Care and nutrition: Concepts and measurement

World Development

Volumn 27, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 1309-1337

  Engle, Patrice L ^a   Menon, Purnima ^b   Haddad, Lawrence ^c  

^a CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^c INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD CARE; CHILD WELFARE; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL STATUS;

EID: 0032828423     PISSN: 0305750X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00059-5     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Abbi, R., Christian, P., Gujral, S. and Gopaldas, T. (1991) The impact of maternal work status on the nutrition and health status of children. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 13 (1), 20-25.
2. Adair, L. S. and Popkin, B. M. (1996) Low birth weight reduces likelihood of breast-feeding among Filipino infants. Journal of Nutrition 126 (January), 103-111.
3. Adair, L. S., Popkin, B. M. and Guilkey, D. K. (1993) The duration of breast-feeding: How is it affected by sociodemographic, health sector, and food industry factors? Demography 30 (1), 63-80.
4. AED (Academy for Educational Development) (1995) Final report: Mali nutrition communication project 1989-1995. AED, Washington, DC.
5. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. and Wall, S. (1978) Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
6. Allen, L. H., Backstrand, J. R., Chávez, A. and Pelto, G. H. (1992) People cannot live by tortillas alone: The results of the Mexico Nutrition CRSP. Final Report to the US Agency for International Development, USAID, Washington, DC.
7. Almedom, A. M. (1991a) Infant feeding in urban low-income households in Ethiopia: I. The weaning process. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 25 (2), 97-109.
8. Almedom, A. M. (1991b) Infant feeding in urban low-income households in Ethiopia: II: Determinants of weaning. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 25 (2), 111-121.
9. Baksh, M., Neumann, C. G., Paolisso, M., Trostle, R. M. and Jansen, A. A. J. (1994) The influence of reproductive status on rural Kenyan women's time use. Social Science and Medicine 39 (3), 345-354.
10. Barnard, K. E., Hammond, M. A., Booth, C. L., Bee, H. L., Mitchell, S. K. and Spieker, S. J. (1989) Measurement and meaning of parent-child interaction. In Applied Developmental Psychology, Vol. 3, ed. F. Morrison, C. Lord, and D. Keating. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
11. Barrera, A. (1990) The role of maternal schooling and its interaction with public health programs in child health production. Journal of Developmental Economics 32 (1), 69-91.
12. Bayley, N. (1993) Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Second Edition Manual. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
13. Becker, G. and Becker, C. (1994) The maternal behavior inventory: Measuring the behavioral side of mother-to-infant attachment. Social Behavior and Personality 22 (2), 177-194.
14. Bell, R. Q. (1971) Stimulus control of parent or caretaker behavior by offspring. Developmental Psychology 4, 63.
15. Bentley, M. E., Black, M. M. and Hurtado, E. (1995) Child-feeding and appetite: What can programmes do? Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16 (4), 340-349.
16. Bentley, M. E., Stallings, R. Y., Fukumoto, M. and Elder, J. A. (1991) Maternal feeding behavior and child acceptance of food during diarrhea, convalescence, and health in the central Sierra of Peru. American Journal of Public Health 81 (1), 43-47.
17. Bentley, M. E., Caulfield, L. E., Torun, B., Schroeder, D. and Hurtado, E. (1992) Maternal feeding behavior and child appetite during acute diarrheal episodes and subsequent child health in Guatemala. FASEB (Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology) Journal 6, A1648.
18. Bernard, H. R., Killworth, P. D. and Salier, L. (1984) The problem of informant accuracy: The validity of retrospective data. Annual Review of Anthropology 13, 495-517.
19. Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H. and Dasen, P. R. (1992) Crosscultural Psychology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
20. Best, J. B. (1989) Cognitive Psychology. West Publishing, St. Paul, MN.
21. Black, M. M. (1995) Failure to thrive: Strategies for evaluation and intervention. School Psychology Review 24 (2), 171-185.
