Immunohistochemical localization of interleukin-1β, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1β converting enzyme/caspase-1 in the rat brain after peripheral administration of kainic acid

Neuroscience

Volumn 93, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 915-930

  Eriksson, C ^a   Van Dam, A M ^b   Lucassen, P J ^c,d   Bol, J G J M ^b   Winblad, B ^a   Schultzberg, M ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Cytokine; Excitotoxic; In situ end labelling; Inflammation; Microglia; Neurodegeneration

Indexed keywords

INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA CONVERTING ENZYME; KAINIC ACID;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN REGION; CONTROLLED STUDY; HIPPOCAMPUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; MALE; MICROGLIA; NERVE DEGENERATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RAT; THALAMUS;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; CASPASE 1; ENZYME INDUCTION; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID AGONISTS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN-1; KAINIC ACID; MALE; NERVE DEGENERATION; NERVE TISSUE PROTEINS; NEURONS; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SIALOGLYCOPROTEINS;

EID: 0032805573     PISSN: 03064522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00178-5     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Andersson J., Björk L., Dinarello C.A., Towbin H., Andersson A. Lipopolysaccharide induces human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1 production in the same cell. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:1992;2617-2623.
2. Arend W.P. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Adv. Immunol. 54:1993;167-227.
3. Arend W.P. Jr, Smith M.F., Janson R.W., Joslin F.G. IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-1β production in human monocytes are regulated differently. J. Immunol. 147:1991;1530-1536.
4. Ben-Ari Y. Limbic seizure and brain damage produced by kainic acid: mechanisms and relevance to human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience. 14:1985;375-403.
5. Ben-Ari Y., Tremblay E., Riche D., Ghilini G., Naquet R. Electrographic, clinical and pathological alterations following systemic administration of kainic acid, bicuculline or pentetrazole: metabolic mapping using the deoxyglucose method with special reference to the pathology of epilepsy. Neuroscience. 6:1981;1361-1391.
6. Bevilacqua M.P., Pober J.S., Wheele M.E., Cotran R.S., Gimbrone M.A. Interleukin-1 acts on cultured human vascular endothelium to increase the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and related leukocyte cell lines. J. clin. Invest. 76:1985;2003-2011.
7. Bhat R.V., Dirocco R., Marcy V.R., Flood D.G., Zhu Y., Dobrzanski P., Siman R., Scott R., Contreras P.C., Miller M. Increased expression of IL-lbeta converting enzyme in hippocampus after ischemia - selective localization in microglia. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;4146-4154.
8. Black R.A., Kronheim S.R., Cantrell M., Deeley M.C., March C.J., Prickett K.S., Wignall J., Conlon P.J., Cosman D., Hopp T.P., Mochizuki D.Y. Generation of biologically active interleukin-1β by proteolytic cleavage of the inactive precursor. J. biol. Chem. 263:1988;9437-9442.
9. Black R.A., Kronheim S.R., Sleath P.R. Activation of interleukin-1β by a co-induced protease. Fedn Eur. biochem. Socs Lett. 247:1989;386-390.
10. Buttini M., Boddeke H. Peripheral lipopolysaccharide stimulation induces interleukin-1β messenger RNA in rat brain microglial cells. Neuroscience. 65:1995;523-530.
11. Campbell V. and Lynch M. A. (1998) Biphasic modulation of intracellular calcium by interleukin-1β in rat cortical synaptosomes. J. Physiol., Lond. (in press).
12. Cerretti D.P., Kozlosky C.J., Mosley B., Nelson N., Van Ness K., Greenstreet T.A., March C.J., Kronheim S.R., Druck T., Cannizzaro L.A., Huebner K., Black R.A. Molecular cloning of the interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Science. 256:1992;97-100.
13. Chin J., Kostura M.J. Dissociation of IL-1beta synthesis and secretion in human blood monocytes stimulated with bacterial cell wall products. J. Immunol. 151:1993;5574-5585.
