Identification and ontogenesis of the nomen nudum hypotrichs (Protozoa: Ciliophora) Oxytricha nova (= Sterkiella nova sp. n.) and O. trifallax (= S. histriomuscorum)

Acta Protozoologica

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 215-248

  Foissner, Wilhelm ^a   Berger, Helmut ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG   (Austria)

^b Technisches Buro F Okologie   (Austria)

Author keywords

Infraciliature; Nomenclature; Oxytricha nova; Oxytricha trifallax; Oxytrichidae; Sibling species; Sterkiella histriomuscorum; Sterkiella nova sp. n.

Indexed keywords

GENE SEQUENCING; GENETIC ANALYSIS; IDENTIFICATION; MORPHOLOGY; ONTOGENY;

OXYTRICHA NOVA; OXYTRICHA TRIFALLAX; STERKIELLA HISTRIOMUSCORUM; STERKIELLA NOVA;

EID: 0032802288     PISSN: 00651583     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Adl S. M., Berger J. D. (1997) Timing of life cycle morphogenesis in synchronous samples of Sterkiella histriomuscorum I. The vegetative cell cycle. Europ. J. Protistol. 33: 99-109
2. Allen R. L., Olins D. E. (1984) Cytochemistry of the chromatin replication band in hypotrichous ciliated protozoa staining with silver and thiol-specific coumarin maleimide. Chromosoma 91: 82-86
3. Ammermann D. (1985) Species characterization and speciation in the Stylonychia/Oxytricha group (Ciliata, Hypotrichida, Oxytrichidae). Memorie Soc. tosc. Sci. nat. Serie B 92:15-27
4. Ammermann D., Schlegel M. (1983) Characterization of two sibling species of the genus Stylonychia (Ciliata, Hypotricha): S. mytilus Ehrenberg, 1838 and S. lemnae sp. n. I. Morphology and reproductive behavior. J. Protozool. 30: 290-294
5. Augustin H., Foissner W. (1992) Morphologie und Ökologie einiger Ciliaten (Protozoa: Ciliophora) aus dem Belebtschlamm. Arch. Protistenk. 141: 243-283
6. Berchtold M., Breunig A., König H. (1995) Culture and phylogenetic characterization of Trichomitus trypanoides Duboscq & Grasse 1924, n. comb.: a trichomonad flagellate isolated from the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis Feytaud. J. Euk. Microbiol. 42: 388-391
7. Berger H. (1999) Monograph of the Oxytrichidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Kluwer Academic Publishers (in press)
8. Berger H., Foissner W. (1987) Morphology and biometry of some soil hypotrichs (Protozoa: Ciliophora). Zool. Jb. Syst. 114: 193-239
9. Berger H., Foissner W. (1997) Cladistic relationships and generic characterization of oxytrichid hypotrichs (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Arch. Protistenk. 148: 125-155
10. Berger H., Foissner W., Adam H. (1985) Morphological variation and comparative analysis of morphogenesis in Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) nov. gen. and Histriculus muscorum (Kahl, 1932), (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida). Protistologica 21:295-311
11. Bernhard D., Leipe D. D., Sogin M. L., Schlegel K. M. (1995) Phylogenetic relationships of the Nassulida within the phylum Ciliophora inferred from the complete small subunit rRNA gene sequences of Furgasonia blochmanni, Obertrumia georgiana, and Pseudomicrothorax dubius. J. Euk. Microbiol. 42: 126-131
12. Borror A. C. (1972) Revision of the order Hypotrichida (Ciliophora, Protozoa). J. Protozool. 19: 1-23
13. Boswell R. E., Klobutcher L. A., Prescott D. M. (1982) Inverted terminal repeats are added to genes during macronuclear development in Oxytricha nova. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79: 3255-3259