22. Black, M. M. and Teti, L. (1997) Videotape: A culturally sensitive strategy to promote communication and healthy nutrition between adolescent mothers and infants. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
23. Black, M. M., Hutcheson, J. J., Dubowitz, H. and Berenson-Howard, J. (1994) Parenting style and developmental status among children with non-organic failure to thrive. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 19 (6), 689-707.
24. Black, M. M., Dubowitz, H., Hutcheson, J. J., Berenson-Howard, J. and Starr, R. H. (1995) A randomized clinical trial of home intervention for children with failure to thrive. Pediatrics 95 (6), 807-813.
25. Blau, D. M., Guilkey, D. K. and Popkin, B. M. (1996) Infant health and the labor supply of mothers. Journal of Human Resources 31 (1), 90-139.
26. Blumberg, R. L. (1988) Income under female versus male control. Journal of Family Issues 9, 51-84.
27. Bradley, R. H. and Caldwell, B. M. (1984) 174 children: A study of the relationship between home environment and cognitive development during the first 5 years. In Home Environment and Early Cognitive Development, ed. A.W. Gottfried. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
28. Bradley, R. H., Caldwell, B. M., Rock, S. L., Barnard, K. E., Gray, C., Hammond, M. A., Mitchell, S., Siegel, L., Ramey, C. T., Gottfried, A. W. and Johnson, D. L. (1989) Home environment and cognitive development in the first three years of life: A collaborative study involving six sites and three ethnic groups in North America. Developmental Psychology 25, 217-235.
29. Bronstein, M. H. (1991) Cultural Approaches to Parenting. LEA, Hillsdale, NJ.
30. Brown, K. H., Dickin, K. L., Bentley, M. E., Oni, G. A., Obassaju, V.T., Esrey, S. A., Mebrahtu, S., Alade, I. and Stallings, R. Y. (1988) Consumption of weaning foods from fermented cereals in Kwara State, Nigeria. In Improving Young Child Feeding in Eastern and Southern Africa Household-level Food Technology, ed. D. Alnwick, S. Moses, and O. G. Schmidt. Proceedings of a workshop held in Nairobi, Kenya, October 12, 1987. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
31. Brown, L. R. and Haddad, L. (1995) Time allocation patterns and time burdens: A gendered analysis of seven countries. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
32. Brown, L. R., Yohannes, Y. and Webb, P. (1994) Rural labor-intensive public works: Impacts of participation on preschooler nutrition. Evidence from Niger. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76 (5), 1213-1218.
33. Bruce, J., Lloyd, C. B. and Leonard, A., with Engle, P. L. and Duffy, N. (1995) Families in Focus: New Perspectives on Mothers, Fathers, and Children. The Population Council, New York.
34. Cassidy, C. M. (1987) World-view conflict and toddler malnutrition: Change agent dilemmas. In Child Survival, ed. N. Scheper-Hughes. D. Reidel, Dodrecht, The Netherlands.
35. Castle, S. E. (1995) Child fostering and children's nutritional outcomes in rural Mali: The role of female status in directing child transfers. Social Science and Medicine 40 (5), 679-693.
36. Cebu Study Team (1991) Underlying and proximate determinants of child health: The Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 133 (2), 185-201.
37. Chakraborty, A. (1990) Social Stress and Mental Health: A Social-Psychiatric Field Study of Calcutta. Sage, New Delhi.
38. Clark, R. (1985) The Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment: Instrument and Manual. University of Wisconsin Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Madison, WI.
39. Cominsky, S., Mhloyi, M. and Ewbank, D. (1993) Child feeding practices in a rural area of Zimbabwe. Social Science and Medicine 36 (7), 937-947.
40. Coopersmith, D. (1981) Self-Esteem Inventories. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
41. Da Vanzo, J. and Starbird, E. H. (1991) Correlates of short interbirth intervals in peninsular Malaysia: Their pathways of influence through breast-feeding and contraceptive use. Studies in Family Planning 22 (4), 241-254.
