R and D corporate planning: Selecting the core technological competencies

Technology Analysis and Strategic Management

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 255-279

  Chiesa, Vittorio ^a   Giglioli, Enrico ^b   Manzini, Raffaella ^b  

^a POLITECNICO DI MILANO   (Italy)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

METHODOLOGY; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 0032796788     PISSN: 09537325     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/095373299107537     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. The paper is the result of the joint work of the authors. However, Vittorio Chiesa is responsible for the first Section and Conclusions, Enrico Giglioli is responsible for the second section, Raffaella Manzini for the fourth section. The third section was written jointly by Vittorio Chiesa and Enrico Giglioli.
2. P. Roussel, K. Saad & T. Erickson, Third Generation R&D (Boston, MA, HBS Press, 1991); R. Coombs, 'Core Competencies and the Strategic Management of R&D', R&D Management, 26, 4, 1996, p. 345; D.M. Amidon Rogers, 'The Challenge of Fifth Generation R&D', Research Technology Management, July-August 1996, p. 33; R. Rothwell, 'Successful Industrial Innovation: Critical Factors for the 1990s', R&D Management, 22, 3, p. 221.
3. P. Roussel, K. Saad & T. Erickson, Third Generation R&D (Boston, MA, HBS Press, 1991); R. Coombs, 'Core Competencies and the Strategic Management of R&D', R&D Management, 26, 4, 1996, p. 345; D.M. Amidon Rogers, 'The Challenge of Fifth Generation R&D', Research Technology Management, July-August 1996, p. 33; R. Rothwell, 'Successful Industrial Innovation: Critical Factors for the 1990s', R&D Management, 22, 3, p. 221.
4. P. Roussel, K. Saad & T. Erickson, Third Generation R&D (Boston, MA, HBS Press, 1991); R. Coombs, 'Core Competencies and the Strategic Management of R&D', R&D Management, 26, 4, 1996, p. 345; D.M. Amidon Rogers, 'The Challenge of Fifth Generation R&D', Research Technology Management, July-August 1996, p. 33; R. Rothwell, 'Successful Industrial Innovation: Critical Factors for the 1990s', R&D Management, 22, 3, p. 221.
5. P. Roussel, K. Saad & T. Erickson, Third Generation R&D (Boston, MA, HBS Press, 1991); R. Coombs, 'Core Competencies and the Strategic Management of R&D', R&D Management, 26, 4, 1996, p. 345; D.M. Amidon Rogers, 'The Challenge of Fifth Generation R&D', Research Technology Management, July-August 1996, p. 33; R. Rothwell, 'Successful Industrial Innovation: Critical Factors for the 1990s', R&D Management, 22, 3, p. 221.
6. A.K. Gupta & D. Wilemon, 'Changing Patterns in Industrial R&D Management', Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13, 1996, p. 49.
7. G. Hamel & C.K. Prahalad, Competing for the Future (Harvard, Harvard Business School Press, 1994).
8. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2.
9. W.W. Lewis & L.H. Linden, 'A New Mission for Corporate Technology', Sloan Management Review, Summer 1990, p. 57.
10. Gupta & Wilemon, op. cit., Ref. 3.
11. C.K. Prahalad & G. Hamel, 'The Core Competence of the Corporation', Harvard Business Review, 68, 3, 1990, p. 79; D. Collis, 'A Resource-based Analysis of Global Competition: The Case of Bearings Industry', Strategic Management Journal, 12, 1991, p. 49; R. Hall R., 'The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources', Strategic Management Journal, 13, 1992, p. 135; G. Hamel & A. Heene, Competence Based Competition (Chichester, John Wiley, 1994). W. Bogner & H. Thomas, 'From Skill to Technological Competencies; The Play Out of Resource Boundless Across Firm', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of Competence Based Competition: Theory and Practice in the New Strategic Management (London, Elsevier, 1996); R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, 'Towards the Theory and Practice of Competence Based Competition', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of competence based competition: theory and practice in the new management, (London, Elsevier, 1996); A. Heene & R. Sanchez, Competence-based Strategic Management (Chichester, John Wiley, 1997).