14. Boswell R. E., Jahn C. L., Greslin A. F., Prescott D. M. (1983) Organization of gene and non-gene sequences in micronuclear DNA of Oxytricha nova. Nucleic Acids Res. 11: 3651-3663
15. Butler A. P., Laughlin T. J., Cadilla C. L., Henry J. M., Olins D. E. (1984) Physical structure of gene-sized chromatin from the protozoan Oxytricha. Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 3201-3217
16. Cech T. R. (1990) Selbstspleißen und enzymatische Aktivität einer intervenierenden Sequenz der RNA von Tetrahymena (Nobel-Vortrag). Angew. Chem. 102: 745-755
17. Corliss J. O. (1960) The problem of homonyms among generic names of ciliated protozoa, with proposal of several new names. J. Protozool. 7: 269-278
18. Corliss J. O., Daggett P.-M. (1983) "Paramecium aurelia" and "Tetrahymena pyriformis": current status of the taxonomy and nomenclature of these popularly known and widely used ciliates. Protistologica 19: 307-322
19. Delgado P., Calvo P., Torres A. (1988) Euplotes cytoskeleton: tubulin and microtubular systems in interphase. J. Protozool. 35: 393-399
20. Delgado P., Romero M. Del R., Torres A. (1991) Alpha/beta inversion of the Euplotes and Oxytricha tubulins. Cytobios 66: 87-91
21. Delhez F., Chardez D. (1970) Protozoaires des grottes de Belgique. Annls Spéléol. 25: 107-137
22. Doak T. G., Witherspoon D. J., Doerder F. P., Williams K., Herrick G. (1997) Conserved features of TBE1 transposons in ciliated protozoa. Genetica 99: 1-12
23. Dragesco J. (1970) Ciliés libres du Cameroun. Annls Fac. Sci. Univ. féd. Cameroun (numéro hors-série): 1-141
24. Dragesco J., Dragesco-Kernéis A. (1986) Ciliés libres de l'Afrique intertropicale. Introduction à la connaissance et à l'étude des ciliés. Faune tropicale (Éditions de l'Orstom) 26: 1-559
25. DuBois M., Prescott D. M. (1995) Scrambling of the actin I gene in two Oxytricha species. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92: 3888-3892
26. Eigner P. (1999) Comparison of divisional morphogenesis in four morphologically different clones of the genus Gonostomum and update of the natural hypotrich system (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida). Europ. J. Protistol. 35: 34-48
27. Elwood H. J., Olsen G. J., Sogin M. L. (1985) The small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences from the hypotrichous ciliates Oxytricha nova and Stylonychia pustulata. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2: 399-410
28. Fang G., Cech T. R. (1993) Oxytricha telomere-binding protein: DNA dependent dimerization of the α and ß subunits. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 6056-6060
29. Fang G., Gray J. T., Cech T. R. (1993) Oxytricha telomere-binding protein: separable DNA-binding and dimerization domains of the α-subunit. Genes & Development 7: 870-882
30. Foissner W. (1982) Ökologie und Taxonomie der Hypotrichida (Protozoa: Ciliophora) einiger österreichischer Böden. Arch. Protistenk. 126: 19-143
31. Foissner W. (1991) Basic light and scanning electron microscopic methods for taxonomic studies of ciliated protozoa. Europ. J. Protistol. 27: 313-330
32. Foissner W. (1996) Ontogenesis in ciliated protozoa with emphasis on stomatogenesis. In: Ciliates: Cells as Organisms, (Eds. K. Hausmann and P.C. Bradbury) Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 95-177.