14. Cohen G.M. Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem. J. 326:1997;1-16.
15. Colotta F., Dower S.K., Sims J.E., Mantovani A. The type II "decoy" receptor: a novel regulatory pathway for interleukin 1. Immunol. Today. 15:1994;562-566.
16. Colotta F.R.F., Muzio M., Bertini R., Polentarutti N., Sironi M., Giri J.G., Dower S.K., Sims J.E., Mantovani A. Interleukin-1 type II receptor: a decoy target for IL-1 that is regulated by IL-4. Science. 261:1993;472-475.
17. Coogan A., O'Connor J.J. Inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the rat dentate gyrus in vitro by IL-1β NeuroReport. 8:1997;2107-2110.
18. Coyle J.T., Puttfarcken P. Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders. Science. 262:1993;689-695.
19. Culhane A.C., Hall M.D., Rothwell N.J., Luheshi G.N. Cloning of rat brain interleukin-18 cDNA. Molec. Psychiat. 3:1998;362-366.
20. Cunningham E.T. Jr, Wada E., Carter D.B., Tracey D.E., Battey J.F., De Souza E.B. Localization of interleukin-1 receptor messenger RNA in murine hippocampus. Endocrinology. 128:1991;2666-2668.
21. Desphande J., Bergstedt K., Linden T., Kalimo H., Wieloch T. Ultrastructure changes in the hippocampal CA1 region following transient cerebral ischaemia: evidence against programmed cell death. Expl Brain Res. 88:1992;91-105.
22. Dinarello C.A. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood. 77:1991;1627-1652.
23. Dripps D.J., Brandhuber B.J., Thompson R.C., Eisenberg S.P. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist binds to the 80-kDa IL-1 receptor but does not initiate IL-1 signal transduction. J. biol. Chem. 266:1991;10,331-10,336.
24. Dykens J.A., Stern A., Trenker E. Mechanism of kainate toxicity to cerebellar neurons in vitro is analogous to reperfusion tissue injury. J. Neurochem. 49:1987;1222-1228.
25. Eisenberg S.P., Evans R.J., Arend W.P., Verderber E., Brewer M.T., Hannum C.H., Thompson R.C. Primary structure and functional expression from complementary DNA of a human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Nature. 343:1990;341-346.
26. Elias J.A., Reynolds M., Kotloff R.M., Kern J.A. Fibroblast interleukin-1β: synergistic stimulation by recombinant interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor and post-transcriptional regulation. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:1989;6171-6175.
27. Endres M., Namura S., Shimizu-Sasamata M., Waeber C., Zhang L., GomezIsla T., Hyman B.T., Moskowitz M.A. Attenuation of delayed neuronal death after mild focal ischemia in mice by inhibition of the caspase family. J. cerebr. Blood Flow Metab. 18:1998;238-247.
28. English H.F., Kyprianou N., Isaacs J.T. Relationship between DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in the programmed cell death in the rat prostate following castration. Prostate. 15:1989;233-250.
29. Eriksson C., Winblad B., Schultzberg M. Kainic acid induced expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist mRNA in the rat brain. Molec. Brain Res. 58:1998;195-208.
30. Fehsel K., Kröncke K.D., Kolb H., Kolb-Bachoven V. In situ nick translation detects focal apoptosis in thymuses of glucocorticoid- and lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 42:1994;613-619.
31. Friedlander R.M., Gagliardini V., Hara H., Fink K.B., Li W., MacDonald G., Fishman M.C., Greenberg A.H., Moskowitz M.A., Yuan J. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of interleukin-1β converting enzyme in transgenic mice prevents neuronal cell death induced by trophic factor withdrawal and ischemic brain injury. J. exp. Med. 185:1997;933-940.
32. Friedlander R.M., Gagliardini V., Rotello R.J., Yuan J. Functional role of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in IL-1β-converting enzyme-mediated apoptosis. J. exp. Med. 184:1996;717-724.
