Relationships between neuronal death and the cellular redox status. Focus on the developing nervous system

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 59, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 397-423

  Castagne, Vincent ^a   Gautschi, Matthias ^a   Lefevre, Karine ^a   Posada, Andres ^a   Clarke, Peter G H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ANTIOXIDANT; CASPASE; DIMETHYLTHIOUREA; DIPYRIDAMOLE; FREE RADICAL; GLUTATHIONE; PROTEIN KINASE; TOCOPHEROL; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; CELL DEATH; CELL SURVIVAL; CHICK EMBRYO; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMBRYO; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION STATE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; NERVE DEGENERATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NEURONS; OXIDATION-REDUCTION;

EID: 0032789791     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(99)00012-X     Document Type: Review

References (435)

1. Adams J.M., Cory S. The Bcl-2 protein family: Arbiters of cell survival. Science. 281:1998;1322-1326.
2. 2+-induced oxidative stress. J. Neurochem. 67:1996;1153-1163.
3. Agostinho P., Duarte C.B., Oliveira C.R. Impairment of excitatory amino acid transporter activity by oxidative stress conditions in retinal cells: Effect of antioxidants. FASEB. J. 11:1997;154-163.
4. Ahmad N., Feyes D.K., Nieminen A.L., Agarwal R., Mukhtar H. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate and induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human carcinoma cells. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 89:1997;1881-1886.
5. Aikawa R., Komuro I., Yamazaki T., Zou Y.Z., Kudoh S., Tanaka M., Shiojima I., Hiroi Y., Yazaki Y. Oxidative stress activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases through Src and ras in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats. J. Clin. Invest. 100:1997;1813-1821.
6. Ait-Ikhlef A., Murawsky M., Blondet B., Hantaz-Ambroise D., Martinou J.C., Rieger F. The motoneuron degeneration in the wobbler mouse is independent of the overexpression of a Bcl-2 transgene in neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 199:1995;163-166.
7. Allen R.T., Cluck M.W., Agrawal D.K. Mechanisms controlling cellular suicide: role of Bcl-2 and caspases. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 54:1998;427-445.
8. Amano S., Ohashi M., Kirihara M., Yang X.H., Hazama F. [mmsl]ti]Alpha-tocopherol protects against radical-induced injury in cultured neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 170:1994;55-58.
9. Ansari K.S., Yu P.H., Kruck T.P.A., Tatton W.G. Rescue of axotomized immature rat facial motoneurons by R(-)-deprenyl: stereospecificity and independence from monoamine oxidase inhibition. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;4042-4053.
10. Aoshima H., Satoh T., Sakai N., Yamada M., Enokido Y., Ikeuchi T., Hatanaka H. Generation of free radicals during lipid hydroperoxide-triggered apoptosis in PC12 h cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Lipids Lipid Metab. 1345:1997;35-42.
11. Araki T., Enokido Y., Inamura N., Aizawa S., Reed J.C., Hatanaka H. Changes in c-Jun but not Bcl-2 family proteins in p53-dependent apoptosis of mouse cerebellar granule neurons induced by DNA damaging agent bleomycin. Brain Res. 794:1998;239-247.
12. Armstrong R.C., Aja T.J., Hoang K.D., Gaur S., Bai X., Alnemri E.S., Litwack G., Karanewsky D.S., Fritz L.C., Tomaselli K.J. Activation of the CED3/ICE-related protease CPP32 in cerebellar granule neurons undergoing apoptosis but not necrosis. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;553-562.
13. Atabay C., Cagnoli C.M., Kharlamov E., Ikonomovic M.D., Manev H. Removal of serum from primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons induces oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation: Protection with antioxidants and glutamate receptor antagonists. J. Neurosci. Res. 43:1996;465-475.
14. Atlante A., Gagliardi S., Marra E., Calissano P. Neuronal apoptosis in rats is accompanied by rapid impairment of cellular respiration and is prevented by scavengers of reactive oxygen species. Neurosci. Lett. 245:1998;127-130.
15. Baeuerle P.A. Pro-inflammatory signaling: Last pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzle. Curr. Biol. 8:1998;R19-R22.
16. Bagenholm R., Nilsson U.A., Kjellmer I. Formation of free radicals in hypoxic ischemic brain damage in the neonatal rat, assessed by an endogenous spin trap and lipid peroxidation. Brain Res. 773:1997;132-138.
17. Baichwal V.R., Baeuerle P.A. Apoptosis: Activate NF-kappaB or die? Curr. Biol. 7:1997;R94-R96.
18. Bains J.S., Shaw C.A. Neurodegenerative disorders in humans: the role of glutathione in oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death. Brain Res. Rev. 25:1997;335-358.
19. Banasiak K.J., Haddad G.G. Hypoxia-induced apoptosis: Effect of hypoxic severity and role of p53 in neuronal cell death. Brain Res. 797:1998;295-304.
20. Barger S.W., Mattson M.P. Induction of neuroprotective kappa B-dependent transcription by secreted forms of the Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor. Brain Res. Molec. Brain Res. 40:1996;116-126.
21. Barkats M., Bemelmans A.P., Geoffroy M.C., Robert J.J., Loquet I., Horellou P., Revah F., Mallet J. An adenovirus encoding CuZnSOD protects cultured striatal neurones against glutamate toxicity. Neuroreport. 7:1996;497-501.
22. Beckman K.B., Ames B.N. The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol. Rev. 78:1998;547-581.
23. Behl C. Alzheimer's disease and oxidative stress: implications for novel therapeutic approaches. Prog. Neurobiol. 57:1999;301-323.
24. Bergeron L., Perez G.I., MacDonald G., Shi L.F., Sun Y., Jurisicova A., Varmuza S., Latham K.E., Flaws J.A., Salter J.C.M., et al. Defects in regulation of apoptosis in caspase-2-deficient mice. Genes & Devel. 12:1998;1304-1314.
25. Bergeron L., Yuan J.Y. Sealing one's fate: control of cell death in neurons. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8:1998;55-63.
26. Blaschke A.J., Weiner J.A., Chun J. Programmed cell death is a universal feature of embryonic and postnatal neuroproliferative regions throughout the central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 396:1998;39-50.
27. Boise L.H., Thompson C.B. Bcl-x(L) can inhibit apoptosis in cells that have undergone Fas- induced protease activation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;3759-3764.
28. Boix J., Fibla J., Yuste V.J., Piulats J.M., Llecha N., Comella J.X. Serum deprivation and protein synthesis inhibition induce two different apoptotic processes in N18 neuroblastoma cells. Exp. Cell Res. 238:1998;422-429.
29. Bonfoco E., Krainc D., Ankarcrona M., Nicotera P., Lipton S.A. Apoptosis and necrosis: Two distinct events induced, respectively, by mild and intense insults with N-methyl-D- aspartate or nitric oxide/superoxide in cortical cell cultures. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;7162-7166.
30. Bonni A., Greenberg M.E. Neurotrophin regulation of gene expression. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 24:1997;272-283.
31. Borasio G.D., Horstmann S., Anneser J.M.H., Neff N.T., Glicksman M.A. CEP-1347/KT7515, a JNK pathway inhibitor, supports the in vitro survival of chick embryonic neurons. Neuroreport. 9:1998;1435-1439.
32. NTR and apoptosis: Trk-dependent and Trk-independent effects. Trends Neurosci. 20:1997;287-290.
33. Buettner G.R., Jurkiewicz B.A. Catalytic metals, ascorbate and free radicals: combinations to avoid. Rad. Res. 145:1996;532-541.
34. Burek M.J., Oppenheim R.W. Programmed cell death in the developing nervous system. Brain Pathol. 6:1996;427-446.
35. Burnashev N. Calcium permeability of glutamate-gated channels in the central nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6:1996;311-317.
36. Busciglio J., Yankner B.A. Apoptosis and increased generation of reactive oxygen species in Down's syndrome neurons in vitro. Nature. 378:1995;776-779.
37. Cai J.Y., Jones D.P. Communication - Superoxide in apoptosis - Mitochondrial generation triggered by cytochrome c loss. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;11401-11404.
38. Cai J.Y., Yang J., Jones D.P. Mitochondrial control of apoptosis: the role of cytochrome c. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bio-Energetics. 1366:1998;139-149.
39. Cai Z.Z., Körner M., Tarantino N., Chouaib S. IkappaBα overexpression in human breast carcinoma MCF7 cells inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation but not tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;96-101.
40. Calderó J., Prevette D., Mei X., Oakley R.A., Li L., Milligan C., Houenou L., Burek M., Oppenheim R.W. Peripheral target regulation of the development and survival of spinal sensory and motor neurons in the chick embryo. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;356-370.
41. Carter B.D., Kaltschmidt C., Kaltschmidt B., Offenhäuser N., Böhm-Matthaei R., Baeuerle P.A., Barde Y.A. Selective activation of NF-kappaB by nerve growth factor through the neurotrophin receptor p75. Science. 272:1996;542-545.
42. Carter B.D., Lewin G.R. Neurotrophins live or let die: does p75NTR decide? Neuron. 18:1997;187-190.
43. Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Carter B.D., Dobrowsky R.T., Chao M.V. Death of oligodendrocytes mediated by the interaction of nerve growth factor with its receptor p75. Nature. 383:1996;716-719.
44. Castagné V., Clarke P.G.H. Axotomy-induced retinal ganglion cell death in development: its timecourse and its diminution by antioxidants. Proc. Roy. Soc. London. 263:1996;1193-1197.
45. Castagné V., Clarke P.G.H. Inhibition of glutathione synthesis can enhance cycloheximide-induced protection of developing neurons against axotomy. Dev. Brain Res. 102:1997;285-290.
46. Castagné V., Clarke P.G.H. Cooperation between glutathione depletion and protein synthesis inhibition against naturally occurring neuronal death. Neurosci. 86:1998;895-902.
47. Castagné, V., Lefèvre, K., Natero, R., Becker, D.A., Clarke, P.G.H. (1999). An optimal Redox status for the survival of axotomized ganglion cells in the developing retina. Neurosci., in press.
48. Catsicas S., Thanos S., Clarke P.G.H. Major role for neuronal death during brain development: refinement of topographical connections. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;8165-8168.
49. Chao M., Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Carter B., Chittka A., Kong H.Y., Yoon S.O. Neurotrophin receptors: mediators of life and death. Brain Res. Rev. 26:1998;295-301.