42. de Groote, H., Kennedy, E., Payongayong, E. and Haddad, L. (1994) Credit with education for women in Mali: Impacts on income, food security, and nutrition. Report to the U.S. Agency for International Development. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
43. de Onis, M., Villar, J. and Gülmezoglu, M. (1998) Nutritional interventions to prevent intrauterine growth retardation: Evidence from randomized controlled trails. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52 (S1), S83-S91.
44. Dettwyler, K. A. (1986) Infant feeding in Mali, West Africa: Variations in belief and practice. Social Science and Medicine 23 (7), 651-664.
45. Dettwyler, K. A. (1987) Breast-feeding and weaning in Mali: Cultural context and hard data. Social Science and Medicine 24 (8), 633-644.
46. Dickin, K., Griffiths, M. and Piwoz, E. (1997) Guide to TIPS. Manoff Foundation, Washington, DC.
47. Doan, R. M. and Bisharat, L. (1990) Female autonomy and children's nutritional status: The extended family residential unit in Amman, Jordan. Social Science and Medicine 31 (7), 783.
48. Doan, R. M. and Popkin, B. M. (1993) Women's work and infant care in the Philippines. Social Science and Medicine 36 (3), 297-304.
49. Dohrenwend, B. P. and Dohrenwend, B. S. (1974) Psychiatric disorders in urban settings. In American Handbook of Psychology, 2nd ed., Vol. 29, ed. S. Arieti. Basic Books, New York.
50. Drotar, D., Eckerle, D., Satola, J., Pallotta, J. and Wyatt, B. (1990) Maternal interactional behavior with non-organic failure-to-thrive infants: A case comparison study. Child Abuse and Neglect 14 (1), 41-51.
51. Engle, P. L. (1989a) Child care strategies of working and nonworking women in rural and urban Guatemala. In Women's Work and Child Welfare in the Third World, ed. M. Paolisso and M. Buvinic. Westview, Boulder, Co.
52. Engle, P. L. (1989b) Mothers' income control: Consequences for mothers and their children. Paper presented at the Association for Women in Development, Washington, DC.
53. Engle, P. L. (1991) Maternal work for earnings and child care strategies: Nutritional effects. Child Development 62, 954-965.
54. Engle, P. L. (1992) Care and child nutrition. Theme paper for the International Conference on Nutrition (ICN), Rome. Paper prepared for the Nutrition Section, UNICEF, New York.
55. Engle, P. L. (1993) Influences of mother's and father's income on children's nutritional status in Guatemala. Social Science and Medicine 37 (11), 1303-1312.
56. Engle, P. L. (1995) Mothers' money, fathers' money, and parental commitment: Guatemala and Nicaragua. In Engendering Wealth and Well-Being, ed. R. Blumberg, C. A. Rakowski, I. Tinker, and M. Monteon. Westview, Boulder, Co.
57. Engle, P. L. and Breaux, C. (1998) Fathers' responsibility for children: A cross-cultural perspective. Social Policy Report of the Society for Research in Child Development 12 (1), 1-23.
58. Engle, P. L. and Lumpkin, J. B. (1992) How accurate are time-use reports? Effects of cognitive enhancement and cultural differences on recall accuracy. Applied Cognitive Psychology 6, 141-159.
59. Engle, P. L. and Ricciuti, H. N. (1995) Psychosocial aspects of care and nutrition. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16 (4), 356-377.
60. Engle, P. L. and Zeitlin, M. F. (1996) Active feeding behavior compensates for low interest in food among young Nicaraguan children. Journal of Nutrition 126 (July), 1808-1816.
61. Engle, P. L., Castle, S. E. and Menon, P. (1996) Child development: Vulnerability and resilience. Social Science and Medicine 43 (5), 621-635.
