How Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan and even Egypt became IMF "success stories" in the 1990s

Middle East Report

Volumn , Issue 210, 1999, Pages 23-27

  Pfeifer, Karen ^a  

^a SMITH COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY; ECONOMIC REFORM; IMF; STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT;

AFRICA;

EID: 0032810410     PISSN: 08992851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3012499     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Howard Handy and Staff Team, Egypt: Beyond Stabilization, Toward a Dynamic Market Economy (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 1998), pp. 7-8; Edouard Maciejewski and Ahsan Mansur, eds., Jordan: Strategy for Adjustment and Growth (Occasional Paper 136); Washington DC: International Monetary Fund 1996.), pp. 2, 14; Saleh M. Nsouli, Sena Eken, Klaus Enders, Van-Can Thai, Jörg Decressin and Filippo Cartiglia, Resilience and Growth through Sustained Adjustment: the Moroccan Experience (Occasional Paper 117); (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund 1995), pp. 42-43; Saleh M. Nsouli, Sena Eken, Paul Duran, Gerwin Bell and Zuhtu Yucelik, The Path to Convertibility and Growth: The Tunisian Experience (Occasional Paper 109), (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 1993), p. 3.
2. Howard Handy and Staff Team, Egypt: Beyond Stabilization, Toward a Dynamic Market Economy (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 1998), pp. 7-8; Edouard Maciejewski and Ahsan Mansur, eds., Jordan: Strategy for Adjustment and Growth (Occasional Paper 136); Washington DC: International Monetary Fund 1996.), pp. 2, 14; Saleh M. Nsouli, Sena Eken, Klaus Enders, Van-Can Thai, Jörg Decressin and Filippo Cartiglia, Resilience and Growth through Sustained Adjustment: the Moroccan Experience (Occasional Paper 117); (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund 1995), pp. 42-43; Saleh M. Nsouli, Sena Eken, Paul Duran, Gerwin Bell and Zuhtu Yucelik, The Path to Convertibility and Growth: The Tunisian Experience (Occasional Paper 109), (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 1993), p. 3.
3. Howard Handy and Staff Team, Egypt: Beyond Stabilization, Toward a Dynamic Market Economy (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 1998), pp. 7-8; Edouard Maciejewski and Ahsan Mansur, eds., Jordan: Strategy for Adjustment and Growth (Occasional Paper 136); Washington DC: International Monetary Fund 1996.), pp. 2, 14; Saleh M. Nsouli, Sena Eken, Klaus Enders, Van-Can Thai, Jörg Decressin and Filippo Cartiglia, Resilience and Growth through Sustained Adjustment: the Moroccan Experience (Occasional Paper 117); (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund 1995), pp. 42-43; Saleh M. Nsouli, Sena Eken, Paul Duran, Gerwin Bell and Zuhtu Yucelik, The Path to Convertibility and Growth: The Tunisian Experience (Occasional Paper 109), (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 1993), p. 3.
4. Howard Handy and Staff Team, Egypt: Beyond Stabilization, Toward a Dynamic Market Economy (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 1998), pp. 7-8; Edouard Maciejewski and Ahsan Mansur, eds., Jordan: Strategy for Adjustment and Growth (Occasional Paper 136); Washington DC: International Monetary Fund 1996.), pp. 2, 14; Saleh M. Nsouli, Sena Eken, Klaus Enders, Van-Can Thai, Jörg Decressin and Filippo Cartiglia, Resilience and Growth through Sustained Adjustment: the Moroccan Experience (Occasional Paper 117); (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund 1995), pp. 42-43; Saleh M. Nsouli, Sena Eken, Paul Duran, Gerwin Bell and Zuhtu Yucelik, The Path to Convertibility and Growth: The Tunisian Experience (Occasional Paper 109), (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 1993), p. 3.
