Current status of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for melanoma: Is it standard of care?

Journal of the American College of Surgeons

Volumn 189, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 214-223

  Morton, Donald L ^a   Chan, Arden D ^a  

^a JOHN WAYNE CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; LYMPHADENECTOMY; LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE; LYMPHATIC PARAMETERS; MELANOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MELANOMA; NEOPLASM STAGING; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0032818293     PISSN: 10727515     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1072-7515(99)00129-5     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998.
2. Ederer F, Axtell L, Cutler S. The relative survival rate: a statistical methodology. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1961;6:101-121.
3. Cascinelli N, Morabito A, Santinami M, et al. Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomised trial. WHO Melanoma Programme. Lancet 1998;351:793-796.
4. Veronesi U, Adamus J, Bandiera DC, et al. Delayed regional lymph node dissection in stage I melanoma of the skin of the lower extremities. Cancer 1982;49:2420-2430.
5. Sim FH, Nelson TE, Pritchard DJ. Malignant melanoma: Mayo Clinic experience. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:565-569.
6. Sim FH, Taylor WF, Pritchard DJ, Soule EH. Lymphadenectomy in the management of stage I malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study. Mayo Clin Proc 1986;61:697-705.
7. Sim FH, Taylor WF, Ivins JC, et al. A prospective randomized study of the efficacy of routine elective lymphadenectomy in management of malignant melanoma. Preliminary results. Cancer 1978;41:948-956.
8. Pritchard DJ, Sim FH. Surgical management of malignant melanoma of the trunk and extremities. Mayo Clin Proc 1989;64:846-851.
9. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Bartolucci AA, et al. Efficacy of an elective regional lymph node dissection of 1 to 4 mm thick melanomas for patients 60 years of age and younger. Ann Surg 1996;224: 255-266.
10. Urist MM, Maddox WA, Kennedy JE, Balch CM. Patient risk factors and surgical morbidity after regional lymphadenectomy in 204 melanoma patients. Cancer 1983;51:2152-2156.
11. Karakousis CP, Driscoll DL. Groin dissection in malignant melanoma. Br J Surg 1994;81:1771-1774.
12. Robinson DS, Sample WF, Fee HJ, et al. Regional lymphatic drainage in primary malignant melanoma of the trunk determined by colloidal gold scanning. Surg Forum 1977;28:147-148.
13. Fee HJ, Robinson DS, Sample WF, et al. The determination of lymph shed by colloidal gold scanning in patients with malignant melanoma: a preliminary study. Surgery 1978;84:626-632.
14. Wong JH, Cagle LA, Morton DL. Lymphatic drainage of skin to a sentinel lymph node in a feline model. Ann Surg 1991;214: 637-641.
15. Morton D, Cagle L, Wong J, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and selective lymphadenectomy: technical details of a new procedure for clinical stage I melanoma. Presented at the Society of Surgical Oncology, Washington DC: 1990.
16. Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 1992;127:392-399.
17. Morton DL, Wen DR, Foshag LJ, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and selective cervical lymphadenectomy for early-stage melanomas of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 1993;11: 1751-1756.
18. Cochran AJ, Wen DR, Morton DL. Management of the regional lymph nodes in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. World J Surg 1992;16:214-221.
19. Giuliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM, Morton DL. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg 1994;220:391-401.
20. Giuliano AE, Dale PS, Turner RR, et al. Improved axillary staging of breast cancer with sentinel lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg 1995;222:394-401.
21. Turner RR, Ollila DW, Krasne DL, Giuliano AE. Histopathologic validation of the sentinel lymph node hypothesis for breast carcinoma. Ann Surg 1997;226:271-278.
22. Krag DN, Weaver DL, Alex JC, Fairbank JT. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg Oncol 1993;2:335-340.
23. Albertini JJ, Lyman GH, Cox C, et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the patient with breast cancer. JAMA 1996;276:1818-1822.
24. McCarthy W, Thompson J, Uren R. Invited commentary. Arch Surg 1995;130:659-660.
25. Albertini JJ, Cruse CW, Rapaport D, et al. Intraoperative radiolympho-scintigraphy improves sentinel lymph node identification for patients with melanoma. Ann Surg 1996;223:217-224.