12. C.K. Prahalad & G. Hamel, 'The Core Competence of the Corporation', Harvard Business Review, 68, 3, 1990, p. 79; D. Collis, 'A Resource-based Analysis of Global Competition: The Case of Bearings Industry', Strategic Management Journal, 12, 1991, p. 49; R. Hall R., 'The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources', Strategic Management Journal, 13, 1992, p. 135; G. Hamel & A. Heene, Competence Based Competition (Chichester, John Wiley, 1994). W. Bogner & H. Thomas, 'From Skill to Technological Competencies; The Play Out of Resource Boundless Across Firm', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of Competence Based Competition: Theory and Practice in the New Strategic Management (London, Elsevier, 1996); R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, 'Towards the Theory and Practice of Competence Based Competition', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of competence based competition: theory and practice in the new management, (London, Elsevier, 1996); A. Heene & R. Sanchez, Competence-based Strategic Management (Chichester, John Wiley, 1997).
13. C.K. Prahalad & G. Hamel, 'The Core Competence of the Corporation', Harvard Business Review, 68, 3, 1990, p. 79; D. Collis, 'A Resource-based Analysis of Global Competition: The Case of Bearings Industry', Strategic Management Journal, 12, 1991, p. 49; R. Hall R., 'The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources', Strategic Management Journal, 13, 1992, p. 135; G. Hamel & A. Heene, Competence Based Competition (Chichester, John Wiley, 1994). W. Bogner & H. Thomas, 'From Skill to Technological Competencies; The Play Out of Resource Boundless Across Firm', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of Competence Based Competition: Theory and Practice in the New Strategic Management (London, Elsevier, 1996); R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, 'Towards the Theory and Practice of Competence Based Competition', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of competence based competition: theory and practice in the new management, (London, Elsevier, 1996); A. Heene & R. Sanchez, Competence-based Strategic Management (Chichester, John Wiley, 1997).
14. C.K. Prahalad & G. Hamel, 'The Core Competence of the Corporation', Harvard Business Review, 68, 3, 1990, p. 79; D. Collis, 'A Resource-based Analysis of Global Competition: The Case of Bearings Industry', Strategic Management Journal, 12, 1991, p. 49; R. Hall R., 'The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources', Strategic Management Journal, 13, 1992, p. 135; G. Hamel & A. Heene, Competence Based Competition (Chichester, John Wiley, 1994). W. Bogner & H. Thomas, 'From Skill to Technological Competencies; The Play Out of Resource Boundless Across Firm', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of Competence Based Competition: Theory and Practice in the New Strategic Management (London, Elsevier, 1996); R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, 'Towards the Theory and Practice of Competence Based Competition', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of competence based competition: theory and practice in the new management, (London, Elsevier, 1996); A. Heene & R. Sanchez, Competence-based Strategic Management (Chichester, John Wiley, 1997).
15. C.K. Prahalad & G. Hamel, 'The Core Competence of the Corporation', Harvard Business Review, 68, 3, 1990, p. 79; D. Collis, 'A Resource-based Analysis of Global Competition: The Case of Bearings Industry', Strategic Management Journal, 12, 1991, p. 49; R. Hall R., 'The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources', Strategic Management Journal, 13, 1992, p. 135; G. Hamel & A. Heene, Competence Based Competition (Chichester, John Wiley, 1994). W. Bogner & H. Thomas, 'From Skill to Technological Competencies; The Play Out of Resource Boundless Across Firm', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of Competence Based Competition: Theory and Practice in the New Strategic Management (London, Elsevier, 1996); R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, 'Towards the Theory and Practice of Competence Based Competition', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of competence based competition: theory and practice in the new management, (London, Elsevier, 1996); A. Heene & R. Sanchez, Competence-based Strategic Management (Chichester, John Wiley, 1997).
