Responses of floral traits to selection on primary sexual investment in Spergularia marina: The battle between the sexes

Evolution

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 717-731

  Mazer, Susan J ^a   Delesalle, Véronique A ^b   Neal, Paul R ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b GETTYSBURG COLLEGE   (United States)

^c Department of Biology   (United States)

Author keywords

Artificial selection; Gender; Pollen ovule ratio; Sex allocation

Indexed keywords

EVOLUTION; FLOWER; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; SEX ALLOCATION;

SPERGULARIA MARINA;

EID: 0032799864     PISSN: 00143820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05366.x     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. ÅGREN, J., AND D. W. SCHEMSKE. 1995. Sex allocation in the monoecious herb Begonia semiovata. Evolution 49:121-130.
2. ÅGREN, J., AND M. F. WILLSON. 1991. Gender variation and sexual differences in reproductive characters and seed production in gynodioecious Geranium maculatum. Am. J. Bot. 78:470-480.
3. ASHMAN, T.-L. 1994. Reproductive allocation in hermaphrodite and female plants of Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata (Malvaceae) using four currencies. Am. J. Bot. 81:433-438.
4. ASSOUAD, M. W., B. DOMMÉE, R. LUMARET, AND G. VAEDEYRON. 1978. Reproductive capacities in the sexual forms of the gynodioecious species Thymus vulgaris L. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 77:29-39.
5. ATLAN, A., P. H. GOUYON, T. FOURNIAL, D. POMENTE, AND D. COUVET. 1992. Sex allocation in an hermaphroditic plant: the case of gynodioecy in Thymus vulgaris L. J. Evol. Biol. 5:189-203.
6. BELL, G. 1985. On the function of flowers. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 224:223-265.
7. BIXBY, P. J., AND D. A. LEVIN. 1996. Response to selection on autogamy in Phlox. Evolution 50:892-899.
8. BRUNET, J. 1992. Sex allocation in hermaphroditic plants. Trends Ecol. Evol. 7:79-84.
9. BRUNET, J., AND D. CHARLESWORTH. 1995. Floral sex allocation in sequentially blooming plants. Evolution 49:70-79.
10. CAMPBELL, D. R. 1997. Genetic correlation between biomass allocation to male and female functions in a natural population of Ipomopsis aggregata. Heredity 79:606-614.
11. CHARLESWORTH, D., AND B. CHARLESWORTH. 1981. Allocation of resources to male and female function in hermaphrodites. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 15:57-74.
12. CHARLESWORTH, D., AND M. T. MORGAN. 1991. Allocation or resources to sex functions in flowering plants. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 332:91-102.
13. CHARNOV, E. L. 1979. Simultaneous hermaphroditism and sexual selection. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 76:2480-2484.
14. _. 1982. The theory of sex allocation. Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton, NJ.
15. CLEMENT, C., M. BURRUS, AND J.-C. AUDRAN. 1996. Floral organ growth and carbohydrate content during pollen development in Lilium. Am. J. Bot. 83:459-469.
16. COEN, E. S. 1991. The role of homeotic genes in flower development and evolution. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:241-280.
17. COUVET, D., A. ATLAN, E. BELHASSEN, C. GEIDDON, P.-H. GOUYON, AND F. KJELLBERG. 1990. Coevolution between two symbionts: the case of cytoplasmic male-sterility in higher plants. Oxf. Surv. Evol. Biol. 6:225-249.
18. CRUDEN, R. W. 1977. Pollen-ovule ratios: a conservative indicator of breeding systems in flowering plants. Evolution 31:32-46.
19. CRUDEN, R. W., AND D. L. LYON. 1985. Patterns of biomass allocation to male and female functions in plants with different mating systems. Oecologia 66:299-306.
20. DAMGAARD, C., AND R. J. ABBOTT. 1995. Positive correlations between selfing rate and pollen-ovule ratio within plant populations. Evolution 49:214-217.
21. DAMGAARD, C., AND V. LOESCHCKE. 1994. Genotypic variation for reproductive characters, and the influence of pollen-ovule ratio on selfing rate in rape seed (Brassica napus). J. Evol. Biol. 7: 599-607.