62. Engle, P. L., Hurtado, E. and Ruel, M. (1997) Smoke exposure of women and young children in highland Guatemala: Prediction and recall accuracy. Human Organization 56 (4), 408-417.
63. Engle, P. L., Lhotska, L. and Armstrong, H. (1997) The Care Initiative: Guidelines for Analysis, Assessment, and Action to Improve Nutrition. UNICEF, New York.
64. Engle, P. L., Zeitlin, M. F., Medrano, Y. and Moran, L. (1995) Parental theories about feeding Nicaraguan one-year-olds at risk of undernutrition. In Parents' Cultural Belief Systems, ed. S. Harkness and C. Super. Guilford, New York.
65. Engle, P. L., Vas Dias, T., Romero-Abal, J., Juan de Serrano, J., Bulux, J., Solomans, N. W. and Dewey, K. (1996) Effects of discontinuing coffee intake on cognitive development of Guatemalan toddlers: A randomized intervention study. FASEB [Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology] Journal 10 (3), Abs. 1409.
66. Ever-Hadani, P., Seidman, D. S., Manor, O. and Harlap, S. (1994) Breast-feeding in Israel: Maternal factors associated with choice and duration. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 48 (3), 281-285.
67. Farel, A. M., Freeman, V. A., Keenan, N. L. and Huber, C. J. (1991) Interaction between high-risk infants and their mothers: The NCAST as an assessment tool. Research in Nursing and Health 14 (2), 109-118.
68. Ferro-Luzzi, A., Sette, S., Franklin, M. and James, W. P. T. (1992) A simplified approach to assessing adult chronic energy deficiency. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46 (3), 173-186.
69. Finkelhor, D. and Dziuba-Leatherman, J. (1994) Victimization of children. American Psychologist 49 (3), 173-183.
70. Gerlach, L. P. (1964) Sociocultural factors affecting the diet of the northeast coastal Bantu. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 45, 420-424.
71. Gibbons, G. and Griffiths, M. (1984) Program activities for improving weaning practices. Report prepared for UNICEF. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
72. Giugliani, E. R. J., Issler, R. M. S., Justo, E. B., Seffrin, C. F., Hartman, R. M. and Carvalho, N. M. (1992) Risk factors for early termination of breast-feeding in Brazil. Acta Paediatrica 81 (6), 484-487.
73. Griffiths, M. (1988) Maternal self-confidence and child well-being. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology, Tampa, FL, April 20-24.
74. Gryboski, K. L. (1996) Maternal and nonmaternal time allocation to infant care, and infant care during illness in rural Java, Indonesia. Social Science and Medicine 43 (2), 209-219.
75. Guldan, G. S., Zeitlin, M. F., Beiser, A. S., Super, C. M., Gershoff, S. N. and Datta, S. (1993) Maternal education and child feeding practices in rural Bangladesh. Social Science and Medicine 36 (7), 925-935.
76. Gülmezoglu, M., de Onis, M. and Villar, J. (1997) Effectiveness of interventions to prevent or treat impaired fetal growth. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 52, 139-149.
77. Haddad, L. (1992) The impact of women's employment status on household food security at different income levels in Ghana. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 14 (4), 34-44.
78. Haddad, L. and Hoddinott, J. (1994) Women's income and boy-girl anthropometric status in the Côte d'Ivoire. World Development 22 (4), 543-553.
79. Harrison, G. G., Zaghloul, S. S., Galal, O. M. and Gabr, A. (1993) Breast-feeding and weaning in a poor urban neighborhood in Cairo, Egypt: Maternal beliefs and perceptions. Social Science and Medicine 36 (8), 1063-1069.
80. Heffer, R. W. and Kelley, M. L. (1994) Non-organic failure to thrive: Developmental outcomes and psychosocial assessment and intervention issues. Research in Development Disabilities 15 (4), 247-268.
