New concepts in immunology relevant to idiosyncratic drug reactions: The 'danger hypothesis' and innate immune system

Chemical Research in Toxicology

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 387-395

  Uetrecht, Jack P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOZAPINE; CYTOCHROME P450; DESFLURANE; HALOTHANE; ISOFLURANE;

AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG OXIDATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HELPER CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; LIVER MICROSOME METABOLISM; LIVER TOXICITY; NATURAL KILLER CELL; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TOXICITY TESTING;

ANIMALS; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS;

EID: 0032789796     PISSN: 0893228X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/tx980249i     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Landsteiner, K., and Jacobs, J. (1935) Studies on the sensitization of animals with simple chemical compounds. J. Exp. Med. 61, 643-656.
2. Park, B. K., Pirmohamed, M., and Kitteringham, N. R. (1998) Role of drug disposition in drug hypersensitivity: A chemical, molecular, and clinical perspective. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11, 969-988.
3. Griem, P., Wulferink, M., Sachs, B., Gonzalez, J. B., and Gleichmann, E. (1998) Allergic and autoimmune reactions to xenobiotics: how do they arise? Immunol. Today 19, 133-141.
4. Parker, C. W. (1982) Allergic reactions in man. Pharmacol. Rev. 34, 85-104.
5. Pohl, L. R., Satoh, H., Christ, D. D., and Kenna, J. G. (1988) The immunologic and metabolic basis of drug hypersensitivities. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 28, 367-387.
6. Park, B. K., Coleman, J. W., and Kitteringham, N. R. (1987) Drug disposition and drug hypersensitivity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36, 581-590.
7. Uetrecht, J. P. (1990) Drug metabolism by leukocytes, its role in drug-induced lupus and other idiosyncratic drug reactions. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 20, 213-235.
8. Uetrecht, J. P. (1992) The role of leukocyte-generated metabolites in the pathogenesis of idiosyncratic drug reactions. Drug Metab. Rev. 24, 299-366.
9. Hinson, J. A., and Roberts, D. W. (1992) Role of covalent and noncovalent interactions in cell toxicity: effects on proteins. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32, 471-510.
10. Riley, R. J., and Leeder, J. S. (1995) In vitro analysis of metabolic predisposition to drug hypersensitivity reactions. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 99, 1-6.
11. Pumford, N. R., Halmes, N. C., and Hinson, J. A. (1997) Covalent binding of xenobiotics to specific proteins in the liver. Drug Metab. Rev. 29, 39-57.
12. Vergani, D., Mieli-Vergani, G., Alberti, A., et al. (1980) Antibodies to the surface of halothane-altered rabbit hepatocytes in patients with severe halothane-associated hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 303, 66-71.
13. Satoh, H., Martin, B. M., Schulick, A. H., Christ, D. D., Kenna, J. G., and Pohl, L. R. (1989) Human anti-endoplasmic reticulum antibodies in sera of patients with halothane-induced hepatitis are directed against a trifluoroacetylated carboxylesterase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 322-326.
14. Njoku, D., Laster, M. J., Gong, D. H., Eger, E. I., II, Reed, G. F., and Martin, J. L. (1997) Biotransformation of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane to trifluoroacetylated liver proteins: association between protein acylation and hepatic injury. Anesth. Analg. (N.Y.) 84, 173-178.
15. Uetrecht, J. P., Zahid, N., and Whitfield, D. (1994) Metabolism of vesnarinone by activated neutrophils; implications for vesnarinone-induced agranulocytosis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 270, 865-872.
16. Maggs, J. L., Williams, D., Pirmohamed, M., and Park, B. K. (1995) The metabolic formation of reactive intermediates from clozapine, a drug associated with agranulocytosis in man. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 275, 1463-1475.
17. Mukhtar, H., and Khan, W. A. (1989) Cutaneous cytochrome P-450. Drug Metab. Rev. 20, 657-673.
18. Jugert, F. K., Agarwal, R., Kuhn, A., Bickers, D. R., Merk, H. F., and Mukhtar, H. (1994) Multiple cytochrome P450 isozymes in murine skin: induction of P450 1A, 2B, 2E, and 3A by dexamethasone. J. Invest. Dermatol. 102, 970-975.
19. Baron, J. M., Zwadlo-Klarwasser, G., Jugert, F., et al. (1998) Cytochrome P450 1B1: a major P450 isoenzyme in human blood monocytes and macrophage subsets. Biochem. Pharmacol. 56, 1105-1110.