50. Chen Y.R., Wang W.F., Kong A.N.T., Tan T.H. Molecular mechanisms of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated apoptosis induced by anticarcinogenic isothiocyanates. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;1769-1775.
51. Cheng B., Mattson M.P. PDGFs protect hippocampal neurons against energy deprivation and oxidative injury: evidence for induction of antioxidant pathways. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;7095-7104.
52. Cheng E.H.Y., Kirsch D.G., Clem R.J., Ravi R., Kastan M.B., Bedi A., Ueno K., Hardwick J.M. Conversion of Bcl-2 to a Bax-like death effector by caspases. Science. 278:1997;1966-1968.
53. Cheng Y., Deshmukh M., D'Costa A., Demaro J.A., Gidday J.M., Shah A., Sun Y.L., Jacquin M.F., Johnson E.M. Jr, Holtzman D.M. Caspase inhibitor affords neuroprotection with delayed administration in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. J. Clin. Invest. 101:1998;1992-1999.
54. 2+-induced cytotoxicity in PC-12 cells. J. Neurochem. 63:1994;895-902.
55. Chihab R., Oillet J., Bossenmeyer C., Daval J.L. Glutamate triggers cell death specifically in mature central neurons through a necrotic process. Molec. Genet. & Metab. 63:1998;142-147.
56. Chinery R., Brockman J.A., Peeler M.O., Shyr Y., Beauchamp R.D., Coffey R.J. Antioxidants enhance the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents in colorectal cancer: a p53-independent induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 via C/EBPbeta. Nature Med. 3:1997;1233-1241.
57. Choi D.W. Calcium and excitotoxic neuronal injury. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 747:1994;162-171.
58. Chopp M., Li Y., Zhang Z.G., Freytag S.O. P53 expression in brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 182:1992;1201-1207.
59. Chow H.S., Lynch J.J., Rose K., Choi D.W. Trolox attenuates cortical neuronal injury induced by iron, ultraviolet light, glucose deprivation, or AMPA. Brain Res. 639:1994;102-108.
60. Cimino F., Esposito F., Ammendola R., Russo T. Gene regulation by reactive oxygen species. Curr. Topics Cell Regul. 35:1997;123-148.
61. Clarke P.G.H. Neuronal death in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 8:1985;345-349.
62. Clarke P.G.H. Developmental cell death: morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.). 181:1990;195-213.
63. Clarke P.G.H. Neuronal death in the development of the vertebrate central nervous system. Semin. Neurosci. 6:1994;291-298.
64. Clarke P.G.H. Apoptosis versus necrosis, how valid a dichotomy for neurons. Koliatsos V., Ratan R.R. Cell Death in Diseases of the Nervous System. 1998;3-28 Humana Press, Totowa.
65. Clemens J.A., Stephenson D.T., Dixon E.P., Smalstig E.B., Mincy R.E., Rash K.S., Little S.P. Global cerebral ischemia activates nuclear factor-kappaB prior to evidence of DNA fragmentation. Molec. Brain Res. 48:1997;187-196.
66. Clement M.V., Stamenkovic I. Superoxide anion is a natural inhibitor of FAS-mediated cell death. EMBO Journal. 15:1996;216-225.
67. Cohen G.M. Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem. J. 326:1997;1-16.
68. Conover J.C., Yancopoulos G.D. Neurotrophin regulation of the developing nervous system: analyses of knockout mice. Rev. Neurosci. 8:1997;13-27.
69. Cook B., Portera-Cailliau C., Adler R. Developmental neuronal death is not a universal phenomenon among cell types in the chick embryo retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 396:1998;12-19.
70. Copin J.C., Reola L.F., Chan T.Y.Y., Li Y.B., Epstein C.J., Chan P.H. Oxygen deprivation but not a combination of oxygen, glucose, and serum deprivation induces DNA degradation in mouse cortical neurons in vitro: Attenuation by transgenic overexpression of CuZn-superoxide dismutase. J. Neurotrauma. 13:1996;233-244.
71. Cotgreave I.A. N-acetylcysteine: pharmacological considerations and experimental and clinical applications. Adv. Pharmacol. 38:1996;205-227.
72. Coulpier M., Junier M.P., Peschanski M., Dreyfus P.A. Bcl-2 sensitivity differentiates two pathways for motoneuronal death in the wobbler mutant mouse. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;5897-5904.
73. Creedon D.J., Johnson E.M., Lawrence J.C. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent pathways mediate the effects of nerve growth factor and cAMP on neuronal survival. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;20713-20718.
74. 2+ stores in the chick embryo retina cells. Cell Signal. 9:1997;97-103.
75. Crowder R.J., Freeman R.S. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt protein kinase are necessary and sufficient for the survival of nerve growth factor-dependent sympathetic neurons. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;2933-2943.
76. Cui Q., Harvey A.R. At least two mechanisms are involved in the death of retinal ganglion cells following target ablation in neonatal rats. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;8143-8155.
77. Culcasi M., Lafon-Cazal M., Pietri S., Bockaert J. Glutamate receptors induce a burst of superoxide via activation of nitric oxide synthase in arginine-depleted neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;12589-12593.
78. Davies A.M. The Bcl-2 family of proteins, and the regulation of neuronal survival. Trends Neurosci. 18:1995;355-358.
79. Davies A.M. Neurotrophin switching: where does it stand? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7:1997;110-118.
80. Davies J.B., Maher P. Protein kinase C activation inhibits glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in a neuronal cell line. Brain Res. 652:1994;169-173.
81. De Bilbao F., Dubois-Dauphin M. Acute application of an interleukin-1β-converting enzyme-specific inhibitor delays axotomy-induced motoneurone death. Neuroreport. 7:1996;3051-3054.
82. NTR. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7:1997;413-418.
83. Denhardt D.T. Signal-transducing protein phosphorylation cascades mediated by Ras/Rho proteins in the mammalian cell: the potential for multiplex signalling. [Review] [228 refs]. Biochem. J. 318:1996;729-747.
84. Deshmukh M., Johnson E.M. Jr. Programmed cell death in neurons: focus on the pathway of nerve growth factor deprivation-induced death of sympathetic neurons. Molec. Pharmacol. 51:1997;897-906.
85. Dessi F., Ben-Ari Y., Charriaut-Marlangue C. Increased synthesis of specific proteins during glutamate-induced neuronal death in cerebellar culture. Brain Res. 654:1994;27-33.
86. Dessi F., Ben-Ari Y., Charriaut-Marlangue C. Ruthenium red protects against glutamate-induced neuronal death in cerebellar culture. Neurosci. Lett. 201:1995;53-56.
87. Dessi F., Charriaut-Marlangue C., Ben-Ari Y. Glutamate-induced neuronal death in cerebellar culture is mediated by two distinct components: a sodium-chloride component and a calcium component. Brain Res. 650:1994;49-55.
88. Dessi F., Charriaut-Marlangue C., Khrestchatisky M., Ben-Ari Y. Glutamate-induced neuronal death is not a programmed cell death in cerebellar culture. J. Neurochem. 60:1993;1953-1955.
89. Downward J. Ras signalling and apoptosis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 8:1998;49-54.
90. Dubinsky J.M., Levi Y. Calcium-induced activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 53:1998;728-741.
91. Dubois-Dauphin M., Frankowski H., Tsujimoto Y., Huarte J., Martinou J.C. Neonatal motoneurons overexpressing the bcl-2 protooncogene in transgenic mice are protected from axotomy-induced cell death. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;3309-3313.
92. Dudek H., Datta S.R., Franke T.F., Birnbaum M.J., Yao R., Cooper G.M., Segal R.A., Kaplan D.R., Greenberg M.E. Regulation of neuronal survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt. Science. 275:1997;661-665.
93. Dugan L.L., Creedon D.J., Johnson E.M. Jr, Holtzman D.M. Rapid suppression of free radical formation by nerve growth factor involves the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;4086-4091.
94. Durkin J.P., Tremblay R., Buchan A., Blosser J., Chakravarthy B., Mealing G., Morley P., Song D. An early loss in membrane protein kinase C activity precedes the excitatory amino acid-induced death of primary cortical neurons. J. Neurochem. 66:1996;951-962.
95. Durkin J.P., Tremblay R., Chakravarthy B., Mealing G., Morley P., Small D., Song D. Evidence that the early loss of membrane protein kinase C is a necessary step in the excitatory amino acid-induced death of primary cortical neurons. J. Neurochem. 68:1997;1400-1412.
96. Dutrait N., Culcasi M., Cazevieille C., Pietri S., Tordo P., Bonne C., Muller A. Calcium-dependent free radical generation in cultured retinal neurons injured by kainate. Neurosci. Lett. 198:1995;13-16.
97. +: implications for neurodegeneration. J. Neurochem. 63:1994;584-591.
98. Easton R.M., Deckwerth T.L., Parsadanian A.S., Johnson E.M. Jr. Analysis of the mechanism of loss of trophic factor dependence associated with neuronal maturation: A phenotype indistinguishable from Bax deletion. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;9656-9666.
99. Egea J., Espinet C., Comella J.X. Calmodulin modulates mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in response to membrane depolarization in PC12 cells. J. Neurochem. 70:1998;2554-2564.
100. Eilers A., Whitfield J., Babij C., Rubin L.L., Ham J. Role of the Jun kinase pathway in the regulation of c-Jun expression and apoptosis in sympathetic neurons. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;1713-1724.
101. Elledge S.J. Cell cycle checkpoints: Preventing an identity crisis. Science. 274:1996;1664-1672.
102. Ellerby L.M., Ellerby H.M., Park S.M., Holleran A.L., Murphy A.N., Fiskum G., Kane D.J., Testa M.P., Kayalar C., Bredesen D.E. Shift of the cellular oxidation-reduction potential in neural cells expressing bcl-2. J. Neurochem. 67:1996;1259-1267.
103. Endres H., Namura S., Skimizu-Sasamata M., Waeber C., Zhang L., Gómez-Isla T., Hyman B.T., Moskowitz M.A. Attenuation of delayed neuronal death after mild focal ischemia in mice by inhibition of the caspase family. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18:1998;238-247.
104. English J.D., Sweatt J.D. A requirement for the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in hippocampal long term potentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;19103-19106.
105. Enokido Y., Araki T., Aizawa S., Hatanaka H. p53 involves cytosine arabinoside-induced apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 203:1996;1-4.
106. Enokido Y., Hatanaka H. Apoptotic cell death occurs in hippocampal neurons cultured in a high oxygen atmosphere. Neurosci. 57:1993;965-972.
