Russia's image of China and Russian-Chinese relations

East Asia

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 5-39

  Lukin, Alexander ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOREIGN POLICY; GEOPOLITICS; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS;

CHINA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0032789098     PISSN: 10966838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12140-999-0002-3     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. 1. I want to thank professor Gilbert Rozman, Dr. David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, and Dr. Andrey Dikarev for providing important materials which were used in this article and for giving useful comments on its text.
2. 2. V.S. Solov'ev 1890 Kitay i Evropa Sobranie Sochineniy Obshchestvennaya Pol'za St. Petersburg 84 137 [China and Europe] V.S. Solov'ev, “Kitay i Evropa” [China and Europe], in V.S. Solov'ev, Sobranie Sochineniy (St. Petersburg: Obshchestvennaya Pol'za, no date), vol. 6, pp. 84–137. Written in 1890.
3. 3. N.Ya. Danilevskiy 1888 Rossiya i Evropa Tipografiya brat. Panteleevykh St. Petersburg 74 76 [Russia and Europe] N.Ya. Danilevskiy, Rossiya i Evropa [Russia and Europe] (St. Petersburg: Tipografiya brat. Panteleevykh, 1888), pp. 74–76.
4. 4. N.M. Przheval'skiy 1888 Ot Kyakhty na istoki zheltoy reki. Issledovanie severnoy okrainy Tibeta i put' cherez Lob-Nor po basseynu Tarima Tipografiya V.S. Balasheva St. Petersburg 530 536 [From Kiakhta to the source of the Yellow River. A study of the Northern outskirts of Tibet and the way through Lob-Nor along the Tarim basin] See, for example, N.M. Przheval'skiy, Ot Kyakhty na istoki zheltoy reki. Issledovanie severnoy okrainy Tibeta i put' cherez Lob-Nor po basseynu Tarima [From Kiakhta to the source of the Yellow River. A study of the Northern outskirts of Tibet and the way through Lob-Nor along the Tarim basin] (St. Petersburg: Tipografiya V.S. Balasheva, 1888), pp. 530–536.
5. 5. Kn. Esper Ukhtomskiy 1900 K sobytiyam v Kitae. Ob otnosheniyakh Zapada i Rossii k Vostoku Vostok St. Petersburg 71 72 [The events in China. On the relations of the West and Russia with the East] Kn. Esper Ukhtomskiy, K sobytiyam v Kitae. Ob otnosheniyakh Zapada i Rossii k Vostoku [The events in China. On the relations of the West and Russia with the East] (St. Petersburg: Vostok, 1900), pp. 71–72.
6. 6. Andrey Amal'rik 1971 Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984? Harper & Row New York and Evanston 44 67 See, for example, Andrey Amal'rik, Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984? (New York and Evanston: Harper & Row, 1971), pp. 44–67.
7. 7. Gilbert Rozman 1985 A Mirror for Socialism: Soviet Criticism of China Princeton University Press Princeton A detailed discussion of Soviet attitudes toward China of this period can be found in Gilbert Rozman, A Mirror for Socialism: Soviet Criticism of China (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985). See also A.V. Lukin, “Kitaevedenie i politika” [China studies and politics], Vostok, No. 2 (1991), pp. 216–221.
8. 8. M.L. Titarenko 1997 Kitayskie reformy: primer, vyzov ili ugroza IDV RAN Moskow [Chinese reforms: an example, a challenge or a threat] M.L. Titarenko, “Kitayskie reformy: primer, vyzov ili ugroza” [Chinese reforms: an example, a challenge or a threat] (Moskow: IDV RAN, April 1997), unpublished manuscript. The report uses the materials of the following IDV researchers: V.D. Andrianov, A.V. Bolyatko, L.D. Boni, I.A. Balyuk, G.A. Ganshin, B.T. Kulik, I.N. Naumov, Ye.P. Pivovarov, V.Ya. Portyakov, and Ye.V. Spogis. At least two of them (Ganshin and Kulik), apart from Titarenko himself, worked in the Central Committee of the CPSU under Rakhmanin.
9. 9. M.L. Titarenko 1997 Kitayskie reformy: primer, vyzov ili ugroza IDV RAN Moskow 3 4 [Chinese reforms: an example, a challenge or a threat] Ibid., pp. 3–4.
10. 10. M.L. Titarenko 1997 Kitayskie reformy: primer, vyzov ili ugroza IDV RAN Moskow 5 6 [Chinese reforms: an example, a challenge or a threat] Ibid.,, pp. 5–6.
