Epilepsy, schizophrenia, and the extended amygdala

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 877, Issue , 1999, Pages 548-561

  Stevens, Janice R ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; CLOZAPINE; MONOAMINE;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; CONFERENCE PAPER; EPILEPSY; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; NERVE CONDUCTION; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM;

EID: 0032807886     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09288.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (93)

1. 1. Stevens, J.R. 1973. Psychomotor epilepsy and schizophrenia: a common anatomy? In Epilepsy, Its Phenomena in Man. M.A.B. Brazier, Ed.: 189-214. Academic Press. New York.
2. 2. Stevens, J.R. 1973. An anatomy of schizophrenia? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 29: 177-189.
3. 3. Heath, R. 1959. Studies in schizophrenia. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA.
4. 4. Stevens, J.R. 1982. Neuropathology of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39: 1131-1139.
5. 5. Hauser, W.A. 1997. Incidence and Prevalence In Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook, J. Engel Jr. & T.A. Pedley, Eds.: 47-57. Lippincott Raven. Philadelphia.
6. 6. Stevens, J.R. 1995. Clozapine: The yin and yang of seizures and psychosis. Biol. Psychiatry 37: 425-426.
7. 7. Bogerts, B., E. Meertz, R. Schonfeldt-Bausch. 1985. Basal ganglia and limbic system pathology in schizophrenia: a morphometric study of brain volume and shrinkage. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42: 784-791.
8. 8. Southard, E.E. 1915. On the topographical distribution of cortex lesions and anomalies in dementia praecox with some account of their functional significance. Am. J. Insanity 71: 603-671.
9. 9. Lewis, S.W. 1990. Computerized tomography in schizophrenia 15 years on. Br. J. Psychiatry 157 (suppl. 9): 16-24.
10. 10. Brown, R., N. Colter, J.A.N. Corsellis et al. 1982. Post-mortem evidence of structural brain change in schizophrenia . Arch. Gen Psychiatry 43: 46-42.
11. 11. Vataja, R. & E. Elomaa, 1988, Midline brain anomalies and schizophrenia in people with CATCH 22 syndrome. Br. J. Psychiatry 172: 518-520.
12. 12. Kelsoe, J.R., J.L. Cadet, D. Pickar et al. 1988. Quantitative neuroanatomy in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 45: 533-541.
13. 13. Nair, T.R., J.D. Christensen, S.J. Kingsbury et al. 1997. Progression of cerebroventricular enlargement and the subtyping of schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Res. 74: 141-150.
14. 14. De Lisi, L.E., M. Sakuma, W. Tew et al. 1997. Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process: a study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Res. 74: 129-140.
15. 15. Huber, G. 1971. Pneumoencephlographische und psychopathologische Bilder bei endogenen psychoses: Aus dem Gasamtgebiete der neurologie und psychiatrie. Monograph no. 79. Springer Verlag. Berlin.
16. 16. Haug, O. 1962. Pneumoencephalographic studies of brain atrophy in mental disease. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 38 (suppl. 165): 57-107.
17. 17. Bruton, C., J.R. Stevens & C.D. Frith. 1994. Epilepsy, psychosis, and schizophrenia. Neurology 44: 34-42.
18. 18. Sutula, T.P., G. Golarai & J. Cavazos. 1992. Assessing the functional significance of mossy fiber sprouting. Epilepsy Res. 57 (suppl.): 251-259.
19. 19. Babb, T.L, G.W. Mathern, J.P. Leite et al. 1996. Glutamate AMPA receptors in the fascia dentata of human and kainate rat hippocampal epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 26: 193-205.
20. 20. Torrey, E.F., A.E. Bowler, E.H. Taylor et al. 1994. Schizophrenia and Manic Depressive Disorder. Basic Books. New York.
21. 21. Meduna, L.J. 1934. Uber experimentelle Campherepilepsie. Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr. 102: 333-339.
22. 22. Landolt, H. 1958. Serial electroencephalographic investigations during psychotic episodes in epileptic patients and during schizophrenic attacks. In Lectures on Epilepsy. A.M. Lorentz de Haas, Ed.: 91-133. Elsevier. Amsterdam.
23. 23. Sawa, M. 1969. Epileptoid psychosis: a group of atypical endogenous psychoses. Folia Psychiatr. Neurol. Jpn. 15: 320-329.