33. Gagliardini V., Fernandez P.-A., Lee R.K.K., Drexler H.C.A., Rotello R.J., Fishman M.C., Yuan J. Prevention of vertebrate neuronal death by the crmA gene. Science. 263:1994;826-828.
34. Garcia J.H., Liu K.F., Relton J.K. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist decreases the number of necrotic neurons in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion. Am. J. Pathol. 147:1995;1477-1486.
35. Garlind A., Brauner A., Basun H., Höjeberg B., Schultzberg M. Soluble interleukin-1 receptor type II levels are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease patients. Brain Res. 826:1999;112-116.
36. Gehrmann J., Mies G., Bonnekoh P., Banati R., Iijima T., Kreutzberg G.W., Hossmann K.A. Microglial reaction in the rat cerebral cortex induced by cortical spreading depression. Brain Pathol. 3:1993;11-17.
37. Gillardon F., Bottiger B., Schmitz B., Zimmermann M., Hossmann K.A. Activation of CPP-32 protease in hippocampal neurons following ischemia and epilepsy. Molec. Brain Res. 50:1997;16-22.
38. Giulian D. Ameboid microglia as effectors of inflammation in the central nervous system. J. Neurosci. Res. 18:1987;155-171.
39. Giulian D., Baker T.J., Shin L.N., Lachman L.B. Interleukin-1 of the central nervous system is produced by ameboid microglia. J. exp. Med. 164:1986;594-604.
40. Giulian D., Lachman L.B. Interleukin-1 stimulation of astroglial proliferation after brain injury. Science. 228:1985;497-499.
41. Giulian D., Vaca K. Inflammatory glia mediate delayed neuronal damage after ischemia in the central nervous system. Stroke. 24:1993;184-192.
42. Gold R., Schmied M., Giergerich G., Breitschopf H., Hartung H.P., Toyka K.V., Lassmann H. Differentiation between cellular apoptosis and necrosis by the combined use of in situ tailing and nick translation techniques. Lab. Invest. 71:1994;219-225.
43. Gold R., Schmied M., Rothe G., Zischler H., Breitschopf H., Wekerle H., Lassmann H. Detection of DNA fragmentation in apoptosis: application of in situ nick translation to cell culture systems and tissue sections. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 41:1993;1023-1030.
44. Gould E., McEwen B.S. Neuronal birth and death. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 3:1993;676-682.
45. Granowitz E.V., Santos A.A., Poutsiaka D.D., Cannon J.G., Wilmore D.W., Wolff S.M., Dinarello C.A. Production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist during experimental endotoxaemia. Lancet. 338:1991;1423-1424.
46. Griffin W.S.T. III, Stanley L.C., Ling C., White L., MacLeod V., Perrot L.J., White C.L., Araoz C. Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:1989;7611-7615.
47. Hannum C.H., Wilcox C.J., Arend W.P., Joslin F.G., Dripps D.J., Heimdal P.L., Armes L.G., Sommer A., Eisenberg S.P., Thompson R.C. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist activity of a human interleukin-1 inhibitor. Nature. 343:1990;336-340.
48. Hara H., Friedlander R.M., Gagliardini V., Ayata C., Fink K., Huang Z., Shimizu-Sasamata M., Yuan J., Maskowitz M.A. Inhibition of interleukin-1β converting enzyme family proteases reduces ischemic and excitotoxic neuronal damage. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:1997;2007-2012.
49. Haskill S., Johnson C., Eierman S., Becker S., Warren K. Adherence induces selective mRNA expression of monocyte mediators and proto-oncogenes. J. Immunol. 140:1988;1690-1694.
50. Hazuda D.J., Lee J.C., Young P.R. The kinetics of interleukin 1 secretion from activated monocytes. J. biol. Chem. 263:1988;8473-8479.