20. Spahn-Langguth, H., and Benet, L. Z. (1992) Acyl glucuronides revisited: is the glucuronidation process a toxification as well as a detoxification mechanism. Drug Metab. Rev. 24, 5-47.
21. Ju, C., and Uetrecht, J. P. (1999) Detection of 2-hydroxyimino-stilbene in the urine of patients taking carbamazepine and its oxidation to a reactive iminoquinone intermediate. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288, 51-56.
22. Cameron, H. A., and Ramsay, L. E. (1984) The lupus syndrome induced by hydralazine: a common complication with low dose therapy. Br. Med. J. 289, 410-412.
23. Cohn, J. N., Goldstein, S. O., Greenberg, B. H., et al. (1998) A dose-dependent increase in mortality with vesnarinone among patients with severe heart failure. Vesnarinone Trial Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1810-1816.
24. Zanni, M. P., von Greyerz, S., Schnyder, B., et al. (1998) HLA-restricted, processing- and metabolism-independent pathway of drug recognition by human alphabeta T lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 102, 1591-1598.
25. von Greyerz, S., Zanni, M., Schnyder, B., and Pichler, W. J. (1998) Presentation of non-peptide antigens, in particular drugs, to specific T cells. Clin. Exp. Allergy 28 (Suppl. 4), 7-11.
26. Weiss, M. E., and Adkinson, N. F. (1988) Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin and related antibiotics. Clin. Allergy 18, 515-540.
27. Fibbe, W. E., Claas, F. H. J., Van der Star-Dijlstra, W., Schaafsma, M. R., Meyboom, R. H. B., and Falkenburg, J. H. F. (1986) Agranulocytosis induced by propylthiouracil: evidence of a drug dependent antibody reacting with granulocytes, monocytes and haematopoietic progenitor cells. Br. J. Haematol. 64, 363-373.
28. Pirmohamed, M., Breckenridge, A. M., Kitteringham, N. R., and Park, B. K. (1998) Adverse drug reactions. Br. Med. J. 316, 1295-1298.
29. Gill, F. A. (1967) The association of increased spontaneous lymphocyte transformation in vitro with clinical manifestations of drug hypersensitivity. J. Immunol. 98, 778-785.
30. Warrington, R. J., and Tse, K. S. (1979) Lymphocyte transformation studies in drug hypersensitivity. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 120, 1089-1094.
31. Sarkany, I. (1981) Role of lymphocyte transformation in drug allergy. Int. J. Dermatol. 20, 544-545.
32. Roujeau, J. C., Albengres, E., Moritz, S., et al. (1985) Lymphocyte transformation test in drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 78, 22-24.
33. Dobozy, A., Hunyadi, J., Kenderessy, A. S., and Simon, N. (1981) Lymphocyte transformation test in detection of drug hypersensitivity. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 6, 367-372.
34. Hertl, M., and Merk, H. F. (1995) Lymphocyte activation in cutaneous drug reactions. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105, 95S-98S.
35. Merk, H. F., Baron, J., Hertl, M., Niederau, D., and Rubben, A. (1997) Lymphocyte activation in allergic reactions elicited by small-molecular-weight compounds. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 113, 173-176.
36. Kalish, R. S., LaPorte, A., Wood, J. A., and Johnson, K. L. (1994) Sulfonamide-reactive lymphocytes detected at very low frequency in the peripheral blood of patients with drug-induced eruptions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 94, 465-472.
37. Kalish, R. S., and Johnson, K. L. (1990) Enrichment and function of urushiol (poison ivy)-specific T lymphocytes in lesions of allergic contact dermatitis to urushiol. J. Immunol. 145, 3706-3713.
38. Maria, V. A., and Victorino, R. M. (1997) Diagnostic value of specific T cell reactivity to drugs in 95 cases of drug induced liver injury. Gut 41, 534-540.
39. Safferman, A. Z., Lieberman, J. A., Alvir, J. J., and Howard, A. (1992) Rechallenge in clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Lancet 339, 1296-1297.
40. Guest, I., Sokoluk, B., MacCrimmon, J., and Uetrecht, J. (1998) Examination of possible toxic and immune mechanisms of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Toxicology 131, 53-65.
41. Chengappa, K. N., Gopalani, A., Haught, M. K., McChesney, K., Baker, R. W., and Schooler, N. R. (1996) The treatment of clozapine-associated agranulocytosis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Psychopharmacol. Bull. 32, 111-121.