16. C.K. Prahalad & G. Hamel, 'The Core Competence of the Corporation', Harvard Business Review, 68, 3, 1990, p. 79; D. Collis, 'A Resource-based Analysis of Global Competition: The Case of Bearings Industry', Strategic Management Journal, 12, 1991, p. 49; R. Hall R., 'The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources', Strategic Management Journal, 13, 1992, p. 135; G. Hamel & A. Heene, Competence Based Competition (Chichester, John Wiley, 1994). W. Bogner & H. Thomas, 'From Skill to Technological Competencies; The Play Out of Resource Boundless Across Firm', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of Competence Based Competition: Theory and Practice in the New Strategic Management (London, Elsevier, 1996); R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, 'Towards the Theory and Practice of Competence Based Competition', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of competence based competition: theory and practice in the new management, (London, Elsevier, 1996); A. Heene & R. Sanchez, Competence-based Strategic Management (Chichester, John Wiley, 1997).
17. C.K. Prahalad & G. Hamel, 'The Core Competence of the Corporation', Harvard Business Review, 68, 3, 1990, p. 79; D. Collis, 'A Resource-based Analysis of Global Competition: The Case of Bearings Industry', Strategic Management Journal, 12, 1991, p. 49; R. Hall R., 'The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources', Strategic Management Journal, 13, 1992, p. 135; G. Hamel & A. Heene, Competence Based Competition (Chichester, John Wiley, 1994). W. Bogner & H. Thomas, 'From Skill to Technological Competencies; The Play Out of Resource Boundless Across Firm', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of Competence Based Competition: Theory and Practice in the New Strategic Management (London, Elsevier, 1996); R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, 'Towards the Theory and Practice of Competence Based Competition', in: R. Sanchez, A. Heene & H. Thomas, Dynamics of competence based competition: theory and practice in the new management, (London, Elsevier, 1996); A. Heene & R. Sanchez, Competence-based Strategic Management (Chichester, John Wiley, 1997).
18. Prahalad & Hamel, op. cit., Ref. 8.
19. Ibid.; G. Hamel, 'Competition for Competence and Interpartner Learning within International Strategic Alliances', Strategic Management Journal, 12, 1992, p. 83.
20. Ibid.; G. Hamel, 'Competition for Competence and Interpartner Learning within International Strategic Alliances', Strategic Management Journal, 12, 1992, p. 83.
21. K. Pavitt, 'Characteristics of the Large Innovative Firm', British Journal of Management, 2, 1991, p. 41.
22. W.M. Cohen & D.A. Levinthal, 'Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation', Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 1990, p. 128.
23. E.B. Roberts, 'Benchmarking the Strategic Management of Technology - I', Research Technology Management, January-February 1995, p. 44; E.B. Roberts, 'Benchmarking the Strategic Management of Technology - II', Research Technology Management, March-April 1995, p. 18.
24. E.B. Roberts, 'Benchmarking the Strategic Management of Technology - I', Research Technology Management, January-February 1995, p. 44; E.B. Roberts, 'Benchmarking the Strategic Management of Technology - II', Research Technology Management, March-April 1995, p. 18.
25. A. D. Little, 'The Strategic Management of Technology', European Management Forum, Davos, 1981;
26. Booz-Allen & Hamilton, 'The Strategic Management of Technology', Outlook, Fall-Winter 1981, p. 29;
27. R.N. Foster, 'Timing Technological Transitions', in: M. Horwitch (Ed.), Technology in the Modern Corporation - A Strategic Perspective (Oxford Pergamon Press, 1986);
28. C. Pappas, 'Strategic Management of Technology', Journal of Product Innovation Management, 1, 1984;
29. G.R. Mitchell, 'New Approaches for the Strategic Management of Technology', in: M. Horwitch (Ed.), Technology in the Modern Corporation - A Strategic Perspective (Oxford Pergamon Press, 1986);
30. A.C. Hax & N.S. Majluf, Strategic Management: An Integrative Perspective (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1984);
31. A.C. Hax & N.S. Majluf, The Strategic Concept and Process: A Pragmatic Approach (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1991);
32. A.C. Hax & M. No, 'Linking Technology and Business Strategies: A Methodological Approach and an Illustration', Working Paper No. 3383-92BPS, February 1992.
33. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2.
