The Burma road to the past

Asian Survey

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 265-286

  Maung, Mya ^a  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL INFLUENCE; MODERNIZATION; SOCIAL STRUCTURE; STATE ROLE;

MYANMAR;

EID: 0032827312     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2645455     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Everett E. Hagen, On the Theory of Social Change: How Economic Growth Begins (Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1962), p. 55.
2. See J. F. Embree, "Thailand: A Loosely Structured Social System," in Loosely Structured Social Systems: Thailand in Comparative Perspective, ed. Hans-Deiter (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1969).
3. One authority on ancient Burmese history offers a different version. In this account, the minlawn was a commoner and the headman of Htee Hlaing village in Wun Twin township. The minlawn later became the third king of the Pagan Dynasty and took the appropriate title of Htee Hlaing Min (A.D. 1084-1113). See U Than Tun, Ancient Burmese History: Studies in Burmese History, No. 1 (in Burmese) (Rangoon: Mahah Dagon Press, 1964), pp. 121-22.
4. U Hpo Kyar, A Brief Modern History of Burma (in Burmese) (Rangoon: Myanma Gonyai Press, 1937), pp. 8-9. The young monk who escaped the king's wrath and eventually became king himself was appropriately called Kyansitthar, which literally means "the Residual or Surviving Soldier." It is this 11th-century king who General Saw Maung had sought to emulate, as noted earlier.
5. All Burma Federation of Student Unions, Information and Documentation Committee, An Overview of the Current Education Situation in Burma, Bangkok, December 1997, p. 12.
6. "Suu Kyi Accused of Trying to Break Burma," Bangkok Post, December 26, 1995, on the Internet at 〈gopher://gopher.igc.apc.org:2998/0REG-BURMA/r.919364479.13233.3〉.
7. New Light of Myanmar, Yangon, November 26, 1994, p. 1. "Destructive elements" is a term taken to refer to foreign journalists and radio broadcasts as well as those described as being neo-colonialists, traitorous expatriates, and armed organizations under foreign influence.
8. Human Rights Watch/Asia, Burma, New York, March 1, 1996, p. 5.
9. International Labor Organization (ILO), International Labor Conference, Provisional Record, Eighty-third Session, Report of the Committee on the Application of Standards, No. 14, Geneva, June 20, 1996, p. 56.
10. See Jesuit Refugee Service Asia/Pacific, Burma Update, Bangkok, June 22, 1992; August 10, 1993; and April 1997.
11. "To Forcefully Relocate or Not: Thailand's Dilemma," Burma Issues (special report), Bangkok, April 1997, p. 31.
12. See U Hpo Kyar, A Brief Modern History of Burma, pp. 37-40.
13. See Government of the Union of Myanmar, The Conspiracy of Treasonous Minions within the Myanmar Naing-gan and Traitorous Cohorts Abroad (Rangoon: Ministry of Information, 1989).
14. Lt. General Khin Nyunt, secretary No. 1 of the SLORC, press conference, Rangoon, June 27, 1997.
15. Mya Saw Shin, trans., The Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, Law Library, June 1975), pp. 8-9.
16. Myo Nyunt, "The Politics of Survival in Burma: Diplomacy and Statecraft in the Reign of King Mindon" (Ph. D. diss., Cornell University, 1987), p. 205.
17. Ibid., pp. 205-06.
18. International Monetary Fund (IMF), Myanmar, Recent Economic Developments (Washington, D.C.: IMF, October 11, 1995), p. 10.
19. World Bank, Myanmar Policies for Sustaining Economic Reform (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, October 1995), p. 53.
20. See Government of the Union of Burma, Notification No. 7/90 (Yangon: Ministry of Trade, February 19, 1990).
21. See Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Myanmar (Burma), Country Report, 2nd Quarter, London, 1998, pp. 30-31.
22. "Asian Recession Brakes Foreign Stakes in Burma," Nation (Bangkok), June, 9, 1998.
23. "Don't Be So Impatient: A Military Leader Asks for Understanding," Asiaweek, April 3, 1998, p. 29.
24. EIU, Myanmar (Burma), Country Report, 1st Quarter, 1998, London, p. 18.
25. See Charles Wolf, Jr., "Too Much Government Control, "Wall Street Journal, February 4, 1998.
26. Bruce Koppel, "Fixing the Other Asia," Foreign Affairs 77:1 (January/February 1998).
27. Ibid., p. 103.
28. Edward J. Kane, "Ethical Foundation of Financial Regulation," Journal of Financial Services Research (January 1, 1997), p. 52.
29. This is the explanation offered by a number of economists including Paul Krugman, who initially challenged the myth of Asia's miracle in light of authoritarian governments' inability to expand and sustain economic growth and later advanced this thesis in his model. See Paul Krugman, "The Myth of Asia's Miracle," Foreign Affairs 73:6 (November/December, 1994), and also "Why Did Asia Crash? Disaster Has Spawned a New Theory of Financial Crises," Economist, January 10, 1998.
30. This is the explanation offered by a number of economists including Paul Krugman, who initially challenged the myth of Asia's miracle in light of authoritarian governments' inability to expand and sustain economic growth and later advanced this thesis in his model. See Paul Krugman, "The Myth of Asia's Miracle," Foreign Affairs 73:6 (November/December, 1994), and also "Why Did Asia Crash? Disaster Has Spawned a New Theory of Financial Crises," Economist, January 10, 1998.
31. EIU, Myanmar (Burma), Country Report, 4th Quarter, 1998, London, p. 19.