107. WAF1 induces permanent growth arrest and enhances differentiation, but does not alter apoptosis in PC12 cells. Oncogene. 16:1998;443-451.
108. Estévez A.G., Radi R., Barbeito L., Shin J.T., Thompson J.A., Beckman J.S. Peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells: Evidence for an apoptotic mechanism differentially modulated by neurotrophic factors. J. Neurochem. 65:1995;1543-1550.
109. Estévez A.G., Spear N., Manuel S.M., Radi R., Henderson C.E., Barbeito L., Beckman J.S. Nitric oxide and superoxide contribute to motor neuron apoptosis induced by trophic factor deprivation. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;923-931.
110. Estus S., Zaks W.J., Freeman R.S., Gruda M., Bravo R., Johnson E.M. Jr. Altered gene expression in neurons during programmed cell death: identification of c-jun as necessary for neuronal apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 127:1994;1717-1727.
111. Evan G.I., Brown L., Whyte M., Harrington E. Apoptosis and the cell cycle. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7:1995;825-834.
112. Ewing J.F., Maines M.D. Glutathione depletion induces heme oxygenase-1 (HSP32) mRNA and protein in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 60:1993;1512-1519.
113. Farinelli S.E., Greene L.A., Friedman W.J. Neuroprotective actions of dipyridamole on cultured CNS neurons. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;5112-5123.
114. Farlie P.G., Dringen R., Rees S.M., Kannourakis G., Bernard O. bcl-2 transgene expression can protect neurons against developmental and induced cell death. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;4397-4401.
115. Favaron M., Manev H., Siman R., Bertolino M., Szekely A.M., DeErausquin G., Guidotti A., Costa E. Down-regulation of protein kinase C protects cerebellar granule neurons in primary culture from glutamate-induced neuronal death. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;1983-1987.
116. Ferrari G., Greene L.A. Proliferative inhibition by dominant-negative Ras rescues naive and neuronally differentiated PC12 cells from apoptotic death. EMBO Journal. 13:1994;5922-5928.
117. Ferrari G., Yan C.Y.I., Greene L.A. N-acetylcysteine (D- and L-stereoisomers) prevents apoptotic death of neuronal cells. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;2857-2866.
118. Ferrer I., Martin F., Reiriz J., Pérez-Navarro E., Alberch J., Macaya A., Planas A.M. Both apoptosis and necrosis occur following intrastriatal administration of excitotoxins. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.). 90:1995;504-510.
119. Fill M., Coronado R. Ryanodine receptor channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Trends Neurosci. 11:1988;453-457.
120. Flohé L., Brigelius-Flohé R., Saliou C., Traber M.G., Packer L. Redox regulation of NF-kappa B activation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 22:1997;1115-1126.
121. Frade J.M., Bovolenta P., Martínez-Morales J.R., Arribas A., Rodríguez-Tébar A. Control of early cell death by BDNF in the chick retina. Development. 124:1997;3313-3320.
122. France-Lanord V., Brugg B., Michel P.P., Agid Y., Ruberg M. Mitochondrial free radical signal in ceramide-dependent apoptosis: a putative mechanism for neuronal death in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. 69:1997;1612-1621.
123. Freeman M.L., Sierra-Rivera E., Voorhees G.J., Eisert D.R., Meredith M.J. Synthesis of hsp-70 is enhanced in glutathione-depleted Hep G2 cells. Rad. Res. 135:1993;387-393.
124. Friberg H., Ferrand-Drake M., Bengtsson F., Halestrap A.P., Wieloch T. Cyclosporin A, but not FK 506, protects mitochondria and neurons against hypoglycemic damage and implicates the mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;5151-5159.
125. Fridovich I. The biology of oxygen radicals. Science. 201:1978;875-880.
126. Friedlander R.M., Gagliardini V., Hara H., Fink K.B., Li W.W., MacDonald G., Fishman M.C., Greenberg A.H., Moskowitz M.A., Yuan J.Y. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of interleukin-1β converting enzyme in transgenic mice prevents neuronal cell death induced by trophic factor withdrawal and ischemic brain injury. J. Exp. Med. 185:1997;933-940.
127. Fukunaga K., Miyamoto E. Role of MAP kinase in neurons. Mol. Neurobiol. 16:1998;79-95.
128. Furukawa K., Estus S., Fu W.M., Mark R.J., Mattson M.P. Neuroprotective action of cycloheximide involves induction of bcl-2 and antioxidant pathways. J. Cell Biol. 136:1997;1137-1149.
129. Gaál T., Mézes M., Noble R.C., Dixon J., Speake B.K. Development of antioxidant capacity in tissues of the chick embryo. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. [B]. 112B:1995;711-716.
130. Garcia I., Martinou I., Tsujimoto Y., Martinou J.C. Prevention of programmed cell death of sympathetic neurons by the bcl-2 proto-oncogene. Science. 258:1992;302-304.
131. Gartel A.L., Serfas M.S., Tyner A.L. p21 - Negative regulator of the cell cycle. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 213:1996;138-149.
132. Gleichmann M., Beinroth S., Reed J.C., Krajewski S., Schulz J.B., Wüllner U., Klockgether T., Weller M. Potassium deprivation-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons: Cytochrome c release in the absence of altered expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 8:1998;194-201.
133. Glicksman M.A., Chiu A.Y., Dionne C.A., Harty M., Kaneko M., Murakata C., Oppenheim R.W., Prevette D., Sengelaub D.R., Vaught J.L., et al. CEP-1347/KT7515 prevents motor neuronal programmed cell death and injury-induced dedifferentiation in vivo. J. Neurobiol. 35:1998;361-370.
134. Gottron F.J., Ying H.S., Choi D.W. Caspase inhibition selectively reduces the apoptotic component of oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cortical neuronal cell death. Molec. Cell Neurosci. 9:1997;159-169.
135. Graves L.M., Bornfeldt K.E., Krebs E.G. Historical perspectives and new insights involving the MAP kinase cascades. Adv. Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 31:1997;49-62.
136. Green D., Kroemer G. The central executioners of apoptosis: caspases or mitochondria? Trends Cell Biol. 8:1998;267-271.
137. Green D.R., Reed J.C. Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science. 281:1998;1309-1312.
138. Greene L.A., Farinelli S.E., Yan I., Ferrari G. On the mechanisms by which neurotrophic factors regulate neuronal survival and cell death. Ibanez C.F., Hökfelt T., Olson L., Füxe K., Jörnvall H., Ottoson D. Life and Death in the Nervous System. 1995;55-67 Pergamon Press, Oxford.
139. Greenlund L.J.S., Deckwerth T.L., Johnson E.M. Jr. Superoxide dismutase delays neuronal apoptosis: A role for reactive oxygen species in programmed neuronal death. Neuron. 14:1995;303-315.
140. Grilli M., Pizzi M., Memo M., Spano P. Neuroprotection by aspirin and sodium salicylate through blockade of NF-kB activation. Science. 274:1996;1383-1385.
141. Grimm S., Bauer M.K.A., Baeuerle P.A., Schulze-Osthoff K. Bcl-2 down-regulates the activity of transcription factor NF-kappaB induced upon apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 134:1996;13-23.
142. 2. Role in cell survival following oxidant injury. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;4138-4142.
143. Hall E.D., Smith S.L., Oostveen J.A. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation attenuates axotomy-induced apoptotic degeneration of facial motor neurons in neonatal rats. J. Neurosci. Res. 44:1996;293-299.
144. Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J. Neurochem. 59:1992;1609-1623.
145. Halliwell B. Free radicals, proteins and DNA: Oxidative damage versus redox regulation. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 24:1996;1023-1027.
146. Halliwell B. Introduction: free radicals in human disease - Trick or treat? Thomas C.E., Kalyanaraman B. Oxygen Radicals and the Disease Process. 1997;1-14 Harwood, Amsterdam.
147. Ham J., Babij C., Whitfield J., Pfarr C.M., Lallemand D., Yaniv M., Rubin L.L. A c-Jun dominant negative mutant protects sympathetic neurons against programmed cell death. Neuron. 14:1995;927-939.
148. Hampton M.B., Orrenius S. Dual regulation of caspase activity by hydrogen peroxide: implications for apoptosis. FEBS Lett. 414:1997;552-556.
149. Harman A.W., Maxwell M.J. An evaluation of the role of calcium in cell injury. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 35:1995;129-144.
150. Harvey K.J., Blomquist J.F., Ucker D.S. Commitment and effector phases of the physiological cell death pathway elucidated with respect to Bcl-2, caspase, and cyclin-dependent kinase activities. Molec. Cell Biol. 18:1998;2912-2922.
151. Hayashi T., Sakurai M., Abe K., Sadahiro M., Tabayashi K., Itoyama Y. Apoptosis of motor neurons with induction of caspases in the spinal cord after ischemia. Stroke. 29:1998;1007-1012.
152. Hazzalin C.A., Cano E., Cuenda A., Barratt M.J., Cohen P., Mahadevan L.C. p38/RK is essential for stress-induced nuclear responses: JNK/SAPKs and c-Jun/ATF-2 phosphorylation are insufficient. Current Biology. 6:1996;1028-1031.
153. Hensley K., Carney J.M., Stewart C.A., Tabatabaie T., Pye Q., Floyd R.A. Nitrone-based free radical traps as neuroprotective agents in cerebral ischaemia and other pathologies. Green A.R., Cross A.J. Neuroprotective Agents and Cerebral Ischaemia. 1997;299-317 Academic Press, San Diego.
154. Herdegen T., Claret F.X., Kallunki T., Martin-Villalba A., Winter C., Hunter T., Karin M. Lasting N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases after neuronal injury. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;5124-5135.
155. Herdegen T., Skene P., Bahr M. The c-Jun transcription factor-bipotential mediator of neuronal death, survival and regeneration. Trends Neurosci. 20:1997;227-231.
156. Hockenbery D.M. bcl-2, a novel regulator of cell death. BioEssays. 17:1995;631-638.
157. Hong S.C., Lanzino G., Goto Y., Kang S.K., Schottler F., Kassell N.F., Lee K.S. Calcium-activated proteolysis in rat neocortex induced by transient focal ischemia. Brain Res. 661:1994;43-50.
158. Hornung J.P., Koppel H., Clarke P.G.H. Endocytosis and autophagy in dying neurons: an ultrastructural study in chick embryos. J. Comp. Neurol. 283:1989;425-437.