34. J. Klein & P.G. Hiscocks, 'Competence-based Competition: A Practical Toolkit', in: G. Hamel & A. Heene, Competence Based Competition (Chichester, John Wiley, 1994).
35. J.H. Scholefield, 'The Allocation of R&D Resources,' R&D Management, 24, 1, 1994, p. 91
36. R.G. Halliday, A.L. Drasdo, C.E. Lumley & S.R. Walker, 'The Allocation of Resources for R&D in the World's Leading Pharmaceutical Companies', R&D Management, 27 1, 1997, p. 63.
37. Among others, see Hax & Majluf and Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14.
38. Hamel & Prahalad, op. cit., Ref. 4; P. Asthana 'Jumping the Technology S-Curve', IEEE Spectrum, June 1995, pp. 49-54; D. Barker and D.J.H. Smith, 'Technology Foresight Using Roadmaps', Long Range Planning, 28, 2, 1995, pp. 21-28; J. Anderson, R. Fears B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times 1997). G. Price, 'Managing Uncertainty and Risk Using Scenarios', in J. Anderson, R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds), Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997). F. Carrubba, 'Reorganising R&D Around Business Creation: Making Technology Pay', in: J. Anderson R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997).
39. Hamel & Prahalad, op. cit., Ref. 4; P. Asthana 'Jumping the Technology S-Curve', IEEE Spectrum, June 1995, pp. 49-54; D. Barker and D.J.H. Smith, 'Technology Foresight Using Roadmaps', Long Range Planning, 28, 2, 1995, pp. 21-28; J. Anderson, R. Fears B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times 1997). G. Price, 'Managing Uncertainty and Risk Using Scenarios', in J. Anderson, R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds), Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997). F. Carrubba, 'Reorganising R&D Around Business Creation: Making Technology Pay', in: J. Anderson R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997).
40. Hamel & Prahalad, op. cit., Ref. 4; P. Asthana 'Jumping the Technology S-Curve', IEEE Spectrum, June 1995, pp. 49-54; D. Barker and D.J.H. Smith, 'Technology Foresight Using Roadmaps', Long Range Planning, 28, 2, 1995, pp. 21-28; J. Anderson, R. Fears B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times 1997). G. Price, 'Managing Uncertainty and Risk Using Scenarios', in J. Anderson, R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds), Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997). F. Carrubba, 'Reorganising R&D Around Business Creation: Making Technology Pay', in: J. Anderson R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997).
41. Hamel & Prahalad, op. cit., Ref. 4; P. Asthana 'Jumping the Technology S-Curve', IEEE Spectrum, June 1995, pp. 49-54; D. Barker and D.J.H. Smith, 'Technology Foresight Using Roadmaps', Long Range Planning, 28, 2, 1995, pp. 21-28; J. Anderson, R. Fears B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times 1997). G. Price, 'Managing Uncertainty and Risk Using Scenarios', in J. Anderson, R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds), Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997). F. Carrubba, 'Reorganising R&D Around Business Creation: Making Technology Pay', in: J. Anderson R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997).
42. Hamel & Prahalad, op. cit., Ref. 4; P. Asthana 'Jumping the Technology S-Curve', IEEE Spectrum, June 1995, pp. 49-54; D. Barker and D.J.H. Smith, 'Technology Foresight Using Roadmaps', Long Range Planning, 28, 2, 1995, pp. 21-28; J. Anderson, R. Fears B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times 1997). G. Price, 'Managing Uncertainty and Risk Using Scenarios', in J. Anderson, R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds), Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997). F. Carrubba, 'Reorganising R&D Around Business Creation: Making Technology Pay', in: J. Anderson R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997).
43. Hamel & Prahalad, op. cit., Ref. 4; P. Asthana 'Jumping the Technology S-Curve', IEEE Spectrum, June 1995, pp. 49-54; D. Barker and D.J.H. Smith, 'Technology Foresight Using Roadmaps', Long Range Planning, 28, 2, 1995, pp. 21-28; J. Anderson, R. Fears B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times 1997). G. Price, 'Managing Uncertainty and Risk Using Scenarios', in J. Anderson, R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds), Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997). F. Carrubba, 'Reorganising R&D Around Business Creation: Making Technology Pay', in: J. Anderson R. Fears & B. Taylor (Eds) Managing Technology for Competitive Advantage (London, Cartermill International and Financial Times, 1997).