24. 24. Meldrum, B.S. 1996. Update on the mechanism of action of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 37 (suppl. 6): S4-11.
25. 25. Devinsky, O., G. Honigfeld & J. Patin. 1991. Clozapine related seizures. Neurology 41: 369-371.
26. 26. Malow, B.A, K.B. Reese, S, Sato et al. 1994. Spectrum of EEG abnormalities during clozapine treatment. Clin. Neurophysiol. 91: 205-211.
27. 27. Denney, D. & J.R. Stevens. 1995. Clozapine and seizures. Biol. Psychiatry 37: 427-433.
28. 28. Ackenheil, M. 1989. Clozapine-pharmocokinetic investigations and biochemical effects in man. Psychopharmacology 99: S32-37.
29. 29. Corbett, R., F. Camacho, A.T. Woods et al. 1995. Antipsychotic agents antagonize non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist-induced behaviors. Psychopharmacology 120: 67-74.
30. 30. Malhotra, A.K., C.M. Adler & S.D. Kennison. 1997. Clozapine blunts N-methyl-d aspartate antagonist induced psychosis: a study with ketamine. Biol. Psychiatry 42: 664-668.
31. 31. Deutch, A.Y., D. Ongur & R.S. Duman. 1995. Antipsychotic drugs induce fos protein in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus: a novel locus of antipsychotic drug action. Neuroscience 66: 337-382.
32. 32. Stevens, J.R., D. Denney & P. Szot. 1997, Sensitization with clozapine: beyond the dopamine hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry 42: 771-780.
33. 33. Gurevich, E.V., Y. Bordelon, R.M. Shapiro et al. 1997. Mesolimbic dopamine D3 receptors and use of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia: a postmortem study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 54: 225-232.
34. 34. Sladek, J. & C.D. Sladek. 1995. Morphology of the endocrine brain, hypothalamus and neurohypophysis. In Endocrinology and Metabolism. K.L. Becker, Ed.: 84-90. J.B. Lipincott. Philadelphia.
35. 35. Simerly, R.B. 1995. Anatomical substrates of hypothalmic integration. In The Rat Nervous System. G. Paxinos, Ed.: 353-376. Academic Press. New York.
36. 36. Lesch, A. & B. Bogerts. 1984. The diencephalon in schizophrenia: evidence for reduced thickness of the periventricular grey matter. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry & Neurol. Sci. 234: 212-219.
37. 37. Evarts, E.V., E. Bental, B. Bihari et al. 1962. Spontaneous discharge of single neurons during sleep and waking. Science 135: 726-728.
38. 38. Kawakami, M., T. Uemura & R. Hayashi. 1982. Electrophysiological correlates of pulsatile gonadotropin release in rats. Neuroendocrinology 35: 63-67.
39. 39. Knobil, E. 1992. Remembrance: the discovery of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator and of its physiological significance. Endocrinology 131: 1005-1006.
40. 40. Kawakami, M., E. Terasawa & T. Ibuki. 1970. Changes in multiple unit activity of the brain during the estrous cycle. Neuroendocrinology 6: 30-48.
41. 41. Ordog, T., M.D. CHEN, M. Nishihara et al. 1997. On the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the operation of the GnRH pulse generator in the rhesus monkey. Neuroenocrinology 65: 307-313.
42. 42. Boyar, R.M., R.S. Rosenfeld, J.W. Kapen et al. 1974. Simultaneous augmented secretion of luteinizing hormone and testosterone during sleep. J. Clin. Invest. 54: 609-618.
43. 43. Herzog, A.G., V. Russell, J.L. Vaitukaitis et al. 1982. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch. Neurol. 39: 133-135.
44. 44. van Cauter, E., P. Linkowski, M. Kerkhofs et al. 1991. Circadian and sleep related endocrine rhythms in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48: 348-356.
45. 45. Lieberman, J.A., D. Jody, S. Geisler et al. 1993. Time course and biological predictors of treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50: 369-376.
46. 46. Csernansky, J.G., C.A. Holman, K.A. Bonnet et al. 1983. Dopaminergic supersensitivity at distant sites following induced epileptic foci. Life Sci. 32: 385-390.