51. Howard A.D., Kostura M.J., Thornberry N., Ding G.J.F., Limjuco G., Weidner J., Salley J.P., Hogquist K.A., Chaplin D.D., Mumford R.A., Schmidt J.A., Tocci M.J. IL-1-converting enzyme requires aspartic acid residues for processing of the IL-1β precursor at two distinct sites and does not cleave 31k-Da IL-1α J. Immunol. 147:1991;2964-2969.
52. Jørgensen M.B., Finsen B.R., Jensen M.B., Castellano B., Diemer N.H., Zimmer J. Microglial and astroglial reactions to ischemic and kainic acid induced lesion of the adult rat hippocampus. Expl Neurol. 120:1993;70-88.
53. Keane K.M., Giegel D.A., Lipinski W.J., Callahan M.J., Shivers B.D. Cloning, tissue expression and regulation of rat interleukin 1 converting enzyme. Cytokine. 7:1995;105-110.
54. Kern J.A., Lamb R.J., Reed J.C., Daniele R.P., Nowell P.C. Dexamethasone inhibition of interleukin-1 beta production by human monocytes: post-transcriptional mechanisms. J. clin. Invest. 81:1988;237.
55. Kerr J.F.R., Wyllie A.H., Currie A.R. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer. 26:1972;239-257.
56. Kettenmann H., Banati R., Walz W. Electrophysiological behavior of microglia. Glia. 7:1993;93-101.
57. Kettenmann H., Hoppe D., Gottmann K., Banati R., Kreutzberg G. Cultured microglial cells have a distinct pattern of membrane channels different from peritoneal macrophages. J. Neurosci. Res. 26:1990;278-287.
58. Kinoshita M., Tomimoto H., Kinoshita A., Kumar S., Noda M. Upregulation of the Nedd2 gene encoding an ICE/Ced-3-like cysteine protease in the gerbil brain after transient global ischemia. J. cerebr. Blood Flow Metab. 17:1997;507-514.
59. Knudsen P.J., Dinarello C.A., Strom T.B. Prostaglandins posttranscriptionally inhibit monocyte expression of interleukin-1 activity by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J. Immunol. 137:1986;3189-3194.
60. Koh J.Y., Gwag B.J., Lonber D., Choi D.W. Potentiated necrosis of cultured cortical neurons by neurotrophins. Science. 268:1995;573-575.
61. Kostura M.J., Tocci M.J., Limjuco G., Chin J., Cameron P., Hillman A.G., Chartrain N.A., Schmidt J.A. Identification of a monocyte specific pre-interleukin 1β convertase activity. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:1989;5227-5231.
62. + activity accompanying hippocampal discharges. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac. 58:1980;579-583.
63. Leist M., Nicotera P. Apoptosis, excitotoxicity, and neuropathology. Expl Cell Res. 239:1998;183-201.
64. Li P., Hamish A., Banerjee S., Franklin S., Herzog L., Johnston C., McDowell J., Paskind M., Rodman L., Salfeld J. Mice deficient in IL-1β converting enzyme are defective in production of mature IL-1β and resistant to endotoxic shock. Cell. 80:1995;401-411.
65. Li Y., Sharov V.G., Jiang N., Zaloga C., Sabbah H.N., Chopp M. Ultrastructural and light microscopic evidence of apoptosis after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Am. J. Path. 146:1995;1045-1051.
66. Loddick S.A., Wong M.L., Bongiorno P.B., Gold P.W., Licinio J., Rothwell N.J. Endogenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist is neuroprotective. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 234:1997;211-215.
67. Lucassen P.J., Chung W.C., Kamphorst W., Swaab D.F. DNA damage distribution in the human brain as shown by in situ end labeling; area-specific differences in aging and Alzheimer disease in the absence of apoptotic morphology. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol. 56:1997;887-900.
68. Lucassen P.J., Chung W.C.J., Vermeulen J.P., Van Lookeren Campagne M., Van Dierendonck J.H., Swaab D.F. Microwave-enhanced in situ end-labelling of fragmented DNA: parametric studies in relation to postmortem delay and fixation of rat and human brain. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 43:1995;1163-1171.