44. To make the quantitative evaluation of such variables more reliable, they can be used more sophisticated techniques such as the fuzzy method, which helps translate qualitative evaluation given to variables into scores. See for examples, H. J. Zimmerman, Fuzzy Sets Theory and Its Applications (Boston, Kluwer, 1992).
45. ij can be multiplied by the probability of occurrence of their respective scenario.
46. Normalizing both the risks to 0.5 means that the importance of the two risk factors is equal. If a source of risk is higher or more relevant, then the risk indicators can be normalized differently (for example, normalizing to 0.7 the commercial risk and to 0.3 the technical risk means that the commercial risk is more relevant than the technical).
47. V. Chiesa & R. Manzini, 'Towards a Framework for Dynamic Technology Strategy', Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 10, 1, 1998, pp. 111-129.
48. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
49. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
50. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
51. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
52. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
53. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
54. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
55. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
56. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
57. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
58. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
59. Roussel et al., op.cit., Ref. 2; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16 and A. De Maio, A. Bellucci, M. Corso R. Verganti Gestire l'innovazione e innovare la gestione (Milano Etaslibri, 1994). Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Little, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf (1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, 'Managing Technology for Corporate Success' (Aldershot, Gower, 1997); B. Twiss, Managing Technology Innovation (London, Pitman, 1986).
60. Twiss op. cit., Ref. 25; J.P. Martino, R&D Project Selection (New York, John Wiley, 1995); R.A. Burgelman, T.J. Kosnik & M. van den Poel, 'Toward an Innovative Capabilities Audit Framework', in: R.A. Burgelman & M. Maidique (Eds), Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation (London, Irwin, 1988); P.S. Adler, D.W. McDonald & F. McDonald, 'Strategic Management of Technical Functions', Sloan Management Review, Winter 1992, p. 19; V. Chiesa, P. Coughlan & C.A. Voss, 'Development of a Technical Innovation Audit', International Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13, 2, 1996, p. 105.
61. Twiss op. cit., Ref. 25; J.P. Martino, R&D Project Selection (New York, John Wiley, 1995); R.A. Burgelman, T.J. Kosnik & M. van den Poel, 'Toward an Innovative Capabilities Audit Framework', in: R.A. Burgelman & M. Maidique (Eds), Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation (London, Irwin, 1988); P.S. Adler, D.W. McDonald & F. McDonald, 'Strategic Management of Technical Functions', Sloan Management Review, Winter 1992, p. 19; V. Chiesa, P. Coughlan & C.A. Voss, 'Development of a Technical Innovation Audit', International Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13, 2, 1996, p. 105.
62. Twiss op. cit., Ref. 25; J.P. Martino, R&D Project Selection (New York, John Wiley, 1995); R.A. Burgelman, T.J. Kosnik & M. van den Poel, 'Toward an Innovative Capabilities Audit Framework', in: R.A. Burgelman & M. Maidique (Eds), Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation (London, Irwin, 1988); P.S. Adler, D.W. McDonald & F. McDonald, 'Strategic Management of Technical Functions', Sloan Management Review, Winter 1992, p. 19; V. Chiesa, P. Coughlan & C.A. Voss, 'Development of a Technical Innovation Audit', International Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13, 2, 1996, p. 105.
63. Twiss op. cit., Ref. 25; J.P. Martino, R&D Project Selection (New York, John Wiley, 1995); R.A. Burgelman, T.J. Kosnik & M. van den Poel, 'Toward an Innovative Capabilities Audit Framework', in: R.A. Burgelman & M. Maidique (Eds), Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation (London, Irwin, 1988); P.S. Adler, D.W. McDonald & F. McDonald, 'Strategic Management of Technical Functions', Sloan Management Review, Winter 1992, p. 19; V. Chiesa, P. Coughlan & C.A. Voss, 'Development of a Technical Innovation Audit', International Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13, 2, 1996, p. 105.