159. Horstmann S., Kahle P.J., Borasio G.D. Inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase promote neuronal survival in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 52:1998;483-490.
160. Hoyt K.R., Gallagher A.J., Hastings T.G., Reynolds I.J. Characterization of hydrogen peroxide toxicity in cultured rat forebrain neurons. Neurochemical Research. 22:1997;333-340.
161. Hughes P.E., Alexi T., Schreiber S.S. A role for the tumour suppressor gene p53 in regulating neuronal apoptosis. Neuroreport. 8:1997;V-XII.
162. Hughes P.E., Alexi T., Yoshida T., Schreiber S.S., Knusel B. Excitotoxic lesion of rat brain with quinolinic acid induces expression of p53 messenger RNA and protein and p53-inducible genes Bax and Gadd-45 in brain areas showing DNA fragmentation. Neurosci. 74:1996;1143-1160.
163. Hunot S., Brugg B., Ricard D., Michel P.P., Muriel M.P., Ruberg M., Faucheux B.A., Agid Y., Hirsch E.C. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB is increased in dopaminergic neurons of patients with Parkinson's disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;7531-7536.
164. Hussain S., Slikker W. Jr, Ali S.F. Age-related changes in antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione in different regions of mouse brain. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 13:1995;811-817.
165. Hyrc K., Handran S.D., Rothman S.M., Goldberg M.P. Ionized intracellular calcium concentration predicts excitotoxic neuronal death: observations with low-affinity fluorescent calcium indicators. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;6669-6677.
166. Ikeda J., Terakawa S., Murota S., Morita I., Hirakawa K. Nuclear disintegration as a leading step of glutamate excitotoxicity in brain neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 43:1996;613-622.
167. Ito H., Okamoto K., Kato K. Enhancement of expression of stress proteins by agents that lower the levels of glutathione in cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Struct. Expression. 1397:1998;223-230.
168. Iwanaga M., Mori K., Iida T., Urata Y., Matsuo T., Yasunaga A., Shibata S., Kondo T. Nuclear factor kappa B dependent induction of gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase by ionizing radiation in T98G human glioblastoma cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 24:1998;1256-1268.
169. Jackson G.R., Apffel L., Werrbach-Perez K., Perez-Polo J.R. Role of nerve growth factor in oxidant-antioxidant balance and neuronal injury. I. Stimulation of hydrogen peroxide resistance. J. Neurosci. Res. 25:1990;360-368.
170. Jackson G.R., Sampath D., Werrbach-Perez K., Perez-Polo J.R. Effects of nerve growth factor on catalase and glutathione peroxidase in a hydrogen peroxide-resistant pheochromocytoma subclone. Brain Res. 634:1994;69-76.
171. Jackson G.R., Werrbach-Perez K., Pan Z., Sampath D., Perez-Polo J.R. Neurotrophin regulation of energy homeostasis in the central nervous system. Dev. Neurosci. 16:1994;285-290.
172. Jacobson M.D., Raff M.C. Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in very low oxygen. Nature. 374:1995;814-816.
173. Jenner P. Oxidative mechanisms in nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 13:1998;24-34.
174. Jenner P., Olanow C.W. Understanding cell death in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 44:1998;S72-S84.
175. Jia L., Dourmashkin R.R., Allen P.D., Gray A.B., Newland A.C., Kelsey S.M. Inhibition of autophagy abrogates tumour necrosis factor α induced apoptosis in human T-lymphoblastic leukaemic cells. Br. J. Haematol. 98:1997;673-685.
176. Jiang H., Guroff G. Actions of the neurotrophins on calcium uptake. J. Neurosci. Res. 50:1997;355-360.
177. Johnson E.M., Deckwerth T.L. Molecular mechanisms of developmental neuronal death. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 16:1993;31-46.
178. Johnson E.M., Koike T., Franklin J. A 'calcium set-point hypothesis' of neuronal dependence on neurotrophic factor. Exp. Neurol. 115:1992;163-166.
179. Johnson E.M. Jr, Deckwerth T.L., Deshmukh M. Neuronal death in developmental models: possible implications in neuropathology. Brain Pathol.
180. Johnson M.E., Gores G.J., Uhl C.B., Sill J.C. Cytosolic free calcium and cell death during metabolic inhibition in a neuronal cell line. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;4040-4049.
181. Jones D.P., Maellaro E., Jiang S., Slater A.F.G., Orrenius S. Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on T-cell apoptosis are not mediated by increased cellular glutathione. Immunology Letters. 45:1995;205-209.
182. Jordan J., Galindo M.F., Miller R.J. Role of calpain- and interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme-like proteases in the beta-amyloid-induced death of rat hippocampal neurons in culture. J. Neurochem. 68:1997;1612-1621.
183. Jordan J., Galindo M.F., Prehn J.H., Weichselbaum R.R., Beckett M., Ghadge G.D., Roos R.P., Leiden J.M., Miller R.J. p53 expression induces apoptosis in hippocampal pyramidal neuron cultures. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;1397-1405.
184. Jordan J., Ghadge G.D., Prehn J.H.M., Toth P.T., Roos R.P., Miller R.J. Expression of human copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase inhibits the death of rat sympathetic neurons caused by withdrawal of nerve growth factor. Mol. Pharmacol. 47:1995;1095-1100.
185. Kaltschmidt B., Uherek M., Volk B., Baeuerle P.A., Kaltschmidt C. Transcription factor NF-kappaB is activated in primary neurons by amyloid β peptides and in neurons surrounding early plaques from patients with Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;2642-2647.
186. Kane D.J., Sarafian T.A., Anton R., Hahn H., Butler Gralla E., Selverstone Valentine J., Ord T., Bredesen D.E. Bcl-2 inhibition of neural death: decreased generation of reactive oxygen species. Science. 262:1993;1274-1277.
187. Kaplan D.R., Miller F.D. Signal transduction by the neurotrophin receptors. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:1997;213-221.
188. Kawasaki H., Morooka T., Shimohama S., Kimura J., Hirano T., Gotoh Y., Nishida E. Activation and involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in glutamate-induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;18518-18521.
189. Keller J.N., Kindy M.S., Holtsberg F.W., St Clair D.K., Yen H.C., Germeyer A., Steiner S.M., Bruce-Keller A.J., Hutchins J.B., Mattson M.P. Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase prevents neural apoptosis and reduces ischemic brain injury: suppression of peroxynitrite production, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;687-697.
190. Kermer P., Klöcker N., Labes M., Bähr M. Inhibition of CPP32-like proteases rescues axotomized retinal ganglion cells from secondary cell death in vivo. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;4656-4662.
191. Kidd V.J. Proteolytic activities that mediate apoptosis. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60:1998;533-573.
192. Kiedrowski L., Costa E. Glutamate-induced destabilization of intracellular calcium concentration homeostasis in cultured cerebellar granule cells: role of mitochondria in calcium buffering. Molec. Pharmacol. 47:1995;140-147.
193. King K.L., Cidlowski J.A. Cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60:1998;601-617.
194. Kirschner P.B., Jenkins B.G., Schulz J.B., Finkelstein S.P., Matthews R.T., Rosen B.R., Beal M.F. NGF, BDNF and NT-5, but not NT-3 protect against MPP+ toxicity and oxidative stress in neonatal animals. Brain Res. 713:1996;178-185.
195. Klöcker N., Cellerino A., Bähr M. Free radical scavenging and inhibition of nitric oxide synthase potentiates the neurotrophic effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on axotomized retinal ganglion cells in vivo. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;1038-1046.
196. Koliatsos V.E., Price D.L. Axotomy as an experimental model of neuronal injury and cell death. Brain Pathol. 6:1996;447-465.
197. Komara J.S., Nayini N.R., Bialick H.A., Indrieri R.J., Evans A.T., Garritano A.M., Hoehner T.J., Jacobs W.A., Huang R.R., Krause G.S., et al. Brain iron delocalization and lipid peroxidation following cardiac arrest. Ann. Emerg. Medici. 15:1986;384-389.
198. 2. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;11233-11237.
199. Köhr G., Eckardt S., Lüddens H., Monyer H., Seeburg P.H. NMDA receptor channels: subunit-specific potentiation by reducing agents. Neuron. 12:1994;1031-1040.
200. Kranenburg O., van der Eb A.J., Zantema A. Cyclin D1 is an essential mediator of apoptotic neuronal cell death. EMBO J. 15:1996;46-54.
201. Krinsky N.I. Mechanism of action of biological antioxidants. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 200:1992;248-254.
202. Krohn A.J., Preis E., Prehn J.H.M. Staurosporine-induced apoptosis of cultured rat hippocampal neurons involves caspase-1-like proteases as upstream initiators and increased production of superoxide as a main downstream effector. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;8186-8197.
203. Kubo T., Enokido Y., Yamada M., Oka T., Uchiyama Y., Hatanaka H. Oxygen-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells with special reference to the role of Bcl-2. Brain Res. 733:1996;175-183.
204. Kuida K., Zheng T.S., Na S.Q., Kuan C.Y., Yang D., Karasuyama H., Rakic P., Flavell R.A. Decreased apoptosis in the brain and premature lethality in CPP32-deficient mice. Nature. 384:1996;368-372.
205. Kure S., Tominaga T., Yoshimoto T., Tada K., Narisawa K. Glutamate triggers internucleosomal DNA cleavage in neuronal cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179:1991;39-45.
206. Lafon-Cazal M., Pietri S., Culcasi M., Bockaert J. NMDA-dependent superoxide production and neurotoxicity. Nature. 364:1993;535-537.
207. 2+ fluxes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;6569-6573.
208. Lander H.M., Jacovina A.T., Davis R.J., Tauras J.M. Differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by nitric oxide-related species. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;19705-19709.
209. Lander H.M., Tauras J.M., Ogiste J.S., Hori O., Moss R.A., Schmidt A.M. Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products triggers a p21(ras)-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway regulated by oxidant stress. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;17810-17814.
210. Lawrence M.S., Ho D.Y., Sun G.H., Steinberg G.K., Sapolsky R.M. Overexpression of Bcl-2 with herpes simplex virus vectors protects CNS neurons against neurological insults in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;486-496.
211. Leist M., Nicotera P. Apoptosis, excitotoxicity, and neuropathology. Exp. Cell Res. 239:1998;183-201.
212. Lemasters J.J., Nieminen A.L., Qian T., Trost L.C., Elmore S.P., Nishimura Y., Crowe R.A., Cascio W.E., Bradham C.A., Brenner D.A., et al. The mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death: a common mechanism in necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bio-Energetics. 1366:1998;177-196.
