reasonable Arm of the Law? The Law Enforcement Procedures of Environmental Health Officers
    • Hawkins, K.1
  • 108
    • 0003529008 scopus 로고
    • Boston, MA: KluwerNijhoff
    • See, for example, B. Hutter (1997), op cit; W.B. Gray and J.T. Scholz, 'Does Regulatory Enforcement Work? A Panel Analysis of OSHA Enforcement' [1993] Law and Society Review, 27(1) pp 177-213; B. Hutter, The Reasonable Arm of the Law? The Law Enforcement Procedures of Environmental Health Officers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988); K. Hawkins, op cit; K. Hawkins and J.M. Thomas (eds) Enforcing Regulation (Boston, MA: KluwerNijhoff, 1984).
    • (1984) Enforcing Regulation
    • Hawkins, K.1    Thomas, J.M.2
  • 109
    • 24044504709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the metal content in pickling acids could vary
    • For example, the metal content in pickling acids could vary.
  • 110
    • 24044539851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The German waste treatment plant had been purpose built whereas the UK plant had been constructed from second hand parts of an old sewage works
    • The German waste treatment plant had been purpose built whereas the UK plant had been constructed from second hand parts of an old sewage works.
  • 111
    • 24044514652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One of the reasons for the setting up of these procedures was the fact that the company wanted to obtain registration with the BSI 5750 quality management standard
    • One of the reasons for the setting up of these procedures was the fact that the company wanted to obtain registration with the BSI 5750 quality management standard.
  • 112
    • 24044463887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, 'A 10 Hydrochloric Acid' or 'J 30 Mineral Processing Waste'
    • For example, 'A 10 Hydrochloric Acid' or 'J 30 Mineral Processing Waste'.
  • 113
    • 24044455006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is a chemical analysis apparatus. It involves a type of atomic spectroscopy in which the light emitted by atoms and ions in an inductively coupled plasma is observed
    • This is a chemical analysis apparatus. It involves a type of atomic spectroscopy in which the light emitted by atoms and ions in an inductively coupled plasma is observed.
  • 114
    • 24044509127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new, better equipped laboratory was installed at the end of my research stay with the English waste treatment plant
    • A new, better equipped laboratory was installed at the end of my research stay with the English waste treatment plant.
  • 115
    • 24044450843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This difference was also reflected in staff clothing. The chemists in the German laboratory wore white laboratory coats while the staff operating the treatment plant and staff working on the yard were wearing work overalls. In England the staff in the waste treatment plant, including the site chemists, all wore work overalls.
  • 116
    • 24044538542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The following is another example that illustrates the relevance of simply the availability of information for decision-making in relation to the implementation of waste management regulation. At the English waste treatment plant the section 17 notes were stored at the reception rather than in the chemical laboratory. According to the chemists, this meant that most of the time they did not have the chemical analysis information from the section 17 notice at their hands when making a decision if a particular waste load could be taken into the plant in accordance with the site licence criteria.
  • 117
    • 84866807145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, 'Abfallschlüssel 55515 Farbmittel (Pigmente + Farbstoffe), anorganisch or 'Abfallschlüssel 55374 Lösemittel - Wassergemische ohne halogenierte organische Lösemittel'
    • For example, 'Abfallschlüssel 55515 Farbmittel (Pigmente + Farbstoffe), anorganisch or 'Abfallschlüssel 55374 Lösemittel - Wassergemische ohne halogenierte organische Lösemittel'.
  • 118
    • 24044439154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Para 4 of the Control of Pollution (Special Waste) Regulations 1980
    • Para 4 of the Control of Pollution (Special Waste) Regulations 1980.
  • 119
    • 24044485909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • One of the reasons for this was that given the large number of EN paper documents which the regulatory authority received it had only a limited amount of time to check the information provided on these EN documents.
  • 120
    • 24044526508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See also, A. Peacock, op cit at 158 who found 'bargaining' and a 'system of negotiated compliance' as central to the enforcement of environmental and Health and Safety regulation in the UK and Germany.
  • 121
    • 24044525267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For example, a waste control officer from the UK waste regulation authority gave advice to the site supervisor at one UK waste transfer station on how to devise a system which achieved greater control over incoming and outgoing wastes. This was meant to deal with the situation that the waste transfer station often stored more waste on the site than the site licence allowed for.
  • 122
    • 84866807610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Kloepfer, op cit, §14, Rz 64, p 950
    • M. Kloepfer, op cit, §14, Rz 64, p 950.
  • 123
    • 24044457594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • S. Bell, op cit at 392. To be precise the discretion of the British regulatory authority consisted of determining if there was a threat of pollution of water or danger to public health. Once the authority had decided that there is no such pollution danger it was under a duty to issue the licence to the applicant (section 5(3)) COPA 1974.
  • 124
    • 24044517498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. Hawkins, op cit at 98-9 who points to the importance of water pollution control officers cultivating informants
    • K. Hawkins, op cit at 98-9 who points to the importance of water pollution control officers cultivating informants.
  • 125
    • 24044445817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Such incineration facilities did not come within the remit of the UK waste regulation authority but would be covered by HMIP now part of the EA. Only small hospital waste incinerators came within the remit of the UK waste regulation authority.
  • 126
    • 24044472737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • §7(1) AbfG Planfeststellung i V m §73 VwVfG for waste management plants. Waste incinerators were licensed under §4 BImSchG iV m §73 VwVfG.
  • 127
    • 24044490909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also, H. Siedentopf and S. Hausschild (op cit at 63) provide data on the adaptation of legal requirements as part of enforcement strategies
    • Also, H. Siedentopf and S. Hausschild (op cit at 63) provide data on the adaptation of legal requirements as part of enforcement strategies.
  • 129
    • 0347035029 scopus 로고
    • WMP 4 London: HMSO, paras 2.12-2.16
    • In the UK working plans are recognised as relevant for the waste management site licensing process (DoE, Licensing Waste Management Facilities, WMP 4 (London: HMSO, 1994) paras 2.12-2.16).
    • (1994) Licensing Waste Management Facilities
  • 130
    • 24044530092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See, for example, the requirement from the technical guidance ('TA Sonderabfall' para 5.4.2.) for operators to provide an operating manual ('Betriebshandbuch') to the regulatory authority before the start of activities.
  • 131
    • 24044482600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, the 17. BimSchV, op cit, or the TA Sonderabfall, op cit, para 8 which outlines also technological standards for waste treatment plants in Germany
    • See, for example, the 17. BimSchV, op cit, or the TA Sonderabfall, op cit, para 8 which outlines also technological standards for waste treatment plants in Germany.
  • 132
    • 84866807609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See §5(1) of the 17. BimSchV
    • See §5(1) of the 17. BimSchV.
  • 133
    • 24044548318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Mayntz and J. Hucke, op cit
    • R. Mayntz and J. Hucke, op cit.
  • 135
    • 24044553598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For example, the German waste control officers often avoided to issue a formal administrative order ('Verwaltungsakt') in their interaction with the regulated since it would create formal legal consequences such as for example giving the regulated an automatic formal legal right to object to it. Hence, the formal legal nature of the administrative order was the incentive to avoid it. On this, see also, E. Bohne (1980) op cit and E. Bohne (1983) Op cit at 203.
  • 136
    • 24044525266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, K. Hawkins (1984) op cit and R. Mayntz and J. Hucke (1978) op cit
    • See, for example, K. Hawkins (1984) op cit and R. Mayntz and J. Hucke (1978) op cit.


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