Forever young: Visual functions not affected or minimally affected by aging: A review

Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

Volumn 54, Issue 8, 1999, Pages

  Enoch, Jay M ^a   Werner, John S ^b   Haegerstrom Portnoy, Gunilla ^a   Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan ^c   Rynders, Maurice ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI ST LOUIS   (United States)

^d Laser Diagnostic Technologies Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGING; COLOR VISION; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VISUAL ACUITY; VISUAL DISCRIMINATION; VISUAL SYSTEM;

EID: 0032823787     PISSN: 10795006     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/gerona/54.8.B336     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Adrian W, ed. International Symposium on Lighting for Aging Vision and Health. Proceedings of White House Conference on Aging, Orlando, FL, March 22-23, 1995. New York: Lighting Research Institute; 1995.
2. Weale RA. Retinal senescence. In: Osborne NN, Chader J, eds. Progress in Retinal Research. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press; 1986:53-73.
3. Weale RA. The Senescence of Human Vision. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.
4. Kline DW, Schieber F. Vision and aging. In: Birren JE, Schaie KW, eds. Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1985:296-331.
5. Marshall J. Ageing changes in human cones. In: Shimizu K, Oosterhuis JA, eds. XXIII Concilium Ophthalmologicum, Kyoto. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier North-Holland; 1978:375-378.
6. Marshall J, Grindle CFJ, Ansell PL, Borwein B. Convolutions in human rods: an aging change. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63:181-188.
7. Curcio CA, Millican CL, Allen KA, Kalina RE. Aging of the human photoreceptor mosaic: evidence for selective vulnerability of rods in central retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:3278-3296.
8. Gao H, Hollyfield JG. Aging of the human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992;33:1-17.
9. Spear PD. Neural bases of visual deficits during aging. Vision Res. 1993;33:2589-2609.
10. Curcio CA, Drucker DN. Retinal ganglion cells in Alzheimer's disease and aging. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:248-257.
11. Leuba G, Garey LJ. Evolution of neuronal numerical density in the developing and aging human visual cortex. Human Neurobiol. 1987;6:11-18.
12. Loewenfeld IE. Pupillary changes related to age. In: Thompson HS, Daroff R, Friseen L, Glasen JS, Sanders MD, eds. Topics in Neuro-Ophthalmology. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1979:124-150.
13. Winn B, Whitaker D, Elliott DB, Phillips NJ. Factors affecting light-adapted pupil size in normal human subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:1132-1137.
14. Weale RA. Age and the transmittance of the human crystalline lens. J Physiol (Lond). 1988;395:577-587.
15. Pokorny J, Smith VC, Lutze, M. Aging of the human lens. Appl Opt. 1987;26:1437-1440.
16. Ruddock KH. The effect of age upon colour vision: II. Changes with age in the light transmission of the ocular media. Vision Res. 1965;5:47-58.
17. Savage GL, Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Adams AJ, Hewlett SE. Age changes in the optical density of the human ocular media. Clin Vision Sci. 1993;8:97-108.
18. Werner JS, Peterzell DH, Scheetz AJ. Light, vision and aging. Optom Vis Sci. 1990;67:214-229.
19. Owsley C, Sloan ME. Vision and aging. In: Boller F, Grafman, J, eds. Handbook of Neuropsychology, Vol. 4. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 1990:229-249.
20. Eisner A, Fleming SA, Klein ML, Mauldin WM. Sensitivities in older eyes with good acuity: cross-sectional norms. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987;28:1824-1831.
21. Brabyn J, Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Schneck ME. Vision function in the 75-100 age group. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:S301(#1383).
22. Schneck ME, Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Brabyn, J. Visual acuity underestimates impairment in the elderly. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38: S67(#320).
23. Bailey IL, Lovie JE. New design principles for visual acuity letter charts. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1976;53:740-745.
24. Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Brabyn JA, Schneck ME, Jampolsky A. The SKILL card. An acuity test of reduced contrast and luminance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:207-218.
25. Bailey IL, Bullimore MA. A new test of disability glare. Optom Vis Sci. 1991;68:911-917.
26. Werner JS, Steele VG. Sensitivity of human foveal color mechanisms throughout the life span. J Opt Soc Am, Part A. 1988;5:2122-2130.
27. Knoblauch K, Saunders F, Kusuda M, et al. Age and illuminance effects in the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Applied Opt. 1987;26: 1441-1448.
28. Kraft JM, Werner JS. Spectral efficiency across the life span: flicker photometry and brightness matching. J Opt Soc Am, Part A. 1994;11: 1213-1221.
29. Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Hewlett SE, Barr SAN. S cone loss with aging. In: Drum B, Verriest G, eds. Colour Vision Deficiencies IX. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer; 1989:345-352.
30. Johnson CA, Adams AJ, Twelker JD, Quigg JM. Age-related changes of the central visual field for short-wavelength-sensitive pathways. J Opt Soc Am, Part A. 1988;5:2131-2139.
31. Knoblauch K, Barbur J, Vital-Durand F. Development and aging of chromatic sensitivity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36(Suppl):S910.
32. Kraft JM, Werner JS. (1997) Age-related changes in saturation of non-spectral lights. In: Dickinson C, Murray I, Carden D, eds. John Dalton's Color Vision Legacy. London, UK: Taylor & Francis; 1997:539-545.
33. Stiles WS, Crawford BH. The luminous efficiency of rays entering the eye pupil at different points. Proc R Soc Lond, Ser B. 1933;112:428-450.
34. Stiles WS. The luminous efficiency of monochromatic rays entering the eye pupil at different points and a new colour effect. Proc R Soc Lond, Ser B. 1937;123:90-118.
35. Stiles WS. The directional sensitivity of the retina and the spectral properties of the rods and cones. Proc R Soc Lond, Ser B. 1939;127:64-105.
36. Enoch JM, Tobey Jr FL, eds. Vertebrate Photoreceptor Optics. Vol. 23. In Springer Series in Optical Sciences. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1981. [A summary document up to 1981 dealing broadly with SCE I, retinal receptor optics, etc.]
37. Enoch JM, Lakshminarayanan V. Retinal fibre optics. In: Charman WN, ed. Vision and Visual Dysfunction, Vol. 1, in Visual Optics and Instrumentation. London, UK: Macmillan Books; 1991:280-309. [A more recent summary document]
38. Lakshminarayanan V, Enoch JM. Shape of the Stiles-Crawford function for traverses of the entrance pupil not passing through the peak of sensitivity. Am J Optom Phys Opt. 1985;62:127-128.
39. Safir A, Hyams L, Philpot J. Movement of the Stiles-Crawford effect. Invest Ophthalmol. 1970;9:820-825.
40. Bedell HE, Enoch JM. A study of the Stiles-Crawford function at 35° in the temporal field and the stability of the foveal S-C function peak over time. J Opt Soc Am. 1979;69:435-442.
41. Rynders M, Grosvenor T, Enoch JM. Stability of the Stiles-Crawford function in a unilateral amblyopic subject over a 38 year period: a case study. Optom Vis Sci. 1995;72:177-185. [A list of papers exhibiting SCE-I stability over extended periods of time is included in this article.]
42. Enoch, JM, Rynders M, Lakshminarayanan V, et al. Two vision response functions which vary little with age. In: Adrian W, ed. International Symposium on Lighting for Aging Vision and Health. Proceedings of White House Conference on Aging, Orlando, FL, March 22-23, 1995. New York: Lighting Research Institute; 1995:39-51.
43. Enoch JM. Amblyopia and the Stiles-Crawford effect. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1957;34:298-309.
44. Enoch JM. Further studies of the relationship between amblyopia and the Stiles-Crawford effect. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1959;36:111-128.
45. Enoch JM. Receptor amblyopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1959;48:262-273.
46. Fitzgerald CR, Enoch JM, Campos EC, Bedell HE. Comparison of visual function studies in two cases of senile macular degeneration. V Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1979;210:79-91.
47. Smith VC, Pokorny J, Diddie KR. Color matching and the Stiles-Crawford effect in observers with early age-related macular changes. J Opt Soc Am, Part A. 1988;12:2113-2121.
48. Campos EC, Bedell HE, Enoch JM, Fitzgerald CR. Retinal receptive field-like properties and Stiles-Crawford effect in a patient with a traumatic choroidal rupture. Doc Ophthalmol. 1978;45:381-395.
49. DeLint PJ, Vos JJ, Berendschot T, Van Norren D. On the Stiles-Crawford effect with age. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:1271-1274.
50. DeLint PJ, Berendschot T, van Nooren D. A comparison of the optical Stiles-Crawford effect and retinal densitometry in a clinical setting. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:1519-1523.
51. Westheimer G. Visual acuity and hyperacuity. Invest Ophthalmol. 1975;14:570.
52. Westheimer G, McKee SP. Spatial configurations for visual hyperacuity. Vision Res. 1977;17:941-947.
53. Westheimer, G. The spatial sense of the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1979;18:893-912.
54. Odom JV, Vasquez RJ, Schwartz TL, Linberg JV. Adult vernier thresholds do not increase with age: vernier bias does. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989;30:1004-1008.