69. MacManus J.P., Rasquinha I., Black M.A., Laferriere N.B., Monette R., Walker T., Morley P. Glutamate-treated rat cortical neuronal cultures die in a way different from the classical apoptosis induced by staurosporine. Expl Cell Res. 233:1997;310-320.
70. Malone J.D., Richards M., Kahn A.J. Human peripheral monocytes express putative receptors for neuroexcitatory amino acids. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:1986;3307-3310.
71. Martin D., Chinookoswong N., Miller G. The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1ra) protects against cerebral infarction in a rat model of hypoxia-ischemia. Expl Neurol. 130:1994;362-367.
72. Michaelis E.K. Molecular biology of glutamate receptors in the central nervous system and their role in excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and aging. Prog. Neurobiol. 54:1998;369-415.
73. Miller D.K., Ayala J.M., Egger L.A., Raju S.M., Yamin T.-T., Ding G. J.-F., Gaffney E.P., Howard A.D., Palyha O.C., Rolando A.M., Salley J.P., Thornberry N.A., Weidner J.R., Williams J.H., Chapman K.T., Jackson J., Kostura M.J., Limjuco G., Molineaux S.M., Mumford R.A., Calaycay J.R. Purification and characterization of active human interleuking converting enzyme from THP.1 monocytic cells. J. biol. Chem. 268:1993;18,062-18,069.
74. Miller L.G., Galpern W.R., Dunlap K., Dinarello C.A., Turner T.J. Interleukin-1 augments γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor function in brain. Molec. Pharmac. 39:1991;105-108.
75. Milligan C.E., Prevette D., Yaginuma H., Homma S., Cardwell C., Fritz L.C., Tomaselli K.J., Oppenheim R.W., Schwartz L.M. Peptide inhibitors of the ICE protease family arrest programmed cell death of motoneurons in vivo and in vitro. Neuron. 15:1995;385-393.
76. Minami M., Kuraishi Y., Yabuuchi K., Yamazaki A., Satoh M. Induction of interleukin-1β mRNA in rat brain after transient forebrain ischemia. J. Neurochem. 58:1992;390-392.
77. Minghetti L., Levi G. Microglia as effector cells in brain damage and repair: focus on prostanoids and nitric oxide. Prog. Neurobiol. 54:1998;99-125.
78. Miura M., Zhu H., Rotello R., Hartwieg E.A., Yuan J. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1β-converting enzyme, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans cell death gene ced-3. Cell. 75:1993;653-660.
79. Moriyoshi K., Masu M., Ishii T., Shigemoto R., Mizuno N., Nakanishi S. Molecular cloning and characterization of the rat NMDA receptor. Nature. 354:1991;31-37.
80. Mosley B., Urdal D.L., Prickett K.S., Larsen A., Cosman D., Conlon P.J., Gillis S., Dower S.K. The interleukin-1 receptor binds the human interleukin-1α precursor but not the interleukin-1β precursor. J. biol. Chem. 262:1987;2941-2944.
81. Murray C.A., Lynch M.A. Evidence that increased hippocampal expression of the cytokine interleukin-1β is a common trigger for age- and stress-induced impairments in long-term potentiation. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;2974-2981.
82. Muzio M., Polentarutti N., Sironi M., Poli G., De Gioia L., Introna M., Mantovani A., Colotta F. Cloning and characterization of a new isoform of the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. J. exp. Med. 182:1995;623-628.
83. Nadler J.V. Minireview. Kainic acid as a tool for the study of temporal lobe epilepsy. Life Sci. 29:1981;2031-2042.
84. Nadler J.V., Vaca K.W., White W.F., Lynch G.S., Cotman C.W. Aspartate and glutamate as possible transmitters of excitatory hippocampal afferents. Nature. 260:1976;538-540.
85. Namura S., Zhu J., Fink K., Endres M., Srinivasan A., Tomaselli K.J., Yuan J., Moskowitz M.A. Activation and cleavage of caspase-3 in apoptosis induced by experimental cerebral ischemia. J. Neurosci. 15:1998;3659-3668.