33. Foissner W. (1998) An updated compilation of world soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora), with ecological notes, new records, and descriptions of new species. Europ. J. Protistol. 34: 195-235
34. Foissner W., Gschwind K. (1998) Taxonomy of some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Germany. Ber. Nat.-Med. Ver. Salzburg 12: 25-76
35. Foissner W., Blatterer H., Berger H., Kohmann F. (1991) Taxonomische und ökologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems - Band I: Cyrtophorida, Oligotrichida, Hypotrichia, Colpodea. Informationsberichte des Bayer. Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft 1/91: 1-478
36. Gajadhar A. A., Marquardt W. C., Hall R., Gunderson J., Ariztia-Carmona E. V., Sogin M. L. (1991) Ribosomal RNA sequences of Sarcocystis muris, Theileria annulata and Crypthecodinium cohnii reveal evolutionary relationships among apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, and ciliates. Molec. Biochem. Parasitol. 45: 147-154
37. Gellért J. (1957) Néhány hazai lomblevelü es tülevelü erdö talajának ciliáta-faunája (Ciliatenfauna im Humus einiger ungarischen Laubund Nadelholzwälder). Annls Inst. biol. Tihany 24: 11-34 (in Hungarian with German summary)
38. Gellért J., Tamás G. (1958) Detritusz-turzások kovamoszatainak és csillósainak ökológiai vizsgálata a Tihanyi-félsziget keleti partján (Ökologische Untersuchungen an Diatomeen und Ciliaten der Detritus-Drifte am Ostufer der Halbinsel Tihany). Annls Inst. biol. Tihany 25: 217-240 (in Hungarian with German comprehensive summary)
39. Génermont J., Lamotte M. (1980) Le concept biologique de l'espèce dans la zoologie contemporaine. In: Les Problèmes de l'Espèce dans le Règne Animal, (Eds. C. Bocquet, J. Génermont and M. Lamotte) tome III (Mém. Soc Zool Fr., no 40) Société Zoologique de France, Paris, 427-452
40. Giese A. C., Alden R. H. (1938) Cannibalism and giant formation in Stylonychia. J. exp. Zool. 78: 117-134
41. Gottschling D. E., Cech T. R. (1984) Chromatin structure of the molecular ends of Oxytricha macronuclear DNA: phased nucleosomes and a telomeric complex. Cell 38: 501-510
42. Gottschling D. E., Zakian V. A. (1986) Telomere proteins: specific recognition and protection of the natural termini of Oxytricha macronuclear DNA. Cell 47: 195-205
43. Gray J. T., Celander D. W., Price C. M., Cech T. R. (1991) Cloning and expression of genes for the Oxytricha telomere-binding protein: specific subunit interactions in the telomeric complex. Cell 67: 807-814
44. Greenwood S. J., Schlegel M., Sogin M. L., Lynn D. H. (1991a) Phylogenetic relationships of Blepharisma americanum and Colpoda inflata within the phylum Ciliophora inferred from complete small subunit rRNA gene sequences. J. Protozool. 38: 1-6
45. Greenwood S. J., Sogin M. L., Lynn D. H. (1991b) Phylogenetic relationships within the class Oligohymenophorea, phylum Ciliophora, inferred from the complete small subunit rRNA gene sequences of Colpidium campylum, Glaucoma chattoni, and Opisthonecta henneguyi. J. molec. Evolut. 33: 163-174
46. Greslin A. F., Loukin S. H., Oka Y., Prescott D. M. (1988) An analysis of the macronuclear actin genes of Oxytricha. DNA 7: 529-536
47. Greslin A. F., Prescott D. M., Oka Y., Loukin S. H., Chappell J. C. (1989) Reordering of nine exons is necessary to form a functional actin gene in Oxytricha nova. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86: 6264-6268
48. Grimes G. W. (1972) Cortical structure in non-dividing and cortical morphogenesis in dividing Oxytricha fallax. J. Protozool. 19: 428-445
49. Grimes G. W., Adler J. A. (1976) The structure and development of the dorsal bristle complex of Oxytricha fallax and Stylonychia pustulata. J. Protozool. 23: 135-143
50. Gunderson J., Hinkle G., Leipe D., Morrison H. G., Stickel S. K., Odelson D. A., Breznak J. A., Nerad T. A., Müller M., Sogin M. L. (1995) Phylogeny of trichomonads inferred from small-subunit rRNA sequences. J. Euk. Microbiol. 42: 411-415