55. Elliott DB, MacVeigh D, Whitaker D. Variations in hyperacuity performance with age. In: Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System, Opt Soc Am Tech Digest Ser. 1991;1:137-140.
56. Reich L, Lakshminarayanan V, Enoch JM. Analysis of the method of adjustment for testing potential acuity with the hyperacuity gap test: a preliminary report. Clin Vis Sci. 1991;6:451-456.
57. Lakshminarayanan V, Aziz S, Enoch JM. Variation of the hyperacuity gap function with age. Optom Vis Sci. 1992;69:423-426.
58. Whitaker D, Elliott DB, MacVeigh D. Variations in hyperacuity performance with age. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1992;12:29-32.
59. Hohnsbein J, Mateeff S. The time it takes to detect changes in speed and direction of visual motion. Vision Res. 1998;38:2569-2573.
60. Vilar EY-P, Giraldez Fernandez MJ, Enoch JM, Lakshminarayanan V, Knowles R, Srinivasan R. Performance on two versus three point vernier targets as a function of age. J Opt Soc Am, Part A. 1995;12:2293-2304.
61. Enoch JM, Giraldez Fernandez MJ, Knowles R, et al. Hyperacuity test to evaluate vision through dense cataracts; research preliminary to a clinical study: I. Studies conducted at the University of California at Berkeley prior to travel to India. Optom Vis Sci. 1995;72:619-629. [This article contains an extensive list of pertinent literature.]
62. Baraldi P, Enoch JM, Raphael S. A comparison of visual impairment caused by nuclear (NC) and posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataracts. Doc Ophthalmol Proc Ser. 1987;49:43-50.
63. Enoch JM, Lakshminarayanan V, Kono M, Shih P, Strada E. Refractive astigmatism acts predominantly as a source of high spatial frequency image distortion: the associated lineal distortions can be overcome using a low pass spatial filter! Int Ophthalmol. (in press).
64. Enoch JM, Giraldez Fernandez MJ, Huang D, et al. Hyperacuity test to evaluate vision through dense cataracts: research preliminary to a clinical study in India. Optical Eng. 1995;34:765-771.
65. Lakshminarayanan V, Enoch JM. Vernier acuity and aging. Int Ophthalmol. 1995;19:109-115.
66. Fang MS-M, Enoch JM, Lakshminarayanan V, et al. The three point vernier alignment or acuity test: an analysis of variance. Ophthal Physiol Optics. (in press).
67. Levi DM, Klein SA. Both separation and eccentricity can limit precise position judgments. A reply to Morgan and Watt. Vision Res. 1989;29:1463-1469.
68. Watt RJ, Morgan MJ. Mechanisms responsible for the assessment of visual location: theory and evidence. Vision Res. 1983;23:97-109.
69. Levi DM, Klein SA. The role of separation and eccentricity in encoding position. Vision Res. 1990;30:557-585.
70. Burbeck CA, Yap YL. Spatial filter selection in large scale spatial interval discrimination. Vision Res. 1990;30:263-273.
71. Wilson HR. Psychophysical models of spatial vision and hyperacuity. In: Regan D, ed. Spatial Vision. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1991:64-86.
72. Beard BL, Levi DM, Klein SA. Vernier acuity with non-simultaneous targets: the cortical magnification factor estimated by psychophysics. Vision Res. 1997;37:325-346.
73. Gwiazda J, Bauer J, Held R. From visual acuity to hyperacuity: a 10 year update. Can J Psychol. 1989;43:109-120.
74. Brown AM. Vernier acuity in human infants: rapid emergence shown in a longitudinal study. Optom Vis Sci. 1997;74:732-740.
75. Carkeet A, Levi DM, Manny RE. Development of vernier acuity in childhood. Optom Vis Sci. 1997;74:741-750.
76. Kim E, Enoch JM, Fang MS-M, Kono M, Lakshminarayanan V, Srinivasan R. Performance on the three-point vernier acuity test as a function of age: study extended to encompass the age-range, 10-94 years. Opt Soc Am Tech Digest Series. 1998;1:162-165.
77. Kim E, Enoch, JM, Fang MS-M, et al. Performance on the "Three Point Vernier Alignment (Acuity) Test" as a function of age: Measurements extended to ages 5-9 years. Optom Vis Sci. (in press).