42. Pisciotta, V. (1978) Drug-induced agranulocytosis. Drugs 15, 132-143.
43. Satoh, H., Fukuda, Y., Anderson, D. K., Ferrans, V. J., Gillette, J. R., and Pohl, L. R. (1985) Immunological studies on the mechanism of halothane-induced hepatotoxicity: immunohistochemical evidence of trifluoroacetylated hepatocytes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 233, 857-862.
44. Gaedigk, A., Spielberg, S. P., and Grant, D. M. (1994) Characterization of the microsomal epoxide hydrolase gene in patients with anticonvulsant adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenetics 4, 142-153.
45. Green, V. J., Pirmohamed, M., Kitteringham, N. R., Knapp, M. J., and Park, B. K. (1995) Glutathione S-transferase mu genotype (GSTM1*0) in Alzheimer's patients with tacrine transaminitis. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 39, 411-415.
46. Leeder, J. S. (1998) Mechanisms of idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reactions to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 39, S8-S16.
47. Gardner, I., Leeder, J. S., Chin, T., Zahid, N., and Uetrecht, J. P. (1998) A comparison of the covalent binding of clozapine and olanzapine to human neutrophils in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Pharmacol. 53, 999-1008.
48. Batchelor, J. R., Welsh, K. I., Tinoco, R. M., et al. (1980) Hydralazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus: influence of HLA-DR and sex on susceptibility. Lancet 1, 1107-1109.
49. Lieberman, J. A., Yunis, J., Egea, E., Canoso, R. T., Kane, J. M., and Yunis, E. J. (1990) HLA-B38, DR4, DQw3 and clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in Jewish patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 47, 945-948.
50. Claas, F. H., Abbott, P. A., Witvliet, M. D., D'Amaro, J., Barnes, P. M., and Krupp, P. (1992) No direct clinical relevance of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system in clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Drug Saf. 7, 3-6.
51. Matzinger, P. (1994) Tolerance, danger and the extended family. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 991-1045.
52. Miller, J. F., and Basten, A. (1996) Mechanisms of tolerance to self. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8, 815-821.
53. Lafferty, K. J., and Gazda, L. S. (1997) Tolerance: a case of self/not-self discrimination maintained by clonal deletion? Hum. Immunol. 52, 119-126.
54. Paul, W. E. (1999) Fundamental Immunology, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
55. Greenfield, E. A., Nguyen, K. A., and Kuchroo, V. K. (1998) CD28/B7 costimulation: a review. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 18, 389-418.
56. Watts, T. H., and DeBenedette, M. A. (1999) T cell costimulatory molecules other than CD28. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11 (in press).
57. Matzinger, P. (1998) An innate sense of danger. Semin. Immunol. 10, 399-415.
58. Pullen, H., Wright, N., and Murdoch, J. (1967) Hypersensitivity reactions to antibacterial drugs in infectious mononucleosis. Lancet 2, 1176-1178.
59. Fischl, M. A., Dickinson, G. M., and La Voie, L. (1988) Safety and efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 259, 1185-1189.
60. Levy, M. (1997) Role of viral infections in the induction of adverse drug reactions. Drug Saf. 16, 1-8.
61. Ellrodt, A. G., Murata, G. H., Reidinger, M. S., Stewart, M. E., Mochizuki, C., and Gray, R. (1984) Severe neutropenia associated with sustained-release procainamide. Ann. Intern. Med. 100, 197-201.
62. Meyers, D. G., Gonzalez, E. R., Peters, L. L., et al. (1985) Severe neutropenia associated with procainamide: comparison of sustained and conventional preparations. Am. Heart J. 109,1393-1395.
63. Richens, A. (1994) Safety of lamotrigine. Epilepsia 35, S37-S40.
64. Worlledge, S. M., Carstairs, K. C., and Dacie, J. V. (1966) Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated with alpha-methyldopa therapy. Lancet 2, 135-139.
65. Worlledge, S. M. (1973) Immune drug-induced hemolytic anemias. Semin. Hematol. 10, 327-344.
66. Uetrecht, J. P., and Woosley, R. L. (1981) Acetylator phenotype and lupus erythematosus. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 6, 118-134.
67. Blomgren, S. E., Condemi, J. J., and Vaughn, J. H. (1972) Procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus: clinical and laboratory observations. Am. J. Med. 52, 338-348.
68. Janeway, C. A., Jr. (1998) Presidential Address to The American Association of Immunologists. The road less traveled by: the role of innate immunity in the adaptive immune response. J. Immunol. 161, 539-544.