51. Herrick G. (1992) Non-coding DNA in macronuclear chromosomes of hypotrichous ciliates. J. Protozool. 39: 309-312
52. Hicke B. J., Celander D. W., MacDonald G. H., Price C. M., Cech T. R. (1990) Two versions of the gene encoding the 41-kilodalton subunit of the telomere binding protein of Oxytricha nova. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87: 1481-1485
53. Hicke B., Rempel R., Maller J., Swank R. A., Hamaguchi J. R., Bradbury E. M., Prescott D. M., Cech T. R. (1995) Phosphorylation of the Oxytricha telomere protein: possible cell cycle regulation. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 1887-1893
54. Hoffman D. C., Prescott D. M. (1996) The germline gene encoding DNA polymerase a in the hypotrichous ciliate Oxytricha nova is extremely scrambled. Nucleic Acids Res. 24: 3337-3340
55. Hoffman D. C., Prescott D. M. (1997a) Evolution of internal eliminated segments and scrambling in the micronuclear gene encoding DNA polymerase a in two Oxytricha species. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 1883-1889
56. Hoffman D. C., Prescott D. M. (1997b) Phylogenetic relationships among hypotrichous ciliates determined with the macronuclear gene encoding the large, catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase α. J. Mol. Evol. 45: 301-310
57. Hoffman D. C., Anderson R. C., DuBois M. L., Prescott D. M. (1995) Macronuclear gene-sized molecules of hypotrichs. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 1279-1283
58. Horváth J. (1956) Beiträge zur Kenntnis einiger neuer Bodenciliaten. Arch. Protistenk. 101: 269-276
59. Hunter D. J., Cartinhour S., Williams K., Herrick G. (1989) Precise excision of telomere-bearing transposons during Oxytricha fallax macronuclear development. Genes & Development 3: 2101-2112
60. rd ed. Berkeley & Los Angeles.
61. 4 repeats in Oxytricha nova. Expl Cell Res. 177: 162-175
62. Jahn C. L., Prescott K. E., Waggener, M. W. (1988) Organization of the micronuclear genome of Oxytricha nova. Genetics 120: 123-134
63. Kahl A. (1932) Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 3. Spirotricha. Tierwelt Dtl. 25: 399-650
64. Kay M. W. (1945) Studies on Oxytricha bifaria Stokes II. Cystic reorganization. Trans. Am. microsc. Soc. 64: 267-282
65. Klobutcher L. A. (1987) Micronuclear organization of macronuclear genes in the hypotrichous ciliate Oxytricha nova. J. Protozool. 34: 424-428
66. Klobutcher L. A., Herrick G. (1997) Developmental genome reorganization in ciliated protozoa: the transposon link. In: Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, (Eds. W.E. Cohn and K. Moldave) Academic Press, San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto 56: 1-62
67. Klobutcher L. A., Jahn C. L. (1991) Developmentally controlled genomic rearrangements in ciliated protozoa. Curr. Op. Genet. Develop. 1: 397-403
68. Klobutcher L. A., Prescott D. M. (1986) The special case of the hypotrichs. In: The Molecular Biology of Ciliated Protozoa, (Ed. J.G. Gall). Academic Press, Orlando, San Diego, New York, Austin, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, 111-154
69. Klobutcher L. A., Swanton M. T., Donini P., Prescott D. M. (1981) All gene-sized DNA molecules in four species of hypotrichs have the same terminal sequence and an unusual 3′ terminus. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78: 3015-3019
70. Klobutcher L. A., Jahn C. L., Prescott D. M. (1984) Internal sequences are eliminated from genes during macronuclear development in the ciliated protozoan Oxytricha nova. Cell 36: 1045-1055
71. Klobutcher L. A., Vailonis-Walsh A. M., Cahill K., Ribas-Aparicio R. M. (1986) Gene-sized macronuclear DNA molecules are clustered in micronuclear chromosomes of the ciliate Oxytricha nova. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6: 3606-3613
72. Klobutcher L. A., Huff M. E., Gonye G. E. (1988) Alternative use of chromosome fragmentation sites in the ciliated protozoan Oxytricha nova. Nucleic Acids Res. 16: 251-264