81. Heise, L., Pitanguy, J. and Germain, A. (1994) Violence Against Women: The Hidden Health Burden. World Bank Population, Health, and Nutrition Discussion Paper. World Bank, Washington, DC.
82. Ho, T. (1979) Time costs of child-rearing in the Philippines. Population and Development Review 5 (4), 643-662.
83. Immink, M., Kennedy, E., Sibrian, R. and Hahn, H. (1994) Food availability, water and sanitation, and women's time constraints as risk factors of poor health and growth failure of children in the Central Highlands of Guatemala. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
84. ICN (International Conference on Nutrition) (1992) Plan of Action for Nutrition. ICN, Rome.
85. Jahn, A. and Aslam, A. (1995) Fathers' perceptions of child health: A case study in a squatter settlement of Karachi, Pakistan. Health Transition Review 5 (2), 191-206.
86. Joekes, S. (1989) Women's work and social support for child care in the Third World. In Women, Work, and Child Welfare in the Third World, ed. J. Leslie and M. Paolisso. Westview Press, Boulder, Co.
87. Johnson, F. C. and Rogers, B. L. (1993) Children's nutritional status in female-headed households in the Dominican Republic. Social Science and Medicine 37 (11), 1293.
88. Jonsson, U. (1995) Ethics and child nutrition. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16 (4), 293-298.
89. Joshi, A. R. (1994) Maternal schooling and child health: A preliminary analysis of the intervening mechanisms in rural Nepal. Health Transition Review 4 (1), 1-26.
90. Kennedy, E. and Peters, P. (1992) Household food security and child nutrition: The interaction of income and gender of household head. World Development 20 (8), 1077-1085.
91. Kirksey, A., Harrison, G. G., Galal, O. M., McCabe, G. P., Wachs, T. D. and Rahmanifar, A. (1992) The human costs of moderate malnutrition in an Egyptian village. Final report to the US Agency for International Development, USAID, Washington, DC.
92. Kirksey, A., Wachs, T. D., Yunis, F., Srinath, U., Rahmanifar, A., McCabe, G. P., Galal, O. M., Harrison, G. G. and Jerome, N. W. (1994) Relation of maternal zinc nutritive to pregnancy outcome and infant development in an Egyptian village. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60 (5), 782-792.
93. Klesges, R. C., Malott, J. M., Boschee, P. F. and Weber, J. M. (1986) The effects of parental influences on children's food intake, physical activity, and relative weight. International Journal of Eating Disorders 5 (2), 335-346.
94. Kotchabhakdi, N. J., Winichagoon, P., Smitasiri, S., Dhanamitta, S. and Valyasevi, A. (1987) The integration of psychosocial components of early childhood development in a nutrition education programme of Northeast Thailand. Paper prepared for the Third Inter-Agency meeting of the Consultative Group on Early Childhood Care and Development, Washington, DC.
95. Kraus, S. J. (1991) Attitudes and the prediction of behavior. PhD dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
96. Kurz, K. and Ngo Som, J. (1994) Study of the factors that influence the nutritional status of adolescent girls in Cameroon. Nutrition of Adolescent Girls Research Program, Research Report Series No. 10, International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC.
97. LaMontagne, J., Engle, P. L. and Zeitlin, M. (1998) Maternal employment and nutritional status of 12-18 month old children in Managua, Nicaragua. Social Science and Medicine 46 (3), 403-414.
98. Launer, L. J. and Habicht, J.-P. (1989) Concepts about infant health, growth, and weaning: A comparison between nutritional scientists and Madurese mothers. Social Science and Medicine 29 (1), 13-22.
99. Leonard, A. and Landers, C. (1992) Working women and the need for child care: Opportunities for programmatic collaboration. Report prepared by the Consultative Group on Early Childhood Care and Development, UNICEF, New York.