47. 47. Gaspar, P., A. Febvret & J. Colombo. 1993. Serotonergic sprouting in primate MTP-induced hemiparkinsonism. Exp. Brain Res. 96: 100-106.
48. 48. Stevens, J.R. 1991. Kindling of inhibition and psychosis. In Kindling and Synaptic Plasticity. F. Morrell, Ed.: 211-225. Birkhauser. Boston.
49. 49. Goddard, G.V, G.C. McIntyre & C.K. Leech. 1969. A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 25: 295-330.
50. 50. Stevens, J.R. 1992. Abnormal reinnervation as a basis for schizophrenia: a hypothesis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49: 238-243.
51. 51. Iacono, W.G, G.N. Smith, M. Moreau et al. 1988. Ventricular and sulcal size at the onset of psychosis. Am. J. Psychiatry 145: 820-824.
52. 52. DeMeyer, M.K., R. Gilmar, W.E. DeMeyer et al. 1984. Third ventricular size and ventricular brain ratio in treatment resistant psychiatric patients. J. Operational Psychiatry 15:2-8.
53. 53. Bruton, C.J., T.J. Crow, C.D. Frith et al. 1990. Schizophrenia and the brain: a prospective neuropathological study. Psychol. Med. 20: 285-304.
54. 54. Heckers, S., H. Heinsen, Y.C. Heinsen et al. 1991. Cortex, while matter, and basal ganglia in schizophrenia: a volumetric postmortem study. Biol. Psychiatry 29: 556-566.
55. 55. Ward, K.E., L. Friedman, A. Wise et al. 1996. Meta-analysis of brain and cranial size in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 22: 197-213.
56. 56. Weinberger, D.R, K.F. Berman, M. Iadarola et al. 1987. Hat size in schizophrenia (letter). Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44: 672.
57. 57. Pakkenberg, B. 1992. The volume of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in treated and untreated schizophrenics. Schizophr. Res. 7: 95-100.
58. 58. Andreasen, N.C., S. Arndt, V. Swayze et al. 1994. Thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia visualized through magnetic resonance image averaging. Science 266: 294-298.
59. 59. Buchsbaum, M.S., T. Somaya, C.Y. Tang et al. 1996. PET and MRI of the thalamus in never-medicated patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 153; 191-199.
60. 60. Jernigan, T.L., S. Zisook, R.K. Hat et al. 1991. Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in lenticular nuclei and cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48: 881-890.
61. 61. Suddath, R.L., G.W. Christison, E.F. Torrey et al. 1990. Cerebral anatomical abnormalities in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrena. N. Engl. J. Med. 322: 789-794.
62. 62. Heckers, S. 1990. Limbic structures and lateral ventricle in schizoprenia: a quantitative postmortem study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 47: 1016-1022.
63. 63. Pakkenberg, B. 1993. Total nerve cell number in neocortex in chronic schizophrenics and controls estimated using optical dissectors. Biol. Psychiatry 34: 768-772.
64. 64. Zipursky, R.B., K.O. Lim, E.V. Sullivan et al. 1992. Widespread cerebral grey matter volume deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:195-205,
65. 65. Shenton, M.E., R. Kikinis, F.A. Jolesz et al. 1992. Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. N. Engl. J. Med. 327: 604-612.
66. 66. Kulynych, J.J, K. Vladar, B.D. Fantia et al. 1995. Normal asymmetry of the planum temporale in patients with schizophrenia. Three-dimensional cortical morphometry with MRT. Br. J. Psychiatry 166: 742-749.
67. 67. Barta, P.E., G.D. Pearlson, L.B. Brill et al. 1997. Planum temporale asymmetry reversal in schizophrenia replication and relationship to gray matter abnormalities. Am. J. Psychiatry 154: 66-67.
68. 68. Kulnych, J.J., K. VLADA, D.W. Jones et al. 1996. Superior temporal gyrus volume in schizophrenia: a study using MRI morphometry assisted by surface rendering. Am J. Psychiatry 153: 50-56.
69. 69. Falkai, P., B. Bogerts & M. Rozumek. 1988. Limbic pathology in schizophrenia: the entorhinal region - a morphometric study, Biol. Psychiatry 24: 515-521.
70. 70. Benes, F.M., I. Sorenson & E.D. Bird. 1991. Decreased neuronal size in posterior hippocampus of schizoprenic subjects. Schizophr. Bull. 17: 597-609.