73. Kraut H., Lipps H. J., Prescott D. M. (1986) The genome of hypotrichous ciliates. Int. Rev. Cytol. 99: 1-28
74. Krishnan S., Barnabas S., Barnabas J. (1990) Interrelationships among major protistan groups based on a parsimony network of 5S rRNA sequences. BioSystems 24: 135-144
75. Lee R. E., Kugrens P. (1992) Relationship between the flagellates and the ciliates. Microbiol. Rev. 56: 529-542
76. Leipe D. D., Bernhard D., Schlegel M., Sogin M. L. (1994) Evolution of 16S-like ribosomal RNA genes in the ciliophoran taxa Litostomatea and Phyllopharyngea. Europ. J. Protistol. 30: 354-361
77. Lingner J., Hendrick L. L., Cech T. R. (1994) Telomerase RNAs of different ciliates have a common secondary structure and a permuted template. Genes & Development 8: 1984-1998
78. Lipps H. J., Gruissem W., Prescott D. M. (1982) Higher order DNA structure in macronuclear chromatin of the hypotrichous ciliate Oxytricha nova. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79: 2495-2499
79. Lynn D. H., Sogin M. L. (1988) Assessment of phylogenetic relationships among ciliated protists using partial ribosomal RNA sequences derived from reverse transcripts. BioSystems 21: 249-254
80. Mansour S. J., Hoffman D. C., Prescott D. M. (1994) A gene-sized molecule encoding the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase α in the macronucleus of Oxytricha nova. Gene 144: 155-161
81. Martin J., Grimes G. (1987) La ZAM n'inhibe pas la stomatogénése chez Oxytricha nova. Society of Protozoologists 1986 Abstracts, 267
82. Matis D., Danišková M. (1972) Notes on two species of ciliates of the order Hypotrichida from rain-water pools in Slovakia. Acta Fac. Rerum nat. Univ. comen., Bratisl., Series Zoologia 17: 49-53
83. Melek M., Davis B. T., Shippen D. E. (1994) Oligonucleotides complementary to the Oxytricha nova telomerase RNA delineate the template domain and uncover a novel mode of primer utilization. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 7827-7838
84. Mitcham J. L., Lynn A. J., Prescott D. M. (1992) Analysis of a scrambled gene: the gene encoding α-telomere-binding protein in Oxytricha nova. Genes & Development 6: 788-800
85. Mitcham J. L., Prescott D. M., Miller M. K. (1994) The micronuclear gene encoding ß-telomere binding protein in Oxytricha nova. J. Euk. Microbiol. 41: 478-480
86. Mote R. F. (1954) A study of soil protozoa on an Iowa virgin prairie. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 61: 570-592
87. Nakamura T., Matsusaka T. (1991) Effects of cyst age on excystment of the ciliate Histriculus cavicola (Kahl, 1935) (Ciliophora: Stichotrichia). Europ. J. Protistol. 27: 375-380
88. Nanney D. L., McCoy J. W. (1976) Characterization of the species of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex. Trans. Am. microsc. Soc. 95: 664-682
89. Nieto J. J., Torres A., Pérez-Silva J. (1982) Ciclo celular de Histriculus muscorum. Boln. R. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 80: 5-15
90. Nieto J. J., Calvo P., Martin J., Torres A. (1984) Divisional and regenerative morphogenesis in the hypotrichous ciliate, Histriculus sp. Acta Protozool. 23: 187-195
91. Oka Y., Thomas C. A. Jr. (1987) The cohering telomeres of Oxytricha. Nucleic Acids Res. 15: 8877-8898
92. Olins A. L., Cacheiro L. H., Herrmann A. L., Dhar M. S., Olins D. E. (1993) Inaccessibility of the Euplotes telomere binding protein. Chromosoma 102: 700-711
93. Petz W., Foissner W. (1997) Morphology and infraciliature of some soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from continental Antarctica, with notes on the morphogenesis of Sterkiella histriomuscorum. Polar Record 33: 307-326
94. Prescott D. M. (1977) Genetic organization of eukaryotic chromosomes. In: Chromosomes: from Simple to Complex, (Ed. P.A. Roberts). Proceedings of the 35th Annual Biology Colloquium, Oregon State University Press, 55-78
95. Prescott D. M. (1983) The C-value paradox and genes in ciliated protozoa. Modern Cell Biol. 2: 329-352
