Dreamland: The neoliberalism of your desires

Middle East Report

Volumn , Issue 210, 1999, Pages 28-33

  Mitchell, T ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY; ECONOMIC REFORM; NEOLIBERALISM;

EID: 0032791563     PISSN: 08992851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3012500     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Al-Ahram, January 1, 1999, p.40.
2. Al-Wafd, January 12, 1999, pp.1, 3.
3. Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report: Egypt, Third Quarter 1998, p.10.
4. IMF, "Egyptian Stabilization," p. 5.
5. Ibid., p.4.
6. Mahmoud Mohieldin, "Causes, Measures and Impact of State Intervention in the Financial Sector: The Egyptian Example." Working Papers of the Economic Research Forum for the Arab Countries, Iran and Turkey, No. 9507, Cairo, 1995, p. 20.
7. Robert Springborg, Mubarak's Egypt: Fragmentation of the Political Order (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989).
8. Mohieldin, "State Intervention," pp. 20-21.
9. Ibid., p. 17.
10. On similar problems faced by the Indian state in the same period, and the importance of discipline, see Prabhat Patnaik and C.P. Chandrasekhar, "India: Dirigisme, Structural Adjustment, and the Radical Alternative," in Globalization and Progressive Economic Policy, ed., Dean Baker, Gerald Epstein, and Robert Pollin (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 67-91.
11. David Felix, "Asia and the Crisis of Financial Globalization," in Baker, et al., Globalization and Progressive Economic Policy, Table 1, p.172.
12. The following is based on Yahya Sadowski, Political Vegetables: Businessman and Bureaucrat in the Development of Egyptian Agriculture (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1991).
13. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Trade and Development Report 1988 (New York and Geneva, 1999), p. 55.
14. IMF, "Egyptian Stabilization, "p.31.
15. Ibid., p 35; Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Egypt, 3rd quarter 1998, p.19-20. Other benefits were transferred to the banks in 1991, including a reduction in reserve requirements (a source of fiscal income) from 25 percent to 15 percent. Mohieldin, "State Intervention," p. 13.
16. Ibid., p 35; Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Egypt, 3rd quarter 1998, p.19-20. Other benefits were transferred to the banks in 1991, including a reduction in reserve requirements (a source of fiscal income) from 25 percent to 15 percent. Mohieldin, "State Intervention," p. 13.
17. Ibid., p 35; Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Egypt, 3rd quarter 1998, p.19-20. Other benefits were transferred to the banks in 1991, including a reduction in reserve requirements (a source of fiscal income) from 25 percent to 15 percent. Mohieldin, "State Intervention," p. 13.
18. Handy, Egypt: Beyond Stabilization, p.59.
19. Marat Terterov, "Is SOE asset-swapping privatization?" Middle East Times: Egypt, August 9, 1998, from http://www.metimes.com.
20. Financial Times, January 15, 1999, p. 40.
21. rd quarter 1998, p.21; Business Today: Egypt, November 1988, p. 29.
22. rd quarter 1998, p.21; Business Today: Egypt, November 1988, p. 29.
23. Rafy Kourian, "Throwing Good Money after a Bad Market," Middle East Times: Egypt, October 25 1998, from http://www.metimes.com.
24. Handy, Egypt: Beyond Stabilization, Table 21, p. 50.
25. IMF, "Egyptian Stabilization," p.12.
26. Cairo Times, December 10, 1998, p. 12.
27. Business Today: Egypt, November 1998, p. 19.
28. Osman M. Osman, "Development and Poverty-Reduction Strategies in Egypt," Working Papers of the Economic Research Forum for the Arab Countries, Iran and Turkey, No. 9813. Cairo, 1998, pp. 7-8.
29. IMF, "Egyptian Stabilization," p.50.
30. Al-Ahram, January 1, 1999, supplement, p.3.
31. The estimate is based on the assumption that all the missing expenditure belongs to this group. The plausibility of the assumption rests on factors such as the character of the missing expenditures and the relative proportion of incomes that different groups spend of food. Ulrich Bartseh, "Interpreting Household Budget Surveys: Estimates for Poverty and Income Distribution in Egypt," Working Papers of the Economic Research Forum for the Arab Countries, Iran and Turkey, No. 9714. Cairo, 1997, pp. 17-19.
32. Lehman B. Fletcher, Egypt's Agriculture in a Reform Era (Iowa City: Iowa State University Press, 1996), p.4.
33. For details see Timothy Mitchell, "The Market's Place," in Nicholas Hopkins and Kirsten Westergaard, eds., Directions of Change in Rural Egypt (American University in Cairo Press, 1998).
34. EIU, Country Profile, Table 28, p.54. The World Bank and USAID have set up programs to provide loans to the small businesses and micro-enterprises denied access to the formal financial sector. But these programs ignore the question of redistributing wealth to create the demand for such enterprise.
35. Gamal Essam El-Din, "MPs rage over erosion of parliamentary power," Al-Ahram Weekly, January 7-13, 1999, p. 3.