100. Leslie, J. (1988) Women's work and child nutrition in the Third World. World Development 16 (11), 1341-1362.
101. Leslie, J. (1989) Women's work and child nutrition in the Third World. In Women, Work, and Child Welfare in the Third World, ed. J. Leslie and M. Paolisso. Westview Press, Boulder, Co.
102. LeVine, R. A., LeVine, S. E., Richman, A., Uribe, F. M. T., Sunderland-Correa, C. and Miller, P. M. (1991) Women's schooling and child care in the demographic transition: A Mexican case study. Population and Development Review 17 (3), 459-496.
103. MacPhee, M., Haynes-Seman, C., Schneider, J. and Mullen, B. (1993) Dyadic synchrony in failure-to-thrive. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, MO.
104. Mansbach, I. K., Greenbaum, C. W. and Sulkes, J. (1991) Onset and duration of breast-feeding among Israeli mothers: Relationships with smoking and type of delivery. Social Science and Medicine 33 (12), 1391-1397.
105. McCullough, A. L., Kirksey, A., Wachs, T. D., McCabe, G. P., Bassily, N. S., Bishry, Z., Galal, O. M., Harrison, G. G. and Jerome, N. G. (1990) Vitamin B6 status of Egyptian mothers: Relation to infant behavior and maternal-infant interactions. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 1067-1074.
106. McDonald, M. A., Sigman, M., Espinosa, M. P. and Neumann, C. G. (1994) Impact of a temporary food shortage on children and their mothers. Child Development 65 (2), 404-415.
107. McGuire, J. and Popkin, B. M. (1989) Beating the zero-sum game: Women and nutrition in the Third World. Part 1. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 11 (4), 38-63.
108. McGuire, J. and Popkin, B. M. (1990a) Beating the zero-sum game: Women and nutrition in the Third World. Part 2. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 12 (1), 3-11.
109. McGuire, J. and Popkin, B. M. (1990b) Helping Women Improve Nutrition in a Developing World: Beating the Zero Sum Game. World Bank Technical Paper Number 114, World Bank, Washington, DC.
110. Merchant, K., Martorell, R., Gonzales-Cossio, T., Rivera, J. and Haas, J. (1989) Maternal Nutritional Depletion: Evidence of Responses in Women to Frequent Reproductive Cycling. Maternal Nutrition and Health Care Program Research Report No. 3, International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC.
111. Milla, P. J. (1991) Feeding, tasting, and sucking. In Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, ed. W.A. Walker et al. B.C. Decker, Philadelphia, PA.
112. Morley, D., Rohde, J. E. and Williams, G. (1983) Practising Health for All. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
113. Mull, D. (1991) Traditional perceptions of marasmus in Pakistan. Social Science and Medicine 32 (2), 175-191.
114. Murray, J., Adeyi, G. N., Graeff, J., Fields, R., Rasmuson, M., Salgadom, M. and Sanghri, T. (1998) Emphasis behaviors in maternal and child health: Focusing on caretaker behaviors to develop maternal and child health programs in communities. Technical report, Basics, Washington, DC.
115. Neumann, C. G., Bwibo, N. O., Marquardt, M., Trostle, M. and Wienberg, S. (1994) Food intake during acute illness and convalescence in Kenyan toddlers. FASEB [Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology] Journal 8 (4), A 2550.
116. Nsamenang, B. A. (1992) Perceptions of Parenting among the NSO of Cameroon. Father-Child Relations: Cultural and Biosocial Contexts. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.
117. Onyango, A., Tucker, K. and Eisemon, T. (1994) Household headship and child nutrition: A case study in western Kenya. Social Science and Medicine 39 (12), 1633-1639.
118. Paolisso, M. (1994) Gender differences in care practices of adults in Nepal and Kenya. Report prepared for the Population Council by the International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC.
119. Paolisso, M. and Regmi, S. (1995) Agricultural Commercialization, Women's Care Activities, and Child Nutritional Status in Nepal. International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC.