96. Prescott D. M. (1984) Molecular genetics of a ciliate. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 49: 341-350
97. Prescott D. M. (1992a) Cutting, splicing, reordering, and elimination of DNA sequences in hypotrichous ciliates. BioEssays 14: 317-324
98. Prescott D. M. (1992b) The unusual organization and processing of genomic DNA in hypotrichous ciliates. Trends in Genetics 8: 439-445
99. Prescott D. M. (1993) Restructuring of DNA sequences in the germline genome of Oxytricha. Curr. Op. Genet. Develop. 3: 726-729
100. Prescott D. M. (1994) The DNA of ciliated protozoa. Microbiol. Rev. 58: 233-267
101. Prescott D. M., DuBois M. L. (1996) Internal eliminated segments (IESs) of Oxytrichidae. J. Euk. Microbiol. 43: 432-441
102. Prescott D. M., Greslin A. F. (1992) Scrambled actin I gene in the micronucleus of Oxytricha nova. Developm. Genet. 13: 66-74
103. Prescott D. M., Swanton M. T., Boswell R. E. (1982) The organization of genes in chromosomes in some ciliated protozoa. NATO advanced study Institutes, Series A (Life Sciences) 38: 521-534
104. Price C. M., Cech T. R. (1987) Telomeric DNA-protein interactions of Oxytricha macronuclear DNA. Genes & Development 1: 783-793
105. Price C. M., Cech T. R. (1989) Properties of the telomeric DNA-binding protein from Oxytricha nova. Biochemistry 28: 769-774
106. Raghuraman M. K., Cech T. R. (1989) Assembly and self-association of Oxytricha telomeric nucleoprotein complexes. Cell 59:719-728
107. Raghuraman M. K., Cech T. R. (1990) Effect of monovalent cation-induced telomeric DNA structure on the binding of Oxytricha telomeric protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 4543-4552
108. Raghuraman M. K., Dunn C. J., Hicke B. J., Cech T. R. (1989) Oxytricha telomeric nucleoprotein complexes reconstituted with synthetic DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 17: 4235-4253
109. Raikov I. B. (1989) Nuclear genome of the protozoa. Progr. Protistol. 3:21-86
110. Raikov I. B. (1992) Nuclear differentiation and heteromorphism of nuclei in protozoa. Tsitologiya 34: 3-16 (in Russian with English summary)
111. Ribas-Aparicio R. M., Sparkowski J. J., Proulx A. E., Mitchell J. D., Klobutcher L. A. (1987) Nucleic acid splicing events occur frequently during macronuclear development in the protozoan Oxytricha nova and involve the elimination of unique DNA. Genes & Development 1: 323-336
112. Sapra G. R., Steinbrück G., Ammermann D. (1985) Characterization of gene sized DNA molecules in several species of hypotrichous ciliates. Indian J. exp. Biol. 23: 625-628
113. Schlegel M. (1985) Comparative study of allozyme variation in eight species of hypotrichous ciliates (Polyhymenophora, Ciliophora). Z. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 23: 171-183
114. Schlegel M. (1991) Protist evolution and phylogeny as discerned from small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons. Europ. J. Protistol. 27: 207-219
115. Schlegel M., Steinbrück G. (1986) Interspezifische Variabilität bei hypotrichen Ciliaten. Z. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 24: 247-266
116. Schlegel M., Elwood H. J., Sogin M. L. (1991) Molecular evolution in hypotrichous ciliates: sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes from Onychodromus quadricornutus and Oxytricha granulifera (Oxytrichidae, Hypotrichida, Ciliophora). J. molec. Evolut. 32: 64-69
117. Seegmiller A., Williams K. R., Hammersmith R. L., Doak T. G., Witherspoon D., Messick T., Storjohann L. L., Herrick G. (1996) Internal eliminated sequences interrupting the Oxytricha 81 locus: allelic divergence, conservation, conversion, and possible transposon origins. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 1351-1362
118. Seegmiller A., Williams K. R., Herrick G. (1997) Two two-gene macronuclear chromosomes of the hypotrichous ciliates Oxytricha fallax and O. trifallax generated by alternative processing of the 81 locus. Developmental Genetics 20: 348-357