22. DARWIN, C. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. John Murray, London.
23. DAVID, J. L., AND J. L. PHAM. 1993. Rapid changes in pollen production in experimental outcrossing populations of wheat. J. Evol. Biol. 6:659-676.
24. DE JONG, G., AND A. J. VAN NOORDWIJK. 1992. Acquisition and allocation of resources: genetic (co)variances, selection, and life histories. Am. Nat. 139:749-770.
25. DE LAGUERIE, P., I. OLIVIERI, A. ATLAN, AND R-H. GOUYON. 1991. Analytic and simulation models predicting positive genetic correlations between traits linked by trade-offs. Evol. Ecol. 5:361-369.
26. DELESALLE, V., AND S. J. MAZER. 1995. The structure of phenotypic variation in gender and floral traits within and among populations of Spergularia marina (Caryophyllaceae). Am. J. Bot. 82:798-810.
27. _. 1996. Nutrient levels and salinity affect gender and floral traits in the autogamous Spergularia marina. Int. J. Plant Sci. 157:570-580.
28. DELESALLE, V. A., AND P. D. MOORESIDE. 1995. Estimating the costs of allocation to male and female functions in a monoecious cucurbit, Lagenaria siceraria. Oecologia (Berlin) 102:9-16.
29. DELPH, L. F. 1990. Sex-differential resource allocation patterns in the subdioecious shrub Hebe subalpina. Ecology 71:1342-1351.
30. _. 1993. Factors affecting intraplant variation in flowering and fruiting in the gynodioecious species Hebe subalpina. J. Ecol. 81:287-296.
31. ECKHART, V. M. 1992a. Resource compensation and the evolution of gynodioecy in Phacelia linearis (Hydrophyllaceae). Evolution 46:1313-1328.
32. _. 1992b. The genetics of gender and the effects of gender on floral characters in gynodioecious Phacelia linearis (Hydrophyllaceae). Am. J. Bot. 79:792-800.
33. FALCONER, D. S., AND T. F. C. MACKAY. 1996. Introduction to quantitative genetics. 4th ed. Longman, Essex, U.K.
34. FENSTER, C. B., AND D. E. CARR. 1997. Genetics of sex allocation in Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae). J. Evol. Biol. 10:641-661.
35. GARNIER, P., S. MAURICE, AND I. OLIVIERI. 1993. Costly pollen in maize. Evolution 47:946-949.
36. GROMKO, M. H. 1995. Unpredictability of correlated response to selection: pleiotropy and sampling interact. Evolution 49:685-693.
37. HOULE, D. 1991. Genetic covariance of fitness correlates: what genetic correlations are made of and why it matters. Evolution 45:630-648.
38. HUANG, H., AND H. MA. 1997. FON1, an Arabidopsis gene that terminates floral meristem activity and controls flower organ number. Plant Cell 9:115-134.
39. JOLLS, C. L., AND T. C. CHENIER. 1989. Gynodioecy in Silene vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae): progeny success, experimental design, and maternal effects. Am. J. Bot. 76:1360-1367.
40. KOHN, J. R. 1989. Sex ratio, seed production, biomass allocation, and the cost of male function in Cucurbita foetidissima HBK (Cucurbitaceae). Evolution 43:1424-1434.
41. LEVIN, J. Z., AND E. M. MEYEROWITZ. 1995. UFO: an Arabidopsis gene involved in both floral meristem and floral organ development. Plant Cell 7:529-548.
42. LLOYD, D. G. 1984. Gender allocations in outcrossing cosexual plants. Pp. 277-300 in R. Dirzo and J. Sarukhán, eds. Perspectives on plant population ecology, Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
43. LLOYD, D. G., AND K. S. BAWA. 1984. Modifications of the gender of seed plants in varying conditions. Evol. Biol. 17:255-338.
44. MAKI, M. 1993. Outcrossing and fecundity advantage of females in gynodioecious Chionographis japonica var. kurohimensis (Liliaceae). Am. J. Bot. 80:629-634.
45. MAZER, S. J. 1992. Environmental and genetic sources of variation in floral traits and phenotypic gender in wild radish: consequences for natural selection. Pp. 281-325 in R. Wyatt, ed. Ecology and evolution of plant reproduction: new approaches. Chapman amd Hall, New York.
46. MAZER, S. J., AND V. A. DELESALLE. 1996a. Floral trait variation in Spergularia marina (Caryophyllaceae): ontogenetic, maternal family, and population effects. Heredity 77:269-281.