64. Twiss op. cit., Ref. 25; J.P. Martino, R&D Project Selection (New York, John Wiley, 1995); R.A. Burgelman, T.J. Kosnik & M. van den Poel, 'Toward an Innovative Capabilities Audit Framework', in: R.A. Burgelman & M. Maidique (Eds), Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation (London, Irwin, 1988); P.S. Adler, D.W. McDonald & F. McDonald, 'Strategic Management of Technical Functions', Sloan Management Review, Winter 1992, p. 19; V. Chiesa, P. Coughlan & C.A. Voss, 'Development of a Technical Innovation Audit', International Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13, 2, 1996, p. 105.
65. Martino, op. cit., Ref. 26; Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; R.G. Cooper, S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - I, Research Technology Management, September-October 1997. R.G. Cooper S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - II, Research Technology Management, November-December 1997.
66. Martino, op. cit., Ref. 26; Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; R.G. Cooper, S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - I, Research Technology Management, September-October 1997. R.G. Cooper S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - II, Research Technology Management, November-December 1997.
67. Martino, op. cit., Ref. 26; Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; R.G. Cooper, S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - I, Research Technology Management, September-October 1997. R.G. Cooper S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - II, Research Technology Management, November-December 1997.
68. Martino, op. cit., Ref. 26; Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; R.G. Cooper, S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - I, Research Technology Management, September-October 1997. R.G. Cooper S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - II, Research Technology Management, November-December 1997.
69. Martino, op. cit., Ref. 26; Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; R.G. Cooper, S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - I, Research Technology Management, September-October 1997. R.G. Cooper S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - II, Research Technology Management, November-December 1997.
70. Martino, op. cit., Ref. 26; Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; R.G. Cooper, S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - I, Research Technology Management, September-October 1997. R.G. Cooper S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, 'Portfolio Management in New Product Development: Lessons from the Leaders - II, Research Technology Management, November-December 1997.
71. Twiss, op. cit., Ref. 25; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14.
72. Twiss, op. cit., Ref. 25; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14.
73. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf, 1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Cooper, 1997a,b, op. cit., Ref. 27.
74. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf, 1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Cooper, 1997a,b, op. cit., Ref. 27.
75. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf, 1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Cooper, 1997a,b, op. cit., Ref. 27.
76. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf, 1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Cooper, 1997a,b, op. cit., Ref. 27.
77. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf, 1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Cooper, 1997a,b, op. cit., Ref. 27.
78. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf, 1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Cooper, 1997a,b, op. cit., Ref. 27.
79. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf, 1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Cooper, 1997a,b, op. cit., Ref. 27.
80. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf, 1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Cooper, 1997a,b, op. cit., Ref. 27.
81. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 14; Foster, op. cit., Ref. 14; Mitchell, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & Majluf, 1994, 1995, op. cit., Ref. 14; Hax & No, op. cit., Ref. 14; Klein & Hiscocks, op. cit., Ref. 16; Floyd, op. cit., Ref. 25; Cooper, 1997a,b, op. cit., Ref. 27.
82. Hamel & Prahalad, op. cit., Ref. 4; Anderson et al., op. cit., Ref. 20; Carruba, op. cit., Ref. 20.
83. Hamel & Prahalad, op. cit., Ref. 4; Anderson et al., op. cit., Ref. 20; Carruba, op. cit., Ref. 20.
84. Hamel & Prahalad, op. cit., Ref. 4; Anderson et al., op. cit., Ref. 20; Carruba, op. cit., Ref. 20.
85. Adler et al., op. cit., Ref. 26; Chiesa et al., op. cit., Ref. 26; Burgelman et al., op. cit., Ref. 26.
86. Adler et al., op. cit., Ref. 26; Chiesa et al., op. cit., Ref. 26; Burgelman et al., op. cit., Ref. 26.
87. Adler et al., op. cit., Ref. 26; Chiesa et al., op. cit., Ref. 26; Burgelman et al., op. cit., Ref. 26.
88. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Cooper, 1997a,b, op. cit., Ref. 27.
89. Roussel et al., op. cit., Ref. 2; Cooper, 1997a,b, op. cit., Ref. 27.