119. Shin M. K., Kim W. (1994) Morphology and biometry of two oxytrichid species of genus Histriculus Corliss, 1960 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida, Oxytrichidae) from Seoul, Korea. Korean J. Zool. 37: 113-119
120. Shippen D. E., Blackburn E. H., Price C. M. (1994) DNA bound by the Oxytricha telomere protein is accessible to telomerase and other DNA polymerases. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91: 405-409
121. Sogin M. L., Elwood H. J., Gunderson J. H. (1986) Evolutionary diversity of eukaryotic small-subunit rRNA genes. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83: 1383-1387
122. Sonneborn T. M. (1975) The Paramecium aurelia complex of fourteen sibling species. Trans. Am. microsc. Soc. 94: 155-178
123. Stein F. (1859) Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere nach eigenen Forschungen in systematischer Reihenfolge bearbeitet. I. Abtheilung. Allgemeiner Theil und Naturgeschichte der hypotrichen Infusionsthiere. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1-206
124. Steinbrück G. (1986) Molecular reorganization during nuclear differentiation in ciliates. In: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Germ Line - Soma Differentiation, (Ed. W. Hennig). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 13: 105-174
125. Steinbrück G. (1990) Recent advances in the study of ciliate genes. Europ. J. Protistol. 26: 2-14
126. Steinbrück G., Schlegel M. (1983) Characterization of two sibling species of the genus Stylonychia (Ciliata, Hypotricha): S. mytilus Ehrenberg, 1838 and S. lemnae sp. n. II. Biochemical characterization. J. Protozool. 30: 294-300
127. Sterki V. (1878) Beiträge zur Morphologie der Oxytrichinen. Z. wiss. Zool. 31: 29-58
128. Swager L., Hammersmith R. L., Herrick G. (1990) Analysis of macronuclear DNA for the determination of genetic diversity in Oxytricha. J. Protozool. Suppl. 37: 4A, Abstract 20
129. Swanton M. T., McCarroll R. M. & Spear B. B. (1982) The organization of macronuclear rDNA molecules of four hypotrichous ciliated protozoans. Chromosoma 85: 1-9
130. Wenzel F. (1953) Die Ciliaten der Moosrasen trockner Standorte. Arch. Protistenk. 99: 70-141
131. Wilbert N. (1975) Eine verbesserte Technik der Protargolimprägnation für Ciliaten. Mikrokosmos, year 1975, issue 6: 171-179
132. Williams K., Doak T. G., Herrick G. (1993) Developmental precise excision of Oxytricha trifallax telomere-bearing elements and formation of circles closed by a copy of the flanking target duplication. EMBO J. 12: 4593-4601
133. Wirnsberger E., Foissner W., Adam H. (1985) Morphological, biometric, and morphogenetic comparison of two closely related species, Stylonychia vorax and S. pustulata (Ciliophora: Oxytrichidae). J. Protozool. 32: 261-268
134. Wirnsberger E., Foissner W., Adam H. (1986) Biometric and morphogenetic comparison of the sibling species Stylonychia mytilus and S. lemnae, including a phylogenetic system for the oxytrichids (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida). Arch. Protistenk. 132: 167-185
135. Witherspoon D. J., Doak T. G., Williams K. R., Seegmiller A., Seger J., Herrick G. (1997) Selection of the protein-coding genes of the TBE1 family of transposable elements in the ciliates Oxytricha fallax and O. trifallax. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14: 696-706
136. Zahler A. M., Prescott D. M. (1988) Telomere terminal transferase activity in the hypotrichous ciliate Oxytricha nova and a model for replication of the ends of linear DNA molecules. Nucleic Acids Res. 16: 6953-6972
137. Zahler A. M., Prescott D. M. (1989) DNA primase and the replication of the telomeres in Oxytricha nova. Nucleic Acids Res. 17: 6299-6317
138. Zahler A. M., Williamson J. R., Cech T. R., Prescott D. M. (1991) Inhibition of telomerase by G-quartet DNA structures. Nature 350: 718-720
139. Zou S.-F., Zhang Z.-R. (1992) Morphology and morphogenesis of Histriculus muscorum Kahl. Acta zool. sin. 38: 345-350 (in Chinese)