69. Medzhitov, R., and Janeway, C. A., Jr. (1997) Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9, 4-9.
70. Fearon, D. T., and Locksley, R. M. (1996) The instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response. Science 272, 50-53.
71. Poccia, F., Gougeon, M. L., Bonneville, M., et al. (1998) Innate T-cell immunity to nonpeptidic antigens. Immunol. Today 19, 253-256.
72. Bendelac, A., and Fearon, D. T. (1997) Innate pathways that control acquired immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9, 1-3.
73. Fearon, D. T. (1997) Seeking wisdom in innate immunity. Nature 388, 323-324.
74. Davies, D. M. (1985) Textbook of Adverse Drug Reactions, Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
75. Romano, A. (1998) Delayed hypersensitivity to aminopenicillins. Clin. Exp. Allergy 28 (Suppl. 4), 29-32.
76. Carr, A., Penny, R., and Cooper, D. A. (1993) Efficacy and safety of rechallenge with low-dose trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in previously hypersensitive HIV-infected patients. AIDS 7, 65-71.
77. Albert, M. L., Sauter, B., and Bhardwaj, N. (1998) Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs. Nature 392, 86-89.
78. Martin, J. L., Kenna, J. G., Martin, B. M., Thomassen, D., Reed, G. F., and Pohl, L. R. (1993) Halothane hepatitis patients have serum antibodies that react with protein disulfide isomerase. Hepatology 18, 858-863.
79. Beaune, P., Dansette, P. M., Mansuy, D., et al. (1987) Human anti-endoplasmic reticulum autoantibodies appearing in a drug-induced hepatitis are directed against a human liver cytochrome P-450 that hydroxylates the drug. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 551-555.
80. Cribb, A. E., Pohl, L. R., Spielberg, S. P., and Leeder, J. S. (1997) Patients with delayed-onset sulfonamide hypersensitivity reactions have antibodies recognizing endoplasmic reticulum luminal proteins. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282, 1064-1072.
81. Moudgil, K. D., and Sercarz, E. E. (1994) The T cell repertoire against self-determinants and its involvement in autoimmunity and cancer. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 73, 283-289.
82. Griem, P., Panthel, K., Kalbacher, H., and Gleichmann, E. (1996) Alteration of a model antigen by Au(III) leads to T cell sensitization to cryptic peptides. Eur. J. Immunol. 26, 279-287.
83. Karlsen, A. E., and Dyrberg, T. (1998) Molecular mimicry between non-self, modified self- and self in autoimmunity. Semin. Immunol. 10, 25-34.
84. Uetrecht, J. P. (1997) Current trends in drug-induced autoimmunity. Toxicology 119, 37-43.
85. Laskin, D. L., Gardner, C. R., Price, V. F., and Jollow, D. J. (1995) Modulation of macrophage functioning abrogates the acute hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. Hepatology 21, 1045-1050.
86. Badger, D. A., Sauer, J. M., Hoglen, N. C., Jolley, C. S., and Sipes, I. G. (1996) The role of inflammatory cells and cytochrome P450 in the potentiation of CCl4-induced liver injury by a single dose of retinol. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 141, 507-519.
87. Spielberg, S. P., Gordon, G. B., Blake, D. A., Mellits, E. D., and Bross, D. S. (1981) Anticonvulsant toxicity in vitro: possible role of arene oxides. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 217, 386-389.
88. Pirmohamed, M., Graham, A., Roberts, P., et al. (1991) Carbamazepine-hypersensitivity: assessment of clinical and in vitro chemical cross-reactivity with phenytoin and oxcarbazepine. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 32, 741-749.
89. Rieder, M. J., Uetrecht, J., Shear, N. H., Cannon, M., Miller, M., and Spielberg, S. P. (1989) Diagnosis of sulfonamide hypersensitivity reactions by in-vitro "rechallenge" with hydroxylamine metabolites. Ann. Intern. Med. 110, 286-289.
90. Gardner, I., Zahid, N., MacCrimmon, D., and Uetrecht, J. P. (1998) A comparison of the oxidation of clozapine and olanzapine to reactive metabolites and the toxicity of these metabolites to human leukocytes. Mol. Pharmacol. 53, 991-998.
91. Shear, N. H., and Spielberg, S. P. (1988) Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 82, 1826-1832.
92. Roujeau, J. C., and Stern, R. S. (1994) Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. N. Engl. J. Med. 331, 1272-1285.