213. Leppin C., Finiels-Marlier F., Crawley J.N., Montpied P., Paul S.M. Failure of a protein synthesis inhibitor to modify glutamate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity in vivo. Brain Res. 581:1992;168-170.
214. Levin L.A., Clark J.A., Johns L.K. Effect of lipid peroxidation inhibition on retinal ganglion cell death. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37:1996;2744-2749.
215. Lezoualc'h F., Sagara Y., Holsboer F., Behl C. High constitutive NF-kappaB activity mediates resistance to oxidative stress in neuronal cells. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;3224-3232.
216. Li L.X., Houenou L.J., Wu W.T., Lei M., Prevette D.M., Oppenheim R.W. Characterization of spinal motoneuron degeneration following different types of peripheral nerve injury in neonatal and adult mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 396:1998;158-168.
217. Licinio J. Central nervous system cytokines and their relevance for neurotoxicity and apoptosis. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. 49:1997;169-175.
218. Lin K.I., Lee S.H., Narayanan R., Hardwick J.M., Ratan R.R. Thiol agents and Bcl-2 identify an alphavirus-induced apoptotic pathway that requires activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B. J. Cell Biol. 131:1995;1149-1161.
219. Linden R. The survival of developing neurons: a review of afferent control. Neurosci. 58:1994;671-682.
220. Linnik M.D. Apoptosis. Monogr. Neural Sci. 16:1998;89-115.
221. .: in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 16:1994;29-33.
222. Liu H., Lightfoot R., Stevens J.L. Activation of heat shock factor by alkylating agents is triggered by glutathione depletion and oxidation of protein thiols. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;4805-4812.
223. Liu M., Pelling J.C., Ju J.F., Chu E., Brash D.E. Antioxidant action via p53-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Res. 58:1998;1723-1729.
224. Lowrie M.B., Vrbova G. Dependence of postnatal motoneurones on their targets: review and hypothesis. Trends Neurosci. 15:1992;80-84.
225. Lucas M., Sanchez-Margalet V. Protein kinase C involvement in apoptosis. General Pharmacology. 26:1995;881-887.
226. Lucius R., Sievers J. YVAD protect post-natal retinal ganglion cells against axotomy-induced but not free radical-induced axonal degeneration in vitro. Molec. Brain Res. 48:1997;181-184.
227. Luttrell L.M., Van Biesen T., Hawes B.E., Koch W.J., Krueger K.M., Touhara K., Lefkowitz R.J. G-protein-coupled receptors and their regulation - Activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway by G-protein-coupled receptors. Adv. Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 31:1997;263-277.
228. Maas J.W. Jr, Horstmann S., Borasio G.D., Anneser J.M.H., Shooter E.M., Kahle P.J. Apoptosis of central and peripheral neurons can be prevented with cyclin-dependent kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. J. Neurochem. 70:1998;1401-1410.
229. Macleod K.F., Hu Y.W., Jacks T. Loss of Rb activates both p53-dependent and independent cell death pathways in the developing mouse nervous system. EMBO Journal. 15:1996;6178-6188.
230. Madhani H.D., Fink G.R. The riddle of MAP kinase signaling specificity. Trends Genet. 14:1998;151-155.
231. Mah S.P., Zhong L.T., Roghani L.A., Edwards R.H., Bredesen D.E. The protooncogene bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis in PC12 cells. J. Neurochem. 60:1993;1183-1186.
232. Maiese K., Wagner J., Boccone L. Nitric oxide: a downstream mediator of calcium toxicity in the ischemic cascade. Neurosci. Lett. 166:1994;43-47.
233. Mailhos C., Howard M.K., Latchman D.S. Heat shock protects neuronal cells from programmed cell death by apoptosis. Neurosci. 55:1993;621-627.
234. Mailhos C., Howard M.K., Latchman D.S. A common pathway mediates retinoic acid and PMA-dependent programmed cell death (apoptosis) of neuronal cells. Brain Res. 644:1994;7-12.
235. Mailhos C., Howard M.K., Latchman D.S. Heat shock proteins hsp90 and hsp70 protect neuronal cells from thermal stress but not from programmed cell death. J. Neurochem. 63:1994;1787-1795.
236. Mao X., Barger S.W. Neuroprotection by dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate: role of an NFkappaB-like factor. Neuroreport. 9:1998;759-763.
237. Marchetti P., Decaudin D., Macho A., Zamzami N., Hirsch T., Susin S.A., Kroemer G. Redox regulation of apoptosis: Impact of thiol oxidation status on mitochondrial function. Eur. J. Immunol. 27:1997;289-296.
238. Mark R.J., Lovell M.A., Markesbery W.R., Uchida K., Mattson M.P. A role for 4-hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation, in disruption of ion homeostasis and neuronal death induced by amyloid beta-peptide. J. Neurochem. 68:1997;255-264.
239. Maroney A.C., Glicksman M.A., Basma A.N., Walton K.M., Knight E. Jr, Murphy C.A., Bartlett B.A., Finn J.P., Angeles T., Matsuda Y., et al. Motoneuron apoptosis is blocked by CEP-1347 (KT 7515), a novel inhibitor of the JNK signaling pathway. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;104-111.
240. Marsters S.A., Sheridan J.P., Donahue C.J., Pitti R.M., Gray C.L., Goddard A.D., Bauer K.D., Ashkenazi A. Apo-3, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, contains a death domain and activates apoptosis and NF-kappaB. Curr. Biol. 6:1996;1669-1676.
241. Martin D.P., Ito A., Horigome K., Lampe P.A., Johnson E.M. Jr. Biochemical characterization of programmed cell death in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons. J. Neurobiol. 23:1992;1205-1220.
242. Martin D.P., Schmidt R.E., DiStefano P.S., Lowry O.H., Carter J.G., Johnson E.M. Jr. Inhibitors of protein synthesis and RNA synthesis prevent neuronal death caused by nerve growth factor deprivation. J. Cell Biol. 106:1988;829-844.
243. Martin L.J., Al-Abdulla N.A., Brambrink A.M., Kirsch J.R., Sieber F.E., Portera-Cailliau C. Neurodegeneration in excitotoxicity, global cerebral ischemia, and target deprivation: A perspective on the contributions of apoptosis and necrosis. Brain Res. Bull. 46:1998;281-309.
244. Martinou J.C., Dubois-Dauphin M., Staple J.K., Rodriguez I, Frankowski H., Missotten M., Albertini P., Talabot D., Catsicas S., Pietra C., et al. Overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice protects neurons from naturally occurring cell death and experimental ischemia. Neuron. 13:1994;1017-1030.
245. Martinou J.C., Sadoul R. ICE-like proteases execute the neuronal death program. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6:1996;609-614.
246. Marzo I., Brenner C., Zamzami N., Susin S.A., Beutner G., Brdiczka D., Remy R., Xie Z.H., Reed J.C., Kroemer G. The permeability transition pore complex: a target for apoptosis regulation by caspases and bcl-2-related proteins. J. Exp. Med. 187:1998;1261-1271.
247. Marzo I., Susin S.A., Petit P.X., Ravagnan L., Brenner C., Larochette N., Zamzami N., Kroemer G. Caspases disrupt mitochondrial membrane barrier function. FEBS Lett. 427:1998;198-202.
248. Matthews J.R., Hay R.T. Regulation of the DNA binding activity of NF-kB. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 27:1995;865-879.
249. Mattson M.P., Cheng B., Smith-Swintosky V.L. Mechanisms of neurotrophic factor protection against calcium- and free radical-mediated excitotoxic injury: implications for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Exp. Neurol. 124:1993;89-95.
250. Mattson M.P., Furukawa K. Programmed cell life: Anti-apoptotic signaling and therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 9:1996;191-205.
251. Mattson M.P., Goodman Y., Luo H., Fu W.M., Furukawa K. Activation of NF-kappaB protects hippocampal neurons against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis: Evidence for induction of manganese superoxide dismutase and suppression of peroxynitrite production and protein tyrosine nitration. J. Neurosci. Res. 49:1997;681-697.
252. 2+ concentration, and neurotoxicity and increase antioxidant enzyme activities in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurochem. 65:1995;1740-1751.
253. May M.J., Ghosh S. Signal transduction through NF-kappaB. Immunol. Today. 19:1998;80-88.
254. McCarthy M.J., Rubin L.L., Philpott K.L. Involvement of caspases in sympathetic neuron apoptosis. J. Cell Sci. 110:1997;2165-2173.
255. McConkey D.J., Orrenius S. The role of calcium in the regulation of apoptosis. J. Leukocyte Biol. 59:1996;775-783.
256. McCord J.M. Superoxide radical: controversies, contradictions, and paradoxes. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 209:1995;112-117.
257. McCormack J.G., Halestrap A.P., Denton R.M. Role of calcium ions in regulation of mammalian intramitochondrial metabolism. Physiol. Rev. 70:1990;391-425.
258. McGowan A.J., Fernandes R.S., Samali A., Cotter T.G. Anti-oxidants and apoptosis. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 24:1996;229-233.
259. Meikrantz W., Schlegel R. Apoptosis and the cell cycle. J. Cell Biochem. 58:1995;160-174.
260. Meister A. Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;9397-9400.
261. Meister A. Glutathione biosynthesis and its inhibition. Methods Enzymol. 252:1995;26-30.
262. Meister A., Anderson M.E. Glutathione. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 52:1983;711-760.
263. Meldolesi J., Volpe P., Pozzan T. The intracellular distribution of calcium. Trends Neurosci. 11:1988;449-452.
264. Merry D.E., Korsmeyer S.J. Bcl-2 gene family in the nervous system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 20:1997;245-267.
265. Michaelidis T.M., Sendtner M., Cooper J.D., Airaksinen M.S., Holtmann B., Meyer M., Thoenen H. Inactivation of bcl-2 results in progressive degeneration of motoneurons, sympathetic and sensory neurons during early postnatal development. Neuron. 17:1996;75-89.
266. Michaelis E.K. Molecular biology of glutamate receptors in the central nervous system and their role in excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and aging. Progr. Neurobiol. 54:1998;369-415.
267. Migheli A., Piva R., Atzori C., Troost D., Schiffer D. c-Jun, JNK/SAPK kinases and transcription factor NF-kappaB are selectively activated in astrocytes, but not motor neurons, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 56:1997;1314-1322.