71. 71. Kovelman, J.A. & A.V. Scheibel. 1984. A neurohistological correlate of schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiatry 19: 1601-1621.
72. 72. Altschuler, L.L., A. Conrad, J. Kovelman et al. 1987. Hippocampal pyramidal cell orientation in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44: 1094-1098.
73. 73. Arnold, S.E., B.T. Hyman, G.W. van Hoesen et al. 1991. Some cytoarchitectual abnormalities of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48: 625-632.
74. 74. Eastwood, S.L., P.W. Burnet & P.J. Harrison. 1995. Altered synaptophysin expression as a marker of synaptic pathology in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 66: 309-319.
75. 75. Eastwood, S.L., B. McDonald, P.W. Burnet et al. 1995. Decreased expression of mRNAs encoding nonNMDA glutamate receptors GluR1 and GR2 in medial temporal lobe neurons in schizophrenia. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 29: 211-223.
76. 76. Jakob, H. & H. Beckmann. 1986. Prenatal developmental disturbances in the limbic allocortex in schizophrenics. J. Neural Transm. 65: 303 -326.
77. 77. Arnold, S.E., V.M. Lee, R.E, Gur et al. 1991. Abnormal expression of two microtubule associated proteins (MAP 2 and MAP5) in specific subfields of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 10850-10854].
78. 78. Krimer, L.S., M.M. Herman, R.C. Saunders et al. 1997. A qualitative and quantilative analysis of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Cereb. Cortex 7: 732-739.
79. 79. Pakkenberg, B. 1990. Pronounced reduction of total neuron number in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens in schizophrenics. Arch Gen. Psychiatry 47: 1023-1028.
80. 80. Manaye, K.F., C-L. Liang, P.B. Hicks et al. 1998. Nerve cell numbers in thalamic anterior and mediodorsal nuclei are selectively reduced in schizophrenia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 24: 1236.
81. 81. Benes, F.M., S.L.K. Vincent, B. Marie et al. 1996. Upregulation of GABAa receptor binding on neurons of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Neuroscience 75: 1021-1031.
82. 82. Benes, F.M., S.L, Vincent, G. Alsterberg et al. 1992. Increased GABA receptor binding in supragranular layers of schizophrenic cingulate cortex. J. Neurosci. 11: 925-947.
83. 83. Benes, F.M., J. McSparren, E.D. Bird et al. 1991. Deficits in small interneurones in prefrontal and cingulate cortices of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48: 996-1001.
84. 84. Selemon, L.D., G. Rajkowska & P.S. Goldman-Rakic. 1995. Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52; 805-818.
85. 85. Akbarian, S, J.J. Kim, S.G. Potkin et al. 1995. Gene expresssion for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced without loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52: 258-266.
86. 86. Benes, F.M., L. Sorenson, E.D. Bird et al. 1992. Increased density of glutamate immunoreactive vertical processes in superficial laminae in cingulate cortex of schizophrenic brain. Cereb. Cortex 2: 503-512.
87. 87. Akbarian, S., A. Vinuuuela, J.J. Kim et al. 1993. Distorted distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase neurons in temporal lobe of schizophrenics implies anomalous cortical development. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50:178-187.
88. 88. Akbarian, S., W.E Bunney, S.G. Potkin et al. 1993. Altered distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50: 169-177.
89. 89. Perrone-Bizzozero, N., A.C. Sower, E.D. Bird et al. 1996. Levels of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 are selectively increased in association cortices in schizophrenia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 14182-14187.
90. 90. Nieto, D., A. Escobar. 1972. Major psychoses. In Pathology of the Nervous System. J. Mickler, Ed.: 2654-2655. McGraw Hill. New York.
91. 91. Winkelman, N.W. & M.H. Book. 1949, Observations on the histopathology of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 105: 889-896.
92. 92. Hankoff, D. & N.S. Peress. 1981. Neuropathology of the brain stem in psychiatric disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 16: 945-952.
93. 93. Korschenhausen, D.A., H.J. Hampel, M. Ackenheil et al. 1996. Fibrin degradation products in post mortem brain tissue of schizophrenics: a possible marker for underlying inflammatory process. Schizophr. Res. 19: 103-110.