120. Pelto, G., Dickin, K. and Engle, P. L. (1999) A Critical Link-Interventions for Physical Growth and Psychological Development. Division of Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva.
121. Pitt, M. M. and Rosenzweig, M. R. (1990) Estimating the intrahousehold incidence of illness: Child health and gender-inequality in the allocation of time. International Economic Review 31 (4), 969-988.
122. Piwoz, E. G., Black, R. E., Lopez de Romaña, G., de Kanashiro, H. C. and Brown, K. H. (1994) The relationship between infants' preceding appetite, illness, and growth performance and mothers' subsequent feeding practice decisions. Social Science and Medicine 39 (6), 851-860.
123. Piwoz, E. G., de Kanashiro, H. C., Lopez de Romana, G., Black, R. E. and Brown, K. (1995) Potential for misclassification of infants' usual feeding practices using 24-hour dietary assessment methods. Journal of Nutrition 125 (1), 57-65.
124. Polan, H. J. and Ward, M. J. (1994) Role of the mother's touch in failure to thrive: A preliminary investigation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33 (8), 1098-1105.
125. Prentice, A. M., Cole, T. J. and Whitehead, R. G. (1987) Impaired growth in infants born to mothers of very high parity. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 41 (5), 319-325.
126. Rabiee, F. and Geissler, C. (1992) The impact of maternal work load on child nutrition in rural Iran. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 14 (1), 43-48.
127. Rahmanifar, A., Kirksey, A., Wachs, T. D., McCabe, G. P., Bishry, Z., Galal, O. M., Harrison, G. G. and Jerome, N. W. (1992) Diet during lactation associated with infant behavior and caregiver interaction in a semi-rural Egyptian village. Journal of Nutrition 123 (21), 164-175.
128. Ray, W. J. (1997) Methods toward a science of behavior and experience, 5th ed. Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA.
129. Reissland, N. and Burghart, R. (1988) The quality of a mother's milk and the health of her child: Beliefs and practices of the women of Mithila. Social Science and Medicine 27 (5), 461-469.
130. Ricci, J. A., Jerome, N. W., Aly, H., Moussa, W. A., el-Gheit, Z. A., Galal, O. M., Harrison, G. G. and Kirksey, A. (1994) Maternal time allocation and children's food consumption in a peri-urban village. Research in Human Capital and Development 8, 277-309.
131. Ricci, J. A., Jerome, N. W., Megally, N., Galal, O., Harrison, G. H. and Kirksey, A. (1995) Assessing the validity of informant recall: Results of a time use pilot study in peri-urban Egypt. Human Organization 54 (3), 304-308.
132. Richman, A., Miller, P. and LeVine, R. (1992) Cultural and educational variations in maternal responsiveness. Developmental Psychology 28 (4), 614-621.
133. Richman, A. et al. (1988) Maternal behavior to infants in five cultures. In Parental Behavior in Diverse Societies, ed. R. A. LeVine, P. M. Miller, and M. M. West. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
134. Rogers, B. and Youssef, N. (1988) The importance of women's involvement in economic activities in the improvement of child nutrition and health. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 10 (3), 33-41.
135. Rutter, M. (1990) Commentary: Some focus and process considerations regarding effects of parental depression on children. Developmental Psychology 26 (1), 60-67.
136. Sameroff, A. J. (1989) Commentary: General systems and the regulation of development. In Systems and Development: The Minnesota Symposium on Child Motivation, ed. M. F. Gunnar and E. Thelan. Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.
137. Sanders, M. R., Patel, R. K., Le Grice, B. and Shepherd, R. W. (1993) Children with persistent feeding difficulties: An observational analysis of the feeding interactions of problem and nonproblem eaters. Health Psychology 12 (1), 64-73.
138. Scrimshaw, S. C. M., Engle, P. L., Arnold, L. and Haynes, K. (1987) Factors affecting breast-feeding among women of Mexican origin or descent in Los Angeles. American Journal of Public Health 77 (4), 467-470.