268. Miller T.M., Moulder K.L., Knudson C.M., Creedon D.J., Deshmukh M., Korsmeyer S.J., Johnson E.M. Jr. Bax deletion further orders the cell death pathway in cerebellar granule cells and suggests a caspase-independent pathway to cell death. J. Cell Biol. 139:1997;205-217.
269. Milligan C.E., Prevette D., Yaginuma H., Homma S., Cardwell C., Fritz L.C., Tomaselli K.J., Oppenheim R.W., Schwartz L.M. Peptide inhibitors of the ICE protease family arrest programmed cell death of motoneurons in vivo and in vitro. Neuron. 15:1995;385-393.
270. + release. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 16:1995;356-359.
271. Moos T. Developmental profile of non-heme iron distribution in the rat brain during ontogenesis. Dev. Brain Res. 87:1995;203-213.
272. Morrison R.S., Wenzel H.J., Kinoshita Y., Robbins C.A., Donehower L.A., Schwartzkroin P.A. Loss of the p53 tumor suppressor gene protects neurons from kainate-induced cell death. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;1337-1345.
273. Motoyama N., Wang F., Roth K.A., Sawa H., Nakayama K.I., Nakayama K., Negishi I., Senju S., Zhang Q., Fujii S., et al. Massive cell death of immature hematopoietic cells and neurons in Bcl-x-deficient mice. Science. 267:1995;1506-1510.
274. Muller A., Maurin L., Bonne C. Free radicals and glutamate uptake in the retina. Gen. Pharmacol. 30:1998;315-318.
275. Mulligan G., Jacks T. The retinoblastoma gene family: cousins with overlapping interests. Trends Genet. 14:1998;223-229.
276. Murphy T.H., Baraban J.M. Glutamate toxicity in immature cortical neurons precedes development of glutamate receptor currents. Dev. Brain Res. 57:1990;146-150.
277. Nahorski S.R. Inositol polyphosphates and neuronal calcium homeostasis. Trends Neurosci. 11:1988;444-448.
278. Nanda D., Tolputt J., Collard K.J. Changes in brain glutathione levels during postnatal development in the rat. Dev. Brain Res. 94:1996;238-241.
279. Nath R., Raser K.J., McGinnis K., Nadimpalli R., Stafford D., Wang K.K.W. Effects of ICE-like protease and calpain inhibitors on neuronal apoptosis. Neuroreport. 8:1996;249-255.
280. Neame S.J., Rubin L.L., Philpott K.L. Blocking cytochrome c activity within intact neurons inhibits apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 142:1998;1583-1593.
281. Newton K., Strasser A. The Bcl-2 family and cell death regulation. Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 8:1998;68-75.
282. Nishiyama K., Kwak S., Takekoshi S., Watanabe K., Kanazawa I. In situ nick end-labeling detects necrosis of hippocampal pyramidal cells induced by kainic acid. Neurosci. Lett. 212:1996;139-142.
283. O'Leary D.D., Fawcett J.W., Cowan W.M. Topographic targeting errors in the retinocollicular projection and their elimination by selective ganglion cell death. J. Neurosci. 6:1986;3692-3705.
284. O'Neill L.A., Kaltschmidt C. NF-kappa B: a crucial transcription factor for glial and neuronal cell function. Trends Neurosci. 20:1997;252-258.
285. Olanow C.W. A radical hypothesis for neurodegeneration. Trends Neurosci. 11:1993;439-444.
286. Olney J.W., Zorumski C., Price M.T., Labruyere J. L-Cysteine, a bicarbonate-sensitive endogenous excitotoxin. Science. 248:1990;596-599.
287. Oppenheim R.W. Cell death during development of the nervous system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 14:1991;453-501.
288. Oppenheim R.W. Related mechanisms of action of growth factors and antioxidants in apoptosis: an overview. Advances in Neurology. 72:1997;69-78.
289. Oppenheim R.W., Prevette D., Tytell M., Homma S. Naturally occurring and induced neuronal death in the chick embryo in vivo requires protein and RNA synthesis: evidence for the role of cell death genes. Devel. Biol. 138:1990;104-113.
290. Orrenius S., Nicotera P. The calcium ion and cell death. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. Suppl. 43:1994;1-11.
291. Oubidar M., Boquillon M., Marie C., Bouvier C., Beley A., Bralet J. Effect of intracellular iron loading on lipid peroxidation of brain slices. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 21:1996;763-769.
292. Ozaki K., Takeda H., Iwahashi H., Kitano S., Hanazawa S. NF-kappaB inhibitors stimulate apoptosis of rabbit mature osteoclasts and inhibit bone resorption by these cells. FEBS Lett. 410:1997;297-300.
293. Packer L., Tritschler H.J., Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant α-lipoic acid. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 22:1997;359-378.
294. Paes de Carvalho R., De Faria M.H., Do Nascimento J.L.M., Hokoç J.N. Development of NADPH-diaphorase in the avian retina: Regulation by calcium ions and relation to nitric oxide synthase. J. Neurochem. 67:1996;1063-1071.
295. Palmer C., Roberts R.L., Bero C. Deferoxamine posttreatment reduces ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Stroke. 25:1994;1039-1045.
296. Pan W., Zadina J.E., Harlan R.E., Weber J.T., Banks W.A., Kastin A.J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha: a neuromodulator in the CNS. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21:1997;603-613.
297. Pan Z., Perez-Polo R. Role of nerve growth factor in oxidant homeostasis: glutathione metabolism. J. Neurochem. 61:1993;1713-1721.
298. Park D.S., Levine B., Ferrari G., Greene L.A. Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors and dominant negative cyclin dependent kinase 4 and 6 promote survival of NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;8975-8983.
299. Park D.S., Morris E.J., Stefanis L., Troy C.M., Shelanski M.L., Geller H.M., Greene L.A. Multiple pathways of neuronal death induced by DNA-damaging agents, NGF deprivation, and oxidative stress. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;830-840.
300. Parrizas M., Saltiel A.R., LeRoith D. Insulin-like growth factor 1 inhibits apoptosis using the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;154-161.
301. Patel M., Day B.J., Crapo J.D., Fridovich I., McNamara J.O. Requirement for superoxide in excitotoxic cell death. Neuron. 16:1996;345-355.
302. Patel T., Gores G.J., Kaufmann S.H. The role of proteases during apoptosis. FASEB J. 10:1996;587-597.
303. Pellegrini-Giampietro D.E. Free radicals and the pathogenesis of neuronal death: Cooperative role of excitatory amino acids. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 366:1994;59-71.
304. Pellegrini-Giampietro D.E., Cherici G., Alesiani M., Carla V., Moroni F. Excitatory amino acid release and free radical formation may cooperate in the genesis of ischemia-induced neuronal damage. J. Neurosci. 10:1990;1035-1041.
305. Perkins N.D. Achieving transcriptional specificity with NF-kappaB. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 29:1997;1433-1448.
306. Perona R., Montaner S., Saniger L., Sanchez-Perez I., Bravo R., Lacal J.C. Activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB by Rho, CDC42, and Rac-1 proteins. Genes & Development. 11:1997;463-475.
307. Pettmann B., Henderson C.E. Neuronal cell death. Neuron. 20:1998;633-647.
308. Phillis J.W. α-Phenyl-tert-butylnitrone: inhibition of free radical formation and release from injured brain. Packer L., Hiramatsu M., Yoshikawa T. Free Radicals in Brain Physiology and Disorders. 1996;215-232 Academic Press, San Diego.
309. Portera-Cailliau C., Price D.L., Martin L.J. Excitotoxic neuronal death in the immature brain is an apoptosis-necrosis morphological continuum. J. Comp. Neurol. 378:1997;70-87.
310. Post A., Holsboer F., Behl C. Induction of NF-kappaB activity during haloperidol-induced oxidative toxicity in clonal hippocampal cells: Suppression of NF-kappaB and neuroprotection by antioxidants. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;8236-8246.
311. Prasad A.V., Pilcher W.H., Joseph S.A. Nuclear factor-kappa B in rat brain: enhanced DNA-binding activity following convulsant-induced seizures. Neurosci. Lett. 170:1994;145-148.
312. Prehn J.H.M., Bindokas V.P., Marcuccilli C.J., Krajewski S., Reed J.C., Miller R.J. Regulation of neuronal Bcl2 protein expression and calcium homeostasis by transforming growth factor type β confers wide-ranging protection on rat hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;12599-12603.
313. Puka-Sundvall M., Eriksson P., Nilsson M., Sandberg M., Lehmann A. Neurotoxicity of cysteine: interaction with glutamate. Brain Res. 705:1995;65-70.
314. Qin Z.H., Wang Y.M., Chase T.N. Stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors induces apoptosis in rat brain. Brain Res. 725:1996;166-176.
315. Qin Z.H., Wang Y.M., Nakai M., Chase T.N. Nuclear factor-kappaB contributes to excitotoxin-induced apoptosis in rat striatum. Molec. Pharmacol. 53:1998;33-42.
316. Raff M.C., Barres B.A., Burne J.F., Coles H.S., Ishizaki Y., Jacobson M.D. Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival: lessons from the nervous system. Science. 262:1993;695-700.
317. Ratan R.R., Murphy T.H., Baraban J.M. Macromolecular synthesis inhibitors prevent oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in embryonic cortical neurons by shunting cysteine from protein synthesis to glutathione. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;4385-4392.
318. Ratan R.R., Murphy T.H., Baraban J.M. Oxidative stress induces apoptosis in embryonic cortical neurons. J. Neurochem. 62:1994;376-379.
319. Reed J.C. Double identity for proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Nature. 387:1997;773-776.
320. Regan R.F., Panter S.S., Witz A., Tilly J.L., Giffard R.G. Ultrastructure of excitotoxic neuronal death in murine cortical culture. Brain Res. 705:1995;188-198.
321. Remacle J., Raes M., Toussaint O., Renard P., Rao G. Low levels of reactive oxygen species as modulators of cell function. Mutat. Res. DNAging Genet. Instability Aging. 316:1995;103-122.
322. Reynolds I.J., Hastings T.G. Glutamate induces the production of reactive oxygen species in cultured forebrain neurons following NMDA receptor activation. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;3318-3327.
323. 2+: their relationship to apoptosis and oncogenesis. FEBS Lett. 325:1993;104-107.
324. Richter C., Schweizer M., Cossarizza A., Franceschi C. Control of apoptosis by the cellular ATP level. FEBS Lett. 378:1996;107-110.