86. Nathan C.F., Tsunawaki S. Secretion of toxic oxygen products by macrophages: regulatory cytokines and their effects on the oxidase. Ciba Found. Symp. 118:1986;211-230.
87. Nishiyori A., Minami M., Takami S., Satoh M. Type 2 interleukin-1 receptor mRNA is induced by kainic acid in the rat brain. Molec. Brain Res. 15:1997;237-245.
88. Olney J.W. Brain lesions, obesity and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate. Science. 164:1969;719-721.
89. Patterson P.H. Cytokines in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5:1995;642-646.
90. Paxinos G. and Watson C. (1986) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Academic, New York.
91. Peitsch M.C., Muller C., Tschopp J. DNA fragmentation during apoptosis is caused by frequent single-strand cuts. Nucl. Acids Res. 21:1993;4206-4209.
92. Perez-Otano I., McMillian N.K., Chen J., Bing G.Y., Hong J.S., Pennypacker K.R. Induction of NF-kB-like transcription factors in brain areas susceptible to kainate toxicity. Glia. 16:1996;306-315.
93. 2+ channel currents in hippocampal neurones through protein kinase C. Eur. J. Pharmac. 266:1994;1-10.
94. Poutsiaka D.D., Clark B.D., Vannier E., Dinarello C.A. Production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1β by peripheral blood mononuclear cells is differentially regulated. Blood. 78:1991;1275-1281.
95. Relton J.K., Rothwell N.J. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits ischaemic and excitotoxic neuronal damage in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 29:1992;242-246.
96. Sairanen T.R., Lindsberg P.J., Brenner M., Sirén A.L. Global forebrain ischemia results in differential cellular expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and its receptor at mRNA and protein level. J. cerebr. Blood Flow Metab. 17:1997;1107-1120.
97. Sandford N.L., Searle J.W., Kerr J.F. Successive waves of apoptosis in the rat prostate after repeated withdrawal of testosterone stimulation. Pathology. 16:1984;406-410.
98. Schielke G.P., Yang G.Y., Shivers B.D., Betz A.L. Reduced ischemic brain injury in interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme-deficient mice. J. cerebr. Blood Flow Metab. 18:1998;180-185.
99. Schindler R., Clark B.D., Dinarello C.A. Dissociation between interleukin-1β mRNA and protein synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. biol. Chem. 265:1990;10,232-10,237.
100. Schultzberg M., Tingsborg S., Nobel S., Lundkvist J., Svenson S., Simoncsits A., Bartfai T. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein and mRNA in the rat adrenal gland. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 15:1995;723-731.
101. Schwob J.E., Fuller T., Price J.L., Olney J.W. Widespread patterns of neuronal damage following systemic or intracerebral injections of kainic acid: a histological study. Neuroscience. 5:1980;991-1014.
102. Sperk G., Lassmann H., Baran H., Kish S.J., Seitelberger F. Kainic acid induced seizures: neurochemical and histopathological changes. Neuroscience. 10:1983;1301-1315.
103. Takao T., Tracey D.E., Mitchell W.M., De Souza E.B. Interleukin-1 receptors in mouse brain: characterization and neuronal localization. Endocrinology. 127:1990;3070-3078.
104. Tan S.L., Wood M., Maher P. Oxidative stress induces a form of programmed cell death with characteristics of both apoptosis and necrosis in neuronal cells. J. Neurochem. 71:1998;95-105.
105. Thornberry N.A., Bull H.G., Calaycay J.R., Chapman K.T., Howard A.D., Kostura M.J., Miller D.K., Molineaux S.M., Weidner J.R., Aunins J., Elliston K.O., Ayala J.M., Casano F.J., Chin J., Ding G. J.-F., Egger L.A., Gaffney E.P., Limjuco G., Palyha O.C., Raju S.M., Rolando A.M., Salley J.P., Yamin T.-T., Lee T.D., Shively J.E., MacCross M., Mumford R.A., Schmidt J.A., Tocci M.J. A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin-1β processing in monocytes. Nature. 356:1992;768-774.