5. Handy, op. cit., p. 1; Maciejewski, op. cit., pp. 8-9; Nsouli, op. cit., pp. 42-43; Nsouli, p. 3.
6. Handy, op. cit., p. 1; Maciejewski, op. cit., pp. 8-9; Nsouli, op. cit., pp. 42-43; Nsouli, p. 3.
7. Handy, op. cit., p. 1; Maciejewski, op. cit., pp. 8-9; Nsouli, op. cit., pp. 42-43; Nsouli, p. 3.
8. Tables 1, 2 and 3 are based on data from the International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1998; the World Bank, Global Development Finance, 1998, "Country Debt Tables;" and the World Bank, World Development Report, 1998. The author's detailed data tables are available upon request.
9. Tables 1, 2 and 3 are based on data from the International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1998; the World Bank, Global Development Finance, 1998, "Country Debt Tables;" and the World Bank, World Development Report, 1998. The author's detailed data tables are available upon request.
10. Tables 1, 2 and 3 are based on data from the International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1998; the World Bank, Global Development Finance, 1998, "Country Debt Tables;" and the World Bank, World Development Report, 1998. The author's detailed data tables are available upon request.
11. Handy, 1998, op. cit., pp. 4, 27 (Table 11), 30, 45; Maciejewski, 1996, op. cit., pp. 11-12, 40 (Table 5.1); Nsouli, 1993, op. cit., pp. 5-9, 28-29; Nsouli, 1995, op. cit., p. 55.
12. Handy, 1998, op. cit., pp. 4, 27 (Table 11), 30, 45; Maciejewski, 1996, op. cit., pp. 11-12, 40 (Table 5.1); Nsouli, 1993, op. cit., pp. 5-9, 28-29; Nsouli, 1995, op. cit., p. 55.
13. Handy, 1998, op. cit., pp. 4, 27 (Table 11), 30, 45; Maciejewski, 1996, op. cit., pp. 11-12, 40 (Table 5.1); Nsouli, 1993, op. cit., pp. 5-9, 28-29; Nsouli, 1995, op. cit., p. 55.
14. Handy, 1998, op. cit., pp. 4, 27 (Table 11), 30, 45; Maciejewski, 1996, op. cit., pp. 11-12, 40 (Table 5.1); Nsouli, 1993, op. cit., pp. 5-9, 28-29; Nsouli, 1995, op. cit., p. 55.
15. Trade liberalization entails reducing or eliminating import bans and non-tariff barriers, as well as reducing and unifying tariffs (Handy, 1998, p. 65).
16. Handy, 1998, op. cit., pp. 65-66 (Table 32), 69; Maciejewski, 1996, op. cit., pp. 53-57; Nsouli, 1993, op. cit., pp. 33-41; Nsouli, 1995, op. cit., pp. 42-52.
17. Handy, 1998, op. cit., pp. 65-66 (Table 32), 69; Maciejewski, 1996, op. cit., pp. 53-57; Nsouli, 1993, op. cit., pp. 33-41; Nsouli, 1995, op. cit., pp. 42-52.
18. Handy, 1998, op. cit., pp. 65-66 (Table 32), 69; Maciejewski, 1996, op. cit., pp. 53-57; Nsouli, 1993, op. cit., pp. 33-41; Nsouli, 1995, op. cit., pp. 42-52.
19. Handy, 1998, op. cit., pp. 65-66 (Table 32), 69; Maciejewski, 1996, op. cit., pp. 53-57; Nsouli, 1993, op. cit., pp. 33-41; Nsouli, 1995, op. cit., pp. 42-52.
20. Maciejewski, 1996, op. cit., pp. 11, 16-17, 21, 52.
21. Nsouli, 1993, op. cit., pp. 2, 41, 67, Table 33.
22. Nsouli, 1995, op. cit., p.: 9.
23. Ibid., pp. 18-19, 83 (Table A30).
24. Maciejewski, 1996, op. cit., pp. 61, 65.
25. Handy, 1998, op. cit., p. 42. This analysis was done by Patrick Cardiff, "Poverty and Inequality in Egypt,"Research in Middle East Economics Vol. 2 (Stamford, CT: The Middle East Economic Association, JAI Press Inc., 1997), pp 3-38.
26. Handy, 1998, op. cit., p. 42. This analysis was done by Patrick Cardiff, "Poverty and Inequality in Egypt,"Research in Middle East Economics Vol. 2 (Stamford, CT: The Middle East Economic Association, JAI Press Inc., 1997), pp 3-38.
27. Handy, 1998, op. cit., pp. 42-44.
28. International Monetary Fund, "Press Information Notice 98/45," in IMF Economics Review 2 (May-August 1998), pp. 130-133.