26. Krag DN, Meijer SJ, Weaver DL, et al. Minimal-access surgery for staging of malignant melanoma. Arch Surg 1995;130:654-660.
27. Holmes EC, Moseley HS, Morton DL, et al. A rational approach to the surgical management of melanoma. Ann Surg 1977;186: 481-490.
28. Strand SE, Persson BR. Quantitative lymphoscintigraphy I: Basic concepts for optimal uptake of radiocolloids in the parasternal lymph nodes of rabbits. J Nucl Med 1979;20:1038-1046.
29. Saha G, Feiglin D, O'Donnell J, et al. Experience with technetium-99m albumin colloid kit for reticuloendothelial system imaging. J Nucl Med Technol 1986;14:149-151.
30. Pijpers R, Collet GJ, Meijer S, Hoekstra OS. The impact of dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe guidance on sentinel node biopsy in melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med 1995;22: 1238-1241.
31. Lamki L, Haynie T, Balch C, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy in the surgical management of patients with truncal melanoma: comparison of technetium sulfur colloid with technetium human serum albumin [abstract]. J Nucl Med 1989;30:844.
32. McNeill GC, Witte MH, Witte CL, et al. Whole-body lymphangioscintigraphy: preferred method for initial assessment of the peripheral lymphatic system. Radiology 1989;172:495-502.
33. Kataoka M, Kawamura M, Hamada K, et al. Quantitative lymphoscintigraphy using 99mTc human serum albumin in patients with previously treated uterine cancer. Br J Radiol 1991;64: 1119-1121.
34. Esato K, Ohara M, Seyama A, et al. 99mTc-HSA lymphoscintigraphy and leg edema following arterial reconstruction. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1991;32:741-746.
35. Bertil R, Persson R, Naversten Y. Technetium-99m sulfide colloid preparation for scintigraphy of the reticuloendothelial system. Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol 1970;9:567-576.
36. Glass EC, Essner R, Morton DL. Kinetics of three lymphoscintigraphic agents in patients with cutaneous melanoma. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1185-1190.
37. Alex JC, Weaver DL, Fairbank JT, et al. Gamma-probe-guided lymph node localization in malignant melanoma. Surg Oncol 1993;2: 303-308.
38. Levenback C, Burke TW, Gershenson DM, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping for vulvar cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84: 163-167.
39. Giuliano AE, Jones RC, Brennan M, Statman R. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2345-2350.
40. Kelemen PR, Van Herle AJ, Giuliano AE. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in thyroid malignant neoplasms. Arch Surg 1998;133: 288-292.
41. Bilchik AJ, Giuliano A, Essner R, et al. Universal application of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy in solid neoplasms. Cancer J Sci Am 1998;4:351-358.
42. Cochran AJ, Wen DR, Morton DL. Occult tumor cells in the lymph nodes of patients with pathological stage I malignant melanoma. An immunohistological study. Am J Surg Pathol 1988;12: 612-618.
43. Gaynor R, Herschman HR, Irie R, et al. S100 protein: a marker for human malignant melanomas? Lancet 1981;1:869-871.
44. Duray PH, Palazzo J, Gown AM, Ohuchi N. Melanoma cell heterogeneity. A study of two monoclonal antibodies compared with S-100 protein in paraffin sections. Cancer 1988;61:2460-2468.
45. Cochran AJ, Lu HF, Li PX, et al. S-100 protein remains a practical marker for melanocytic and other tumours. Melanoma Res 1993;3:325-330.
46. Gown AM, Vogel AM, Hoak D, et al. Monoclonal antibodies specific for melanocytic tumors distinguish subpopulations of melanocytes. Am J Pathol 1986;123:195-203.
47. Ordonez NG, Ji XL, Hickey RC. Comparison of HMB-45 monoclonal antibody and S-100 protein in the immunohistochemical diagnosis of melanoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1988;90:385-390.
48. Ordonez NG, Sneige N, Hickey RC, Brooks TE. Use of monoclonal antibody HMB-45 in the cytologic diagnosis of melanoma. Acta Cytol 1988;32:684-688.
