South Korean movements against militarized sexual labor

Asian Survey

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 310-327

  Moon, Katharine H S ^b  

^a WELLESLEY COLLEGE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MILITARY LAND; PROSTITUTION; SOCIAL MOVEMENT;

SOUTH KOREA;

EID: 0032828208     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/as.1999.39.2.01p0440a     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. For example, Chungmoo Choi, ed., The Comfort Women: Colonialism, War, and Sex, a special issue of Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997); and Nora Okja Keller, Comfort Woman (New York: Viking-Penguin, 1997). See also Pyon Yongju, Murmuring, 16 mm, 98 min. (Seoul: Docu-Factory Vista, 1995); and Noriko Sekiguchi, Senso Daughters: Daughters of War, video, 54 min. (New York: First Run Icarus, 1990).
2. For example, Chungmoo Choi, ed., The Comfort Women: Colonialism, War, and Sex, a special issue of Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997); and Nora Okja Keller, Comfort Woman (New York: Viking-Penguin, 1997). See also Pyon Yongju, Murmuring, 16 mm, 98 min. (Seoul: Docu-Factory Vista, 1995); and Noriko Sekiguchi, Senso Daughters: Daughters of War, video, 54 min. (New York: First Run Icarus, 1990).
3. For example, Chungmoo Choi, ed., The Comfort Women: Colonialism, War, and Sex, a special issue of Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997); and Nora Okja Keller, Comfort Woman (New York: Viking-Penguin, 1997). See also Pyon Yongju, Murmuring, 16 mm, 98 min. (Seoul: Docu-Factory Vista, 1995); and Noriko Sekiguchi, Senso Daughters: Daughters of War, video, 54 min. (New York: First Run Icarus, 1990).
4. For example, Chungmoo Choi, ed., The Comfort Women: Colonialism, War, and Sex, a special issue of Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997); and Nora Okja Keller, Comfort Woman (New York: Viking-Penguin, 1997). See also Pyon Yongju, Murmuring, 16 mm, 98 min. (Seoul: Docu-Factory Vista, 1995); and Noriko Sekiguchi, Senso Daughters: Daughters of War, video, 54 min. (New York: First Run Icarus, 1990).
5. See Marie Claire (French edition), October 1996, pp. 60-68.
6. The Report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur includes the official positions of the South and North Korean governments. The South Korean Ministry of Justice stated that it is very "difficult to determine whether the Government of Japan actually had a legal responsibility to compensate for crimes committed 50 years ago." This stance is in opposition to that of the Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan (hereafter Korean Council), the North Korean government, the Special Rapporteur, the International Commission of Jurists, and such NGOs as International Education Development. See Radhika Coomaraswamy, Report on the Mission to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Republic of Korea, and Japan on the Issue of Military Sexual Slavery in Wartime: Addendum: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women (New York: United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, 1996), E/CN.4/1996/53/Add.1.
7. Korea Church Women United (KCWU), Kisaeng Tourism: A Nation-Wide Survey Report on Conditions in Four Areas: Seoul, Pusan, Cheju, Kyongju, Research Issue Material, no. 3 (Seoul: KCWU, 1984).
8. See KCWU, Women and Tourism, International Seminar Report (Seoul: KCWU, 1988).
9. Chunghee Sarah Soh, "The Korean 'Comfort Women': Movement for Redress," Asian Survey 36:12 (December 1996), p. 1238.
10. Keith Howard, ed., True Stories of the Korean Comfort Women (London: Cassell, 1995), p. 24.
11. J. T. Takagi and Hye Jung Park, The Women Outside, video, 52 mm (New York: Third World Newsreel, 1995). The subject of this documentary film is U.S.-Korea military prostitution.
12. These observations and those below of "Bakery Auntie" come from my field research conducted in Korea during 1991-92.
13. See Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), Chapters 4 and 6.
14. Rainbow Center Newsletter (Flushing, N.Y.), no. 3 (January 1994).
15. Chungmoo Choi, "Korean Women in a Culture of Inequality," in Korea Briefing, ed. Donald Clark (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), p. 104.
16. Moon, Sex Among Allies, Chapter 1.
17. See Saundra Sturdevant and Brenda Stolzfus, eds., Let the Good Times Roll: Prostitution and the U.S. Military in Asia (New York: New Press, 1993) for the personal accounts of camptown life, including the debt system, by former U.S. camptown sex workers in Asia.
18. See Diana S. Lee and Grace Yoonkyung Lee, Camp Arirang, video, 28 min. (New York: Third World Newsreel, 1995), a documentary film on U.S.-Korea military prostitution.
19. Mal Magazine, vol. 26 (August 1988), p. 108.