139. Shetty, P. S. and James, W. P. T. (1994) Body Mass Index. A Measure of Chronic Energy Deficiency in Adults. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
140. Sigman, M., Neumann, C., Baksh, M., Bwibo, N. and McDonald, M. A. (1989) Relationship between nutrition and development in Kenyan toddlers. Journal of Pediatrics 115, 357-364.
141. Sims, L. S., Paolucci, B. and Morris, P. M. (1972) A theoretical model for the study of nutritional status: An ecosystem approach. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 1, 197-205.
142. Tanner, R. E. S. (1959) Sukuma leachcraft: An analysis of their medical and surgical system. East African Medical Journal 36, 119-122.
143. Thomas, D., Strauss, J. and Henriques, M. H. (1990) How does mother's education affect child height? Journal of Human Resources 26 (2), 183-211.
144. UN ACC/SCN (United Nations, Administrative Committee on Coordination/Subcommittee on Nutrition) (1992) Second Report on the World Nutrition Situation. Volume 2, Global and Regional Results. United Nations, Geneva.
145. UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) (1989) Iringa: The Child Survival and Development Revolution. Joint Nutrition Support Program. New York.
146. UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) (1990) Strategy for Improved Nutrition of Children and Women in Developing Countries. UNICEF, New York.
147. UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) (1994) The Urban Poor and Household Food Security. Urban Examples No. 19, UNICEF, New York.
148. United Nations (1995) The World's Women. United Nations, New York.
149. Valenzuela, M. (1990) Attachment in chronically underweight young children. Child Development 61 (6), 1984-1996.
150. Van Esterik, P. (1989) Beyond the Breast-Bottle Controversy. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
151. Wachs, T. D. and McCabe, G. (1998) The role of the environment in human nutritional research and intervention. In Nutrition, Health, and Child Development: Research Advances and Policy Recommendations. Scientific Publication 566, Pan American Health Organization, Tropical metabolism Research Unit of the University of the West Indies, and The World Bank, Washington, DC.
152. Wachs, T. D., Sigman, M., Bishry, Z., Moussa, W., Jerome, N., Neumann, C., Bwibo, N. and McDonald, M. A. (1991) Caregiver-child interaction patterns in two cultures in relation to nutrition. International Journal of Behavioral Development 15 (1), 1-18.
153. Wandel, M. and Holmboe-Ottesen, G. (1992a) Maternal work, child feeding, and nutrition in rural Tanzania. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 14 (1), 49-54.
154. Wandel, M. and Holmboe-Ottesen, G. (1992b) Women's work in agriculture and child nutrition in Tanzania. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 38 (5), 252-255.
155. Ware, H. (1984) Effects of maternal education, women's roles, and child care on child mortality. Population and Development Review 10 (Supplement), 191-214.
156. Weisner, T. S. and Abbott, S. (1977) Women, modernity, and stress: Three contrasting contexts for change in East Africa. Journal of Anthropological Research 33 (4), 1-25.
157. Weisner, T. S. and Gallimore, R. (1977) My brother's keeper: Child and sibling caretaking. Current Anthropology 18, 169-190.
158. Werner, E. E. (1993) Risk, resilience, and recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai Longitudinal Study. Development and Psychopathology 5, 503-515.
159. WHO (World Health Organization) (1995) Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series 851, WHO, Geneva.
160. Wicker, A. W. (1971) An examination of the 'other variables' explanation of attitude-behavior inconsistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 19.
161. Winkvist, A. (1995) Health and nutrition status of the caregiver: Effect on caregiving capacity. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16 (4), 389-397.
162. Young, M. E. (1995) Investing in Young Children. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 275, World Bank, Washington, DC.
163. Zeitlin, M., Houser, R. and Johnson, F. C. (1989) Active maternal feeding and nutritional status of 8-20 month old Mexican children. Paper prepared for the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, MO.