325. Rizzardini M., Chiesa R., Angeretti N., Lucca E., Salmona M., Forloni G., Cantoni L. Prion protein fragment 106-126 differentially induces heme oxygenase-1 mRNA in cultured neurons and astroglial cells. J. Neurochem. 68:1997;715-720.
326. Robinson M.J., Cobb M.H. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:1997.
327. Roffler-Tarlov S., Brown J.J., Tarlov E., Stolarov J., Chapman D.L., Alexiou M., Papaioannou V.E. Programmed cell death in the absence of c-Fos and c-Jun. Development. 122:1996;1-9.
328. Rosenbaum D.M., Kalberg J., Kessler J.A. Superoxide dismutase ameliorates neuronal death from hypoxia in culture. Stroke. 25:1994;857-862.
329. Rossé T., Olivier R., Monney L., Rager M., Conus S., Fellay I., Jansen B., Borner C. Bcl-2 prolongs cell survival after Bax-induced release of cytochrome c. Nature. 391:1998;496-499.
330. Rothman S.M., Olney J.W. Excitotoxicity and the NMDA receptor. Trends Neurosci. 10:1987;299-302.
331. Rothstein J.D., Bristol L.A., Hosler B., Brown R.H. Jr, Kuncl R.W. Chronic inhibition of superoxide dismutase produces apoptotic death of spinal neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;4155-4159.
332. Russo T., Zambrano N., Esposito F., Ammendola R., Cimino F., Fiscella M., Jackman J., O'Connor P.M., Anderson C.W., Appella E. A p53-independent pathway for activation of WAF/CIP1 expression following oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;29386-29391.
333. Sadoul R., Fernandez P.A., Quiquerez A.L., Martinou I., Maki M., Schröter M., Becherer J.D., Irmler M., Tschopp J., Martinou J.C. Involvement of the proteasome in the programmed cell death of NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons. EMBO Journal. 15:1996;3845-3852.
334. Sagara Y., Dargusch R., Klier F.G., Schubert D., Behl C. Increased antioxidant enzyme activity in amyloid β protein-resistant cells. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;497-505.
335. Sakhi S., Bruce A., Sun N., Tocco G., Baudry M., Schreiber S.S. p53 induction is associated with neuronal damage in the central nervous system. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;7525-7529.
336. Samanta S., Perkinton M.S., Morgan M., Williams R.J. Hydrogen peroxide enhances signal-responsive arachidonic acid release from neurons: Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Neurochem. 70:1998;2082-2090.
337. Sampath D., Jackson G.R., Werrbach-Perez K., Perez-Polo J.R. Effects of nerve growth factor on glutathione peroxidase and catalase in PC12 cells. J. Neurochem. 62:1994;2476-2479.
338. Sarafian T.A., Vartavarian L., Kane D.J., Bredesen D.E., Verity M.A. bcl-2 expression decreases methyl mercury-induced free-radical generation and cell killing in a neural cell line. Toxicol. Lett. 74:1994;149-155.
339. Saran M., Bors W. Radical reactions in vivo - an overview. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 29:1990;249-262.
340. Saran M., Michel C., Bors W. Radical functions in vivo: A critical review of current concepts and hypotheses. Z. Naturforsch (C). 53:1998;210-227.
341. Sato K., Saito H., Katsuki H. Synergism of tocopherol and ascorbate on the survival of cultured brain neurones. Neuroreport. 4:1993;1179-1182.
342. Satoh T., Enokido Y., Aoshima H., Uchiyama Y., Hatanaka H. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 50:1997;413-420.
343. Satoh T., Sakai N., Enokido Y., Uchiyama Y., Hatanaka H. Free radical-independent protection by nerve growth factor and Bcl-2 of PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide-triggered apoptosis. J. Biochem. 120:1996;540-546.
344. Satoh T., Sakai N., Enokido Y., Uchiyama Y., Hatanaka H. Survival factor-insensitive generation of reactive oxygen species induced by serum deprivation in neuronal cells. Brain Res. 733:1996;9-14.
345. Savitz S.I., Rosenbaum D.M. Apoptosis in neurological disease. Neurosurgery. 42:1998;555-572.
346. Schreck R., Albermann K., Baeuerle P.A. Nuclear factor kB: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). Free Rad. Res. Comm. 17:1992;221-237.
347. Schulz J.B., Beal M.F. Neuroprotective effects of free radical scavengers and energy repletion in animal models of neurodegenerative disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 765:1995;100-110.
348. Schulz J.B., Weller M., Klockgether T. Potassium deprivation-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons: A sequential requirement for new mRNA and protein synthesis, ICE-like protease activity, and reactive oxygen species. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;4696-4706.
349. Schulze-Osthoff K., Ferrari D., Riehemann K., Wesselborg S. Regulation of NF-kappaB activation by MAP kinase cascades. Immunobiology. 198:1997;35-49.
350. Schwarzschild M.A., Cole R.L., Hyman S.E. Glutamate, but not dopamine, stimulates stress-activated protein kinase and AP-1-mediated transcription in striatal neurons. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;3455-3466.
351. Segal R.A., Greenberg M.E. Intracellular signaling pathways activated by neurotrophic factors. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 19:1996;463-489.
352. Sekar M., Hokin L.E. The role of phosphoinositides in signal transduction. J. Membrane Biol. 89:1986;193-210.
353. Sheen V.L., Dreyer E.B., Macklis J.D. Calcium-mediated neuronal degeneration following singlet oxygen production. Neuroreport. 3:1992;705-708.
354. Sherr C.J. Cancer cell cycles. Science. 274:1996;1672-1677.
355. Shimizu S., Eguchi Y., Kosaka H., Kamiike W., Matsuda H., Tsujimoto Y. Prevention of hypoxia-induced cell death by Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Nature. 374:1995;811-813.
356. Shivakumar B.R., Anandatheerthavarada H.K., Ravindranath V. Free radical scavenging systems in developing rat brain. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 9:1991;181-185.
357. Sies H. Strategies of antioxidant defense. Eur. J. Biochem. 215:1993;213-219.
358. Siu A.W., Reiter R.J., To C.H. The efficacy of vitamin E and melatonin as antioxidants against lipid peroxidation in rat retinal homogenates. J. Pineal Res. 24:1998;239-244.
359. Slack R.S., Belliveau D.J., Rosenberg M., Atwal J., Lochmüller H., Aloyz R., Haghighi A., Lach B., Seth P., Cooper E., et al. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the tumor suppressor, p53, induces apoptosis in postmitotic neurons. J. Cell Biol. 135:1996;1085-1096.
360. Small D.L., Monette R., Buchan A.M., Morley P. Identification of calcium channels involved in neuronal injury in rat hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation. Brain Res. 753:1997;209-218.
361. Smith M.L., Fornace A.J. Jr. Mammalian DNA damage-inducible genes associated with growth arrest and apoptosis. Mutat. Res. Rev. Genet. Toxicol. 340:1996;109-124.
362. Smith S.L., Oostveen J.A., Hall E.D. Two novel pyrrolopyrimidine lipid peroxidation inhibitors U-101033E and U-104067F protect facial motor neurons following neonatal axotomy. Exp. Neurol. 141:1996;304-309.
363. Sohn S., Kim E.Y., Gwag B.J. Glutamate neurotoxicity in mouse cortical neurons: atypical necrosis with DNA ladders and chromatin condensation. Neurosci. Lett. 240:1998;147-150.
364. Soler R.M., Egea J., Mintenig G.M., Sanz-Rodriguez C., Iglesias M., Comella J.X. Calmodulin is involved in membrane depolarization-mediated survival of motoneurons by phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase- and MAPK-independent pathways. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;1230-1239.
365. Srinivasan A., Foster L.M., Testa M.P., Örd T., Keane R.W., Bredesen D.E., Kayalar C. Bcl-2 expression in neural cells blocks activation of ICE/CED-3 family proteases during apoptosis. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;5654-5660.
366. Stadtman E.R. Protein oxidation and aging. Science. 257:1992;1220-1224.
367. Stancovski I., Baltimore D. NF-kappaB activation: The IkappaB kinase revealed? Cell. 91:1997;299-302.
368. Stefanis L., Park D.S., Yan C.Y.I., Farinelli S.E., Troy C.M., Shelanski M.L., Greene L.A. Induction of CPP32-like activity in PC12 cells by withdrawal of trophic support - Dissociation from apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;30663-30671.
369. Stefanis L., Troy C.M., Qi H.Q., Greene L.A. Inhibitors of trypsin-like serine proteases inhibit processing of the caspase Nedd-2 and protect PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons from death evoked by withdrawal of trophic support. J. Neurochem. 69:1997;1425-1437.
370. Sullivan J.M., Traynelis S.F., Chen H.S.V., Escobar W., Heinemann S.F., Lipton S.A. Identification of two cysteine residues that are required for redox modulation of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor. Neuron. 13:1994;929-936.
371. Sun Y., Oberley L.W. Redox regulation of transcriptional activators. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 21:1996;335-348.
372. Susin S.A., Zamzami N., Castedo M., Hirsch T., Marchetti P., Macho A., Daugas E., Geuskens M., Kroemer G. Bcl-2 inhibits the mitochondrial release of an apoptogenic protease. J. Exp. Med. 184:1996;1331-1341.
373. Suzuki Y.J., Forman H.J., Sevanian A. Oxidants as stimulators of signal transduction. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 22:1997;269-285.
374. Taglialatela G., Robinson R., Perez-Polo J.R. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) activity induces nerve growth factor-resistant apoptosis in PC12 cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 47:1997;155-162.
375. Tan S.L., Sagara Y., Lin Y.B., Maher P., Schubert D. The regulation of reactive oxygen species production during programmed cell death. J. Cell. Biol. 141:1998;1423-1432.
376. Tan S.L., Wood M., Maher P. Oxidative stress induces a form of programmed cell death with characteristics of both apoptosis and necrosis in neuronal cells. J. Neurochem. 71:1998;95-105.
377. Tanabe H., Eguchi Y., Shimizu S., Martinou J.C., Tsujimoto Y. Death-signalling cascade in mouse cerebellar granule neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10:1998;1403-1411.
378. Taylor J., Gatchalian C.L., Keen G., Rubin L.L. Apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurones: involvement of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme-like proteases. J. Neurochem. 68:1997;1598-1605.
379. Thanislass J., Raveendran M., Devaraj H. Buthionine sulfoximine-induced glutathione depletion. Its effect on antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and calcium homeostasis in the lung. Biochem. Pharmacol. 50:1995;229-234.