47. _. 1996b. Temporal instability of genetic components of floral trait variation: maternal family and population effects in Spergularia marina (Caryophyllaceae). Evolution 50:2509-2515.
48. _. 1996e. Covariation among floral traits in Spergularia marina (Caryophyllaceae): geographic and temporal variation in phenotypic and among-family correlations. J. Evol. Biol. 9:993-1015.
49. -. 1998. Contrasting variation within and covariation between gender-related traits in autogamous versus outcrossing species: alternative evolutionary predictions. Evol. Ecol. 12: 403-425.
50. MAZER, S. J., AND C. T. SCHICK. 1991a. Constancy of population parameters for life-history and floral traits in Raphanus sativus L. II. Effects of planting density on phenotype and heritability estimates. Evolution 45:1888-1907.
51. _. 1991b. Constancy of population parameters for life history and floral traits in Raphanus sativus L. I. Norms of reaction and the nature of genotype by environment interactions. Heredity 67:143-156.
52. MCKONE, M. J. 1987. Sex allocation and outcrossing rate: a test of theoretical predictions using bromegrasses (Bromus). Evolution 41:591-598.
53. _. 1989. Intraspecific variation in pollen yield in Bromegrass (Poaceae: Bromus). Am. J. Bot. 76:231-237.
54. MIONE, T., AND G. J. ANDERSON. 1992. Pollen-ovule ratios and breeding system evolution in Solanum section Basarthrum (Solanaceae). Am. J. Bot. 79:279-287.
55. MOLINAFREANER, F., AND S. K. JAIN. 1992. Female frequencies and fitness components between sex phenotypes among gynodioecious populations of the colonizing species Trifolium hirtum all in California. Oecologia 92:279-286.
56. MOSSOP, R., M. R. MACNAIR, AND A. W. ROBERTSON. 1994. Within-population variation in sexual resource allocation in Mimulus guttatus. Funct. Ecol. 8:410-418.
57. NAGASAWA, N., M. MIYOSHI, H. KITANO, H. SATOH, AND Y. NAGATO. 1996. Mutations associated with floral organ number in rice. Planta (Heidelberg) 198:627-633.
58. NIETO FELINER, G. 1991. Breeding systems and related floral traits in several Erysimum (Cruciferae). Can. J. Bot. 69:2515-2521.
59. O'NEIL, P., AND J. SCHMITT. 1993. Genetic constraints on the independent evolution of male and female reproductive characters in the tristylous plant Lvthrum salicaria. Evolution 47:1457-1471.
60. ORNDUFF, R. 1969. Reproductive biology in relation to systematics. Taxon 18:121-133.
61. PARKER, I. M., R. R. NAKAMURA, AND D. W. SCHEMSKE. 1995. Reproductive allocation and the fitness consequences of selfing in two sympatric species of Epilobium (Onagraceae) with contrasting mating systems. Am. J. Bot. 82:1007-1016.
62. PETTERSSON, M. W. 1992. Advantages of being a specialist female in gynodioecious Silene vulgaris S.L. Caryophyllaceae. Am. J. Bot. 79:1389-1395.
63. PLITMANN, U., AND D. A. LEVIN. 1990. Breeding systems in the Polemoniaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 170:205-214.
64. POOT, P. 1997. Reproductive allocation and resource compensation in male-sterile and hermaphroditic plants of Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae). Am. J. Bot. 84:1256-1265.
65. PUTERBAUGH, M. N., A. WIED, AND C. GALEN. 1997. The functional ecology of gynodioecy in Eritrichum aretioides (Boraginaceae): the Alpine forget-me-not. Am. J. Bot. 84:393-400.
66. QUELLER, D. C. 1984. Pollen-ovule ratios and hermaphrodite sexual allocation strategies. Evolution 38:1148-1151.
67. RAMEAU, C., AND P.-H. GOUYON. 1991. Resource allocation to growth, reproduction and survival in Gladiolus: the cost of male function. J. Evol. Biol. 4:291-307.
68. REDBO-TORSTENSSON, P. 1994. Variation in plastic response to a salinity gradient within a population of the halophytic plant Spergularia marina. Oikos 70:349-358.
69. RITLAND, C., AND K. RITLAND. 1989. Variation of sex allocation among eight taxa of the Mimulus guttatus complex (Scrophulariaceae). Am. J. Bot. 76:1731-1739.
70. ROBERTSON, A. 1977. The non-linearity of offspring parent regression. Pp. 297-304 in E. Pollak. O. Kempthorne, and T. B. Bailey, eds. Proceedings of the international conference on quantitative genetics. Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