78. Enoch JM. A three-point vernier alignment test with remarkable properties. In: Wall M, Heijl A, eds. Perimetry Update 1996/1997. Proceedings of the XIIth International Perimetric Society Meeting, Würtzburg, Germany, June 4-8, 1996. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Kugler Publications; 1997:235-239.
79. Enoch JM. "Gold standards" for vision testing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:1297-1299.
80. Spillmann L, Werner JS. Long range interactions in visual perception. Trends Neurosci. 1996;19:428-434.
81. Werner JS. Aging through the eyes of Monet. Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung/Mitteilungen (AvH-Magazin). 1996;68:3-14.
82. Werner JS. Visual problems of the retina during aging: compensation mechanisms and color constancy across the life span. In: Osborne NN, Chader J, eds. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press; 1996;15:621-645.
83. D'Zmura M, Lennie P. Mechanisms of color constancy. J Opt Soc Am, Part A. 1986;3:1662-1672.
84. Werner JS. Development of scotopic sensitivity and the absorption spectrum of the human ocular media. J Opt Soc Am. 1982;72:247-258.
85. Schefrin BE, Werner JS. Loci of spectral unique hues throughout the life span. J Opt Soc Am, Part A. 1990;7:305-311.
86. Schefrin BS, Werner JS , Plach M, Utlaut N, Switkes E. Sites of age-related sensitivity loss in a short-wave cone pathway. J Opt Soc Am, Part A. 1992;9:355-363.
87. Schefrin BE, Werner JS. Age-related changes in the color appearance of broadband surfaces. Color Res Appl. 1993;18:380-389.
88. Schefrin BE, Shinomori K, Werner JS. Contributions of neural pathways to age-related losses in chromatic discrimination. J Opt Soc Am, Part A. 1995;12:1233-1241.
89. Werner JS, Schefrin BE. Loci of achromatic points throughout the life span. J Opt Soc Am, Part A. 1993;10:1509-1516.
90. Gordon J, Abramov I, Chan H. Describing color appearance: hue and saturation scaling. Percept Psychophys. 1994;56:27-41.
91. Hering E, Hurvich LM, Jameson D, trans. Outlines of a Theory of the Light Sense. Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press: 1964 [1920 original ed.].
92. Hurvich L, Jameson D. An opponent-process theory of color vision. Psych Rev. 1957;64:384-404.
93. Wright WD. Talking about colour. Color Res Appl. 1988;13:138-139.
94. Leibowitz H, Pennsylvania State University. Personal communication to JM Enoch, 1997. [He states that a number of monochromatic visual constancies studied by him are also age-stable.]
95. Latham K, Barrett BT. Age-related decline in positional acuity: effect of eccentricity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (Abstracts, Part 1) 1997;38:S66.
96. Latham K, Barrett BT. No age effect on spatial interval discrimination as a function of eccentricity or separation. Current Eye Res. 1998;17:1010-1017.
97. Enoch JM, Fitzgerald CR, Campos EC. Quantitative Layer-by-Layer Perimetry: An Extended Analysis. New York: Grune and Stratton; 1980.
98. Proenza L, Enoch JM, Jampolsky A., eds. Clinical Applications of Visual Psychophysics; Proceedings. Committee on Vision of the National Research Council, San Francisco, October 1978. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1981.
99. Enoch JM, Lakshminarayanan V. Clinical visual psychophysics measurements. In: Masters BR, ed. New Developments in Noninvasive Studies to Evaluate Ocular Function. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1990:454-478.
100. Comerford JP, Thorn F, Malloy C. The effect of age and eccentricity on layer-by-layer perimetry: modulation-induced-desensitization. Opt Soc Am Tech Dig Ser. 1998;1:116-119.
101. Comerford JP, Malloy D, Pruszenski A, Thorn F. The effect of age on the Westheimer function. In: Lakshminarayanan V, ed. Basic and Clinical Applications of Vision Science: The Professor Jay M. Enoch Festschrift Volume. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer; 1997:267-270.
102. Elliott DB, Chang KCH, Whitaker D. Visual acuity changes throughout adulthood in normal, healthy eyes: Seeing beyond 6/6. Optom Vis Sci. 1995;72:186-191.
103. Yager D, Aquilante K, Plass R. High and low luminance letters, acuity reserve, and font effects on reading speed. Vision Res. 1998;38:2527-2531.
104. Austed S. Why We Age: What Science is Discovering About the Body's Journey Through Life. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1997.
105. Atchley P, Kramer AF. The control of visual attention in depth remains intact with age. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:S50 (quotable abstract).