49. Walts AE, Said JW, Shintaku IP. Cytodiagnosis of malignant melanoma. Immunoperoxidase staining with HMB-45 antibody as an aid to diagnosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1988;90:77-80.
50. Fernando SS, Johnson S, Bate J. Immunohistochemical analysis of cutaneous malignant melanoma: comparison of S-100 protein, HMB-45 monoclonal antibody and NKI/C3 monoclonal antibody. Pathology 1994;26:16-19.
51. Houghton A, Coit D, Bloomer W, et al. NCCN melanoma practice guidelines. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Oncology (Huntingt) 1998;12:153-177.
52. Coit D, Wallack M, Balch C. Society of Surgical Oncology practice guidelines. Melanoma surgical practice guidelines. Oncology (Huntingt) 1997:11:1317-1323.
53. Ross MI, Reintgen D, Balch CM. Selective lymphadenectomy: emerging role for lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the management of early stage melanoma. Semin Surg Oncol 1993;9:219-223.
54. Leong SP, Steinmetz I, Habib FA, et al. Optimal selective sentinel lymph node dissection in primary malignant melanoma. Arch Surg 1997;132:666-673.
55. Backer D, Balda BR, Vogt H, Buchels H. Primary therapy of malignant melanomas: sentinel lymphadenectomy. Int J Dermatol 1998;37:278-282.
56. van der Veen H, Hoekstra OS, Paul MA, et al. Gamma probeguided sentinel node biopsy to select patients with melanoma for lymphadenectomy. Br J Surg 1994;81:1769-1770.
57. Reintgen D. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node harvest for malignant melanoma. J Surg Oncol 1997;66:277-281.
58. Kapteijn BA, Nieweg OE, Muller SH, et al. Validation of gamma probe detection of the sentinel node in melanoma. J Nucl Med 1997;38:362-366.
59. Brobeil A, Kamath D, Cruse CW, et al. The clinical relevance of sentinel lymph nodes identified with radiolymphoscintigraphy. J Fla Med Assoc 1997;84:157-160.
60. Glass LF, Messina JL, Cruse W, et al. The use of intraoperative radiolymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node biopsy in patients with malignant melanoma. Dermatol Surg 1996;22:715-720.
61. Bostick P, Essner R, Sarantou T, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early-stage melanoma of the head and neck. Am J Surg 1997;174:536-539.
62. Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS, et al. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:7-17.
63. Kirkwood J, Ibrahim J, Sondak V, et al. Role of High-dose IFN in High-risk Melanoma: Preliminary Results of the E1690/S9111/ C9190 US Intergroup Postoperative Adjuvant Trial of High and Low-Dose IFNα2b (HDI and LDI) in Resected High-Risk Primary or Regionally Lymph Node Metastatic Melanoma in Relation to 10-year Updated Results of E1684. Symposium on Advances in Biology and Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma; 1998 Nov 7; Boston.
64. Dale PS, Foshag LJ, Wanek LA, Morton DL. Metastasis of primary melanoma to two separate lymph node basins: prognostic significance. Ann Surg Oncol 1997;4:13-18.
65. O'Brien CJ, Uren RF, Thompson JF, et al. Prediction of potential metastatic sites in cutaneous head and neck melanoma using lymphoscintigraphy. Am J Surg 1995;170:461-466.
66. Mudun A, Murray DR, Herda SC, et al. Early stage melanoma: lymphoscintigraphy, reproducibility of sentinel node detection, and effectiveness of the intraoperative gamma probe. Radiology 1996;199:171-175.
67. Wong JH, Truelove K, Ko P, Coel MN. Localization and resection of an in transit sentinel lymph node by use of lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative lymphatic mapping and a hand-held gamma probe. Surgery 1996;120:114-116.
68. Taylor A Jr., Murray D, Herda S, et al. Dynamic lymphoscintigraphy to identify the sentinel and satellite nodes. Clin Nucl Med 1996;21:755-758.
69. Alazraki NP, Eshima D, Eshima LA, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy, the sentinel node concept, and the intraoperative gamma probe in melanoma, breast cancer, and other potential cancers. Semin Nucl Med 1997;27:55-67.