380. Thornberry N.A., Lazebnik Y. Caspases: Enemies within. Science. 281:1998;1312-1316.
381. Tong J.X., Eichler M.E., Rich K.M. Intracellular calcium levels influence apoptosis in mature sensory neurons after trophic factor deprivation. Exp. Neurol. 138:1996;45-52.
382. Tong L., Perez-Polo J.R. Effect of nerve growth factor on AP-1, NF-kappaB, and Oct DNA binding activity in apoptotic PC12 cells: Extrinsic and intrinsic elements. J. Neurosci. Res. 45:1996;1-12.
383. Trotti D., Nussberger S., Volterra A., Hediger M.A. Differential modulation of the uptake currents by redox interconversion of cysteine residues in the human neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9:1997;2207-2212.
384. Troy C.M., Derossi D., Prochiantz A., Greene L.A., Shelanski M.L. Downregulation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase leads to cell death via the nitric oxide-peroxynitrite pathway. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;253-261.
385. Troy C.M., Shelanski M.L. Down-regulation of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase causes apoptotic death in PC12 neuronal cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;6384-6387.
386. Troy C.M., Stefanis L., Greene L.A., Shelanski M.L. Nedd2 is required for apoptosis after trophic factor withdrawal, but not superoxide dismutase (SOD1) downregulation, in sympathetic neurons and PC12 cells. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;1911-1918.
387. i regulation in apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1313:1996;173-178.
388. Tsai J.C., Jain M., Hsieh C.M., Lee W.S., Yoshizumi M., Patterson C., Perrella M.A., Cooke C., Wang H., Haber E., et al. Induction of apoptosis by pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and N-acetylcysteine in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;3667-3670.
389. Tsien R.W., Tsien R.Y. Calcium channels, stores, and oscillations. Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 6:1990;715-760.
390. Tyurina Y.Y., Tyurin V.A., Carta G., Quinn P.J., Schor N.F., Kagan V.E. Direct evidence for antioxidant effect of Bcl-2 in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 344:1997;413-423.
391. Ueda Ta, Ueda To, Armstrong D. Preventive effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in the mammalian eye. Ophthalmic Research. 28:1996;184-192.
392. Van Antwerp D.J., Martin S.J., Verma I.M., Green D.R. Inhibition of TNF-induced apoptosis by NF-kappaB. Trends Cell Biol. 8:1998;107-111.
393. WAF1/CIP1 in neurons following focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci. 84:1998;1097-1112.
394. Ink4a, cyclin G1, and the proto-oncogene Bax. J. Comp. Neurol. 397:1998;181-198.
395. Van Lookeren Campagne M., Lucassen P.J., Vermeulen J.P., Balazs R. NMDA and kainate induce internucleosomal DNA cleavage associated with both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in the neonatal brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1995;1627-1640.
396. Vaux D.L., Strasser A. The molecular biology of apoptosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;2239-2244.
397. Verheij M., Bose R., Lin X.H., Yao B., Jarvis W.D., Grant S., Birrer M.J., Szabo E., Zon L.I., Kyriakis J.M., et al. Requirement for ceramide-initiated SAPK/JNK signalling in stress-induced apoptosis. Nature. 380:1996;75-79.
398. Villalba M. Bisindolylmaleimide prevents cerebellar granule cells apoptosis: a possible role for PKC. Neuroreport. 9:1998;1713-1717.
399. Villalba M., Bockaert J., Journot L. Concomitant induction of apoptosis and necrosis in cerebellar granule cells following serum and potassium withdrawal. Neuroreport. 8:1997;981-985.
400. Villalba M., Bockaert J., Journot L. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP-38) protects cerebellar granule neurons from apoptosis by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathway. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;83-90.
401. Vincent S.R., Sebben M., Dumuis A., Bockaert J. Neurotransmitter regulation of MAP kinase signaling in striatal neurons in primary culture. Synapse. 29:1998;29-36.
402. Virdee K., Bannister A.J., Hunt S.P., Tolkovsky A.M. Comparison between the timing of JNK activation, c-Jun phosphorylation, and onset of death commitment in sympathetic neurones. J. Neurochem. 69:1997;550-561.
403. Voyvodic J.T. Cell death in cortical development: How much? Why? So what? Neuron. 16:1996;693-696.
404. Walker P.R., Sikorska M. Endonuclease activities, chromatin structure, and DNA degradation in apoptosis. Biochem. Cell Biol. 72:1994;615-623.
405. MAPK in microglia after ischemia. J. Neurochem. 70:1998;1764-1767.
406. Wang C.Y., Mayo M.W., Baldwin A.S. Jr. TNF- and cancer therapy-induced apoptosis: Potentiation by inhibition of NF-kappaB. Science. 274:1996;784-787.
407. Watson A., Eilers A., Lallemand D., Kyriakis J., Rubin L.L., Ham J. Phosphorylation of c-Jun is necessary for apoptosis induced by survival signal withdrawal in cerebellar granule neurons. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;751-762.
408. White E. Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis. Genes & Devel. 10:1996;1-15.
409. Whitfield J.F., Bird R.P., Chakravarthy B.R., Isaacs R.J., Morley P. Calcium-Cell cycle regulator, differentiator, killer, chemopreventor, and maybe, tumor promoter. J. Cell Biochem. Suppl. 22:1995;74-91.
410. Whittemore E.R., Loo D.T., Cotman C.W. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide induces cell death via apoptosis in cultured rat cortical neurons. Neuroreport. 5:1994;1485-1488.
411. Whittemore E.R., Loo D.T., Watt J.A., Cotman C.W. A detailed analysis of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in primary neuronal culture. Neurosci. 67:1995;921-932.
412. Wiedau-Pazos M., Trudell J.R., Altenbach C., Kane D.J., Hubbell W.L., Bredesen D.E. Expression of BCL-2 inhibits cellular radical generation. Free Radic. Res. 24:1996;205-212.
413. Williams L.R. Oxidative stress, age-related neurodegeneration, and the potential for neurotrophic treatment. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 7:1995;55-73.
414. Winterbourn C.C., Metodiewa D. Reaction of superoxide with glutathione and other thiols. Methods Enzymol. 251:1995;81-86.
415. Wyatt S., Mailhos C., Latchman D.S. Trigeminal ganglion neurons are protected by the heat shock proteins hsp70 and hsp90 from thermal stress but not from programmed cell death following nerve growth factor withdrawal. Brain Res. Molec. Brain Res. 39:1996;52-56.
416. Xia Z., Dickens M., Raingeaud J., Davis R.J., Greenberg M.E. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science. 270:1995;1326-1331.
417. Xia Z., Dudek H., Miranti C.K., Greenberg M.E. Calcium influx via the NMDA receptor induces immediate early gene transcription by a MAP kinase/ERK-dependent mechanism. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;5425-5436.
418. Xiang J., Chao D.T., Korsmeyer S.J. BAX-induced cell death may not require interleukin 1 beta- converting enzyme-like proteases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;14559-14563.
419. Yakovlev A.G., Knoblach S.M., Fan L., Fox G.B., Goodnight R., Faden A.I. Activation of CPP32-like caspases contributes to neuronal apoptosis and neurological dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;7415-7424.
420. Yamashima T., Kohda Y., Tsuchiya K., Ueno T., Yamashita J., Yoshioka T., Kominami E. Inhibition of ischaemic hippocampal neuronal death in primates with cathepsin B inhibitor CA-074: a novel strategy for neuroprotection based on 'calpain-cathepsin hypothesis'. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10:1998;1723-1733.
421. Yan C.Y.I., Ferrari G., Greene L.A. N-acetylcysteine-promoted survival of PC12 cells is glutathione-independent but transcriptional-dependent. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;26827-26832.
422. Yan C.Y.I., Greene L.A. Prevention of PC12 cell death by N-acetylcysteine requires activation of the Ras pathway. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;4042-4049.
423. Yang D.D., Kuan C.Y., Whitmarsh A.J., Rincón M., Zheng T.S., Davis R.J., Rakic P., Flavell R.A. Absence of excitotoxicity-induced apoptosis in the hippocampus of mice lacking the Jnk3 gene. Nature. 389:1997;865-870.
424. Yang K., Mu X.S., Hayes R.L. Increased cortical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) DNA binding activity after traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 197:1995;101-104.
425. Yardin C., Terro F., Lesort M., Esclaire F., Hugon J. FK506 antagonizes apoptosis and c-jun protein expression in neuronal cultures. Neuroreport. 9:1998;2077-2080.
426. Yoon S.O., Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Carter B., Chao M.V. Competitive signaling between TrkA and p75 nerve growth factor receptors determines cell survival. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;3273-3281.
427. Yu B.P. Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species. Physiol. Rev. 74:1994;239-262.
428. Yu B.P., Yang R. Critical evaluation of the free radical theory of ageing - A proposal for the oxidative stress hypothesis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 786:1996;1-11.
429. Zamzami N., Marzo I., Susin S.A., Brenner C., Larochette N., Marchetti P., Reed J., Kofler R., Kroemer G. The thiol crosslinking agent diamide overcomes the apoptosis-inhibitory effect of Bcl-2 by enforcing mitochondrial permeability transition. Oncogene. 16:1998;1055-1063.
430. Zanjani H.S., Vogel M.W., Delhaye-Bouchaud N., Martinou J.C., Mariani J. Increased cerebellar Purkinje cell numbers in mice overexpressing a human Bcl-2 transgene. J. Comp. Neurol. 374:1996;332-341.
431. Zhang P., Miller B.S., Rosenzweig S.A., Bhat N.R. Activation of C-jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase in primary glial cultures. J. Neurosci. Res. 46:1996;114-121.
432. Zhang Y., Tatsuno T., Carney J.M., Mattson M.P. Basic FGF, NGF, and IGFs protect hippocampal and cortical neurons against iron-induced degeneration. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13:1993;378-388.
433. Zhong L.T., Kane D.J., Bredesen D.E. BCL-2 blocks glutamate toxicity in neural cell lines. Molec. Brain Res. 19:1993;353-355.
434. Zhong L.T., Sarafian T., Kane D.J., Charles A.C., Mah S.P., Edwards R.H., Bredesen D.E. bcl-2 inhibits death of central neural cells induced by multiple agents. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;4533-4537.
435. Zhu R.L., Graham S.H., Jin K., Stetler R.A., Simon R.P., Chen J. Kainate induces the expression of the DNA damage-inducible gene, GADD45, in the rat brain. Neurosci. 81:1997;707-720.