106. Tingsborg S., Zetterström M., Alheim K., Hasanvan H., Schultzberg M., Bartfai T. Regionally specific induction of ICE mRNA and enzyme activity in the rat brain and adrenal gland by LPS. Brain Res. 712:1996;153-158.
107. Van Dam A.-M., Brouns M., Louisse S., Berkenbosch F. Appearance of interleukin-1 in macrophages and in ramified microglia in the brain of endotoxin-treated rats: a pathway for the induction of non-specific symptoms of sickness? Brain Res. 588:1992;291-298.
108. Van Dam A.-M., Bauer J., Tilders F.J.H., Berkenbosch F. Endotoxin-induced appearance of immunoreactive interleukin-1β in rat brain: a light and electron microscopical study. Neuroscience. 65:1995;815-826.
109. Van Lookeren Campagne M., Lucassen P.J., Vermeulen J.P., Balazs R. NMDA and kainate induce internucleosomal DNA cleavage associated with both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in the neonatal rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1995;1627-1640.
110. Vandenabeele P., Fiers W. Is amyloidogenesis during Alzheimer's disease due to an IL-1-/IL-6-mediated 'acute phase response' in the brain? Immunol. Today. 12:1991;217-219.
111. Wang X., Barone F.C., Aiyar N.V., Feuerstein G.Z. Interleukin-1 receptor and receptor antagonist gene expression after focal stroke in rats. Stroke. 28:1997;155-162.
112. Wang X., Yue T.L., Barone F.C., White R.F., Gagnon R.C., Feuerstein G.Z. Concomitant cortical expression of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA following transient focal ischemia. Molec. chem. Neuropath. 23:1994;103-114.
113. Weiss S., Cataltepe O., Cole A.J. Anatomical studies of DNA fragmentation in rat brain after systemic kainate administration. Neuroscience. 74:1996;541-551.
114. Werner P., Voigt M., Keinanen K., Wisden W., Seeburg P.H. Cloning of a putative high-affinity kainate receptor expressed predominantly in hippocampal CA3 cells. Nature. 351:1991;742-744.
115. Wijsman J.H., Jonker R.R., Keijzer R., Van De Velde C.J.H., Cornelisse C.J., Van Direndonck J.H. A new method to detect apoptosis in paraffin sections: in situ end labeling of fragment DNA. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 41:1993;7-12.
116. Yabuuchi K., Minami M., Katsumata S., Satoh M. In situ hybridization study of interleukin-1β mRNA induced by kainic acid in the rat brain. Molec. Brain Res. 20:1993;153-161.
117. Yabuuchi K., Minami M., Katsumata S., Yamazaki A., Satoh M. An in situ hybridization study on interleukin-1β mRNA induced by transient forebrain ischemia in the rat brain. Molec. Brain Res. 26:1994;135-142.
118. Yabuuchi K., Minami S., Katsumata M., Satoh M. Localization of type I interleukin-1 receptor mRNA in the rat brain. Molec. Brain Res. 27:1994;27-36.
119. Yamasaki Y., Matsuura N., Shozuhara H., Onodera H., Itoyama Y.K.K. Interleukin-1 as a pathogenetic mediator of ischemic brain damage in the rats. Stroke. 26:1995;676-681.
120. Yang G.-Y., Zhao Y.-J., Davidson B.L., Betz A.L. Overexpression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the mouse brain reduces ischemic brain injury. Brain Res. 751:1997;181-188.
121. Yuan J., Shanam S., Ledoux S., Ellis H.M., Horvitz H.R. The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1β-converting enzyme. Cell. 75:1993;641-652.
122. Zhao B. and Schwartz J. P. (1998) Involvement of cytokines in normal CNS development and neurological diseases recent progress and perspectives. J. Neurosci. Res. 52, 7-16.