20. Soh, "The Korean 'Comfort Women'," p. 1238.
21. Moon, Sex Among Allies, Chapters 1 and 6.
22. Ibid., Chapter 6.
23. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
24. "Protest Letter regarding KQED-TV's May 5, 1988, Depiction of the Chongsindae Issue in the Broadcast of The World in War" (in Korean), reprinted in Chongsindae munje charyojip [Resources on the chongsindae issue, I], ed. Korean Council (Seoul: Korean Council, 1991), p. 47.
25. George Hicks, The Comfort Women: Japan's Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1994), p. 174.
26. Hei Soo Shin, "Women's Sexual Services and Economic Development: The Political Economy of the Entertainment Industry and South Korean Dependent Development" (Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1991).
27. My Sister's Place, Kijichon ui choguk [The homeland of camptowns] (Tongduch'on, Korea: My Sister's Place, 1991), pp. 4-6.
28. Los Angeles Times, November 23, 1994.
29. KCWU, Korean Women's Associations United, and Council of Representatives of Female University Students, Statement: Women's Position on President Roh Tae Woo's Visit to Japan (in Korean), Seoul, May 18, 1990, reprinted in Chongsindae munje charyojip, pp. 48-49.
30. KCWU, Korean Women's Associations United, and Council of Representatives of Female University Students, Statement: Women's Position on President Roh Tae Woo's Visit to Japan (in Korean), Seoul, May 18, 1990, reprinted in Chongsindae munje charyojip, pp. 48-49.
31. For views on nationalism, U.S. imperialism and crimes against Koreans, and reunification, see My Sister's Place, True Love Shelter, Korea Church Women United, et al., Great Army, Great Father: Report on the Human Rights Violations of Women and Children by U.S. Forces in Korea (Seoul: 1995), pp. 13-25, 35-48, and 81-82.
32. Yu Pong Rim, author interview, Tongduch'on, December 1991.
33. Choson Daily News reporter, author interview, Boston, July 1994.
34. Yu Pong Rim interview, 1991.
35. Bert Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest and Multiorganizational Fields," in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, eds. Aldon Morris and Carol Mueller (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 86.
36. David Snow, E. Burke Rochford, Jr., et al., "Frame Alignment Processes, Micro-Mobilization and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51:4 (August 1986), pp. 464-81.
37. Klandermans, "Social Construction of Protest." p. 80.
38. CM leader, author interview, Seoul, winter 1992.
39. The public discourse in Korea on the chongsindae emphasizes Koreans' helpless and unwitting sacrifice of young women to Japanese colonizers. However, Youn-ok Song points out that the practice of trafficking in girls and women for prostitution outside Korea was already well-established in Korea during the 1920s, such that "[t]o be a victim of this trafficking became an ordinary misfortune." See Youn-ok Song, "Japanese Colonial Rule and State-Managed Prostitution: Korea's Licensed Prostitutes," in The Comfort Women: Colonialism, War, and Sex, p. 202.
40. Korean Council, Chongsindae munje charyojip, p. 42.
41. For example, see T. Tanaka, Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War Two (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996).
42. For example, see Sunhyuk Kim, "Civil Society in South Korea: From Grand Democracy Movements to Petty Interest Groups?" Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 15:2 (Summer 1996); and ibid., "State and Civil Society in South Korea's Democratic Consolidation: Is the Battle Really Over?" Asian Survey 37:12 (December 1997).
43. For example, see Sunhyuk Kim, "Civil Society in South Korea: From Grand Democracy Movements to Petty Interest Groups?" Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 15:2 (Summer 1996); and ibid., "State and Civil Society in South Korea's Democratic Consolidation: Is the Battle Really Over?" Asian Survey 37:12 (December 1997).
44. Saeumto Newsletter, no. 3 (February 15, 1997).
45. See Coomaraswamy, Report on the Mission.
46. Elisabeth Friedman, "Women's Human Rights: The Emergence of a Movement," in Women's Rights, Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives, eds. Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper (New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 19.
47. Los Angeles Times, November 23, 1994.
48. An Ilsun is the author of Ppaetbol (Seoul: Konggan Media Publishing Co., 1995), telephone conversation, February 1997.
49. Saeumto staff members, facsimile communication to author, February 18, 1997.
50. Soh, "The Korean 'Comfort Women'," p. 1240.
51. Ron Eyerman and Andrew Jamison, Social Movements: A Cognitive Approach (University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991), p. 166.