71. ROBERTSON, A. W., A. DIAZ, AND M. R. MACNAIR. 1994. The quantitative genetics of floral characters in Mimulus guttatus. Heredity 72:300-311.
72. ROFF, D. A. 1997. Evolutionary quantitative genetics. Chapman and Hall, New York.
73. SANDMEIER, M., AND I. DAJOZ. 1997. Allocation to reproduction in pearl millet: correlations between male and female functions. Int. J. Plant Sci. 158:510-518.
74. SAVOLAINEN, O., K. KARKKAINEN, A. HARJU, T. NIKKANEN, AND M. RUSANEN. 1993. Fertility variation in Pinus sylvestris: a test of sexual allocation theory. Am. J. Bot. 80:1016-1020.
75. SCHARLOO, W. 1987. Constraints in selection response. Pp. 125-150 in V. Loeschcke, ed. Genetic constraints on adaptive evolution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
76. SCHOEN, D. J. 1982. Male reproductive effort and breeding system in an hermaphroditic plant. Oecologia 53:255-257.
77. SILVERTOWN, J. 1987. The evolution of hermaphroditism. An experimental test of the resource model. Oecologia 53:255-257.
78. STANTON, M. L., AND L. F. GALLOWAY. 1990. Natural selection and allocation to reproduction in flowering plants. Pp. 1-50 in M. Mangel, ed. Sex allocation and sex change: experiments and models. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI.
79. STANTON, M. L., AND R. E. PRESTON. 1988. Ecological consequences and phenotypic correlates of petal size variation in wild radish, Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae). Am. J. Bot. 75:528-539.
80. STANTON, M. L., AND H. J. YOUNG. 1994. Selecting for floral character associations in wild radish, Raphanus sativus L. J. Evol. Biol. 7:271-285.
81. STANTON, M. L., A. A. SNOW, AND S. N. HANDEL. 1986. Floral evolution: attractiveness to pollinators increases male fitness. Science 232:1625-27.
82. STANTON, M. L., J. BERECZKY, AND H. D. HASBROUCK. 1987. Pollination thoroughness and maternal yield regulation in wild radish: Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae). Oecologia 74:68-76.
83. STERK, A. A. 1969a. Biosystematic studies of Spergularia media and 5. marina in the Netherlands. I. The morphological variability of S. media. Acta Bot. Neerl 18:325-338.
84. _. 1969b. Reduction of the androecium in Spergularia marina (Caryophyllaceae). Acta Bot. Neerl. 19:488-494.
85. STERK, A. A., AND L. DIJKHUIZEN. 1972. The relation between the genetic determination and the ecological significance of the seed wing in Spergularia media and S. marina. Acta Bot. Neerl. 21: 481-490.
86. THOMSON, J. D., AND S. C. H. BARRETT. 1981. Temporal variation of gender in Aralia hispida Vent. (Araliaceae). Evolution 35: 1094-1107.
87. THOMSON, J. D., M. A. MCKENNA, AND M. B. CRUZAN. 1989. Temporal patterns of nectar and pollen production in Aralia hispida: implications for reproductive success. Ecology 70:1061-1068.
88. UNGAR, I. A. 1988. Effects of the parental environment on the temperature requirements and salinity tolerance of Spergularia marina seeds. Bot. Gaz. 149:432-436.
89. _. 1992. The effect of intraspecific competition on growth, reproduction, and survival of the halophyte Spergularia marina. Int. J. Plant. Sci. 153:421-424.
90. VASEK, F. C., AND V. WENG. 1988. Breeding systems of Clarkia sect. Phaeostoma (Onagraceae). I. Pollen-ovule ratios. Syst. Bot. 13:336-350.
91. WEIGEL, D., AND E. M. MEYEROWITZ. 1994. The ABCs of floral homeotic genes. Cell 78:203-209.
92. WILKINSON, M. D., AND G. W. HAUGHN. 1995. Unusual floral organs controls meristem identity and organ primordia fate in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 7:1485-1499.
93. WYATT, R. 1984. Evolution of self-pollination in granite outcrop species of Arenaria (Caryophyllaceae). III. Reproductive effort and pollen-ovule ratios. Syst. Bot. 9:432-440.
94. YOUNG, H. J., M. L. STANTON, N. C. ELLSTRAND, AND J. M. CLEGG. 1994. Temporal and spatial variation in heritability and genetic correlations among floral traits in Raphanus sativus, wild radish. Heredity 73:298-308.