11. 11. M.L. Titarenko 1997 Kitayskie reformy: primer, vyzov ili ugroza IDV RAN Moskow 7 9 [Chinese reforms: an example, a challenge or a threat] Ibid.,, pp. 7–9.
12. 12. M.L. Titarenko 1997 Kitayskie reformy: primer, vyzov ili ugroza IDV RAN Moskow 9 10 [Chinese reforms: an example, a challenge or a threat] Ibid.,, pp. 9–10.
13. 13. M.L. Titarenko 1997 Kitayskie reformy: primer, vyzov ili ugroza IDV RAN Moskow 16 16 [Chinese reforms: an example, a challenge or a threat] Ibid.,, pp. 16.
14. 14. M.L. Titarenko 1997 Kitayskie reformy: primer, vyzov ili ugroza IDV RAN Moskow [Chinese reforms: an example, a challenge or a threat] Ibid.
15. 15. M.L. Titarenko 1997 Kitayskie reformy: primer, vyzov ili ugroza IDV RAN Moskow 17 17 [Chinese reforms: an example, a challenge or a threat] Ibid.,, p. 17.
16. 16. M.L. Titarenko 1997 Kitayskie reformy: primer, vyzov ili ugroza IDV RAN Moskow 22 22 [Chinese reforms: an example, a challenge or a threat] Ibid.,, p. 22.
17. 17. B. Kulik 1994 Klyuchi k uspekhu reform: oprobovano v Kitae Obozrevatel 12 88 88 [The keys to the success of reforms: tested in China] B. Kulik, “Klyuchi k uspekhu reform: oprobovano v Kitae” [The keys to the success of reforms: tested in China], Obozrevatel, No. 12 (1994), p. 88.
18. 18. Aleksandr Prokhanov 1996 Kitayskiy otvet Zavtra 43/151 5 5 [The Chinese answer] Aleksandr Prokhanov, “Kitayskiy otvet” [The Chinese answer], Zavtra No. 43/151 (1996), p. 5; No. 42/150 (1996), p. 5.
19. 19. Nodari Simoniya 1996 Uroki kitayskikh i yuzhnokoreyskikh reform Svobodnaya mysl' 9 33 34 [The lessons of Chinese and South Korean reforms] Nodari Simoniya, “Uroki kitayskikh i yuzhnokoreyskikh reform” [The lessons of Chinese and South Korean reforms], Svobodnaya mysl', No. 9 (1996), pp. 33–34.
20. 20. Nodari Simoniya 1996 Uroki kitayskikh i yuzhnokoreyskikh reform Svobodnaya mysl' 9 33 34 [The lessons of Chinese and South Korean reforms] Ibid.,, pp. 33–34.
21. 21. Nodari Simoniya 1996 Uroki kitayskikh i yuzhnokoreyskikh reform Svobodnaya mysl' 9 36 36 [The lessons of Chinese and South Korean reforms] Ibid.,, p. 36.
22. 22. Nodari Simoniya 1996 Uroki kitayskikh i yuzhnokoreyskikh reform Svobodnaya mysl' 9 36 38 [The lessons of Chinese and South Korean reforms] Ibid.,, pp. 36–38.
23. 23. L.S. Vasil'ev 1992 Kitay na rubezhe III tysyacheletiya Vostok 5 72 72 [China on the eve of the third millennium] L.S. Vasil'ev, “Kitay na rubezhe III tysyacheletiya” [China on the eve of the third millennium], Vostok, No. 5 (1992), p. 72.
24. 24. L.S. Vasil'ev 1992 Kitay na rubezhe III tysyacheletiya Vostok 5 70 70 [China on the eve of the third millennium] Ibid.,, p. 70.
25. 25. Yevgeniy Bazhanov, “Was it Worth Doing as Deng Xiaoping Did?” New Times, October 1996, p. 56.
26. 26. Ibid.Yevgeniy Bazhanov, “Was it Worth Doing as Deng Xiaoping Did?” New Times, October 1996, p. 56.
27. 27. Ibid.Yevgeniy Bazhanov, “Was it Worth Doing as Deng Xiaoping Did?” New Times, October 1996, p. 56.
28. 28. Ibid.Yevgeniy Bazhanov, “Was it Worth Doing as Deng Xiaoping Did?” New Times, October 1996, p. 57.
29. 29. Ibid.Yevgeniy Bazhanov, “Was it Worth Doing as Deng Xiaoping Did?” New Times, October 1996, p. 56.
30. 30. A. Yakovlev 1994 Rossiya i Kitay kak sub'ekty mirovoy politiki Obozrevatel' 19-20 65 65 [Russia and China as subjects of world politics] A. Yakovlev, “Rossiya i Kitay kak sub'ekty mirovoy politiki” [Russia and China as subjects of world politics], Obozrevatel', No. 19-20 (1994), p. 65.
31. 31. A. Yakovlev 1993 Dve tendentsii v stroitel'stve novogo miroporyadka i Kitay Kitay, kitayskaya tsivilizatsiya i mir. Istoriya, sovremennost', perspektivy IDV RAN Moscow 148 148 [Two tendencies in the building of the new world order and China] A. Yakovlev, “Dve tendentsii v stroitel'stve novogo miroporyadka i Kitay” [Two tendencies in the building of the new world order and China] In Kitay, kitayskaya tsivilizatsiya i mir. Istoriya, sovremennost', perspektivy [China, Chinese Civilization and the World: History, the Present, and Prospects], Proceedings of the fourth conference (Moscow: IDV RAN, 1993), Vol 2, p. 148. 0
32. 32. Alexander Yakovlev 1997 Confidential Partnership Aimed at Strategic Interaction Far Eastern Affairs 2 112 45 45 