70. Lieber KA, Standiford SB, Kuvshinoff BW Ota DM. Surgical management of aberrant sentinel lymph node drainage in cutaneous melanoma. Surgery 1998;124:757-762.
71. Gershenwald JE, Colome MI, Lee JE, et al. Patterns of recurrence following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy in 243 patients with stage I or II melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2253-2260.
72. Van der Velde-Zimmermann D, Roijers JF, Bouwens-Rombouts A, et al. Molecular test for the detection of tumor cells in blood and sentinel nodes of melanoma patients. Am J Pathol 1996;149:759-764.
73. Joseph E, Messina J, Glass FL, et al. Radioguided surgery for the ultrastaging of the patient with melanoma. Cancer J Sci Am 1997;3:341-345.
74. Poelman M, van der Velde-Zimmermann D, van Doom LJ, et al. The detection of melanoma metastases in sentinel nodes by polymerase chain reaction. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998;142:905-908.
75. Shivers SC, Wane X, Li W, et al. Molecular staging of malignant melanoma: correlation with clinical outcome. JAMA 1998;280: 1410-1415.
76. Wang X, Heller R, VanVoorhis N, et al. Detection of submicroscopic lymph node metastases with polymerase chain reaction in patients with malignant melanoma. Ann Surg 1994;220: 768-774.
77. Goydos JS, Ravikumar TS, Germino FJ, et al. Minimally invasive staging of patients with melanoma: sentinel lymphadenectomy and detection of the melanoma-specific proteins MART-1 and tyrosinase by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Am Coll Surg 1998;187:182-190.
78. Kuo CT, Bostick PJ, Irie RF, et al. Assessment of messenger RNA of beta 14→N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase as a molecular marker for metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4:411-418.
79. Doi F, Chi DD, Charuworn BB, et al. Detection of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin mRNA as a marker for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Int J Cancer 1996;65:454-459.
80. Sarantou T, Chi DD, Garrison DA, et al. Melanoma-associated antigens as messenger RNA detection markers for melanoma. Cancer Res 1997;57:1371-1376.
81. Heller R, King B, Baekey P, et al. Identification of submicroscopic lymph node metastases in patients with malignant melanoma. Semin Surg Oncol 1993;9:285-289.
82. Heller R, Becker J, Wasselle J, et al. Detection of submicroscopic lymph node metastases in patients with melanoma. Arch Surg 1991;126:1455-1460.
83. Kelley MC, Ollila DW, Morton DL. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for melanoma. Semin Surg Oncol 1998;14:283-290.
84. Essner R. The role of lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node mapping in assessing patient risk in melanoma. Semin Oncol 1997;24: S8-10.
85. Morton DL. Sentinel lymphadenectomy for patients with clinical stage I melanoma. J Surg Oncol 1997;66:267-269.
86. Morton DL. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy: community standard care or clinical investigation? Cancer J Sci Am 1997;3:328-330.
87. Morton DL, Giuliano AE, Reintgen DS, et al. Symposium: Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in patients with breast cancer and melanoma. Contemp Surg 1998;53:281-298 (Part 1) and 353-361 (Part 2).
88. Consensus Statement on Guidelines for Performance of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy. American Society of Breast Surgeons. November 2, 1998.
89. Reintgen D, Cruse CW, Wells K, et al. The orderly progression of melanoma nodal metastases. Ann Surg 1994;220:759-767.
90. Thompson JF, McCarthy WH, Bosch CM, et al. Sentinel Lymph node status as an indicator of the presence of metastatic melanoma in regional lymph nodes. Melanoma Res 1995;5: 255-260.
91. Lingam MK, Mackie RM, McKay AJ. Intraoperative identification of sentinel lymph node in patients with malignant melanoma, Br J Cancer 1997;75:1505-1508.
92. Bostick P, Essner R, Glass E, et al. Comparison of blue dye and probe-assisted intraoperative lymphatic mapping in melanoma to identify sentinel nodes in 100 lymphatic basins. Arch Surg 1999;134:43-49.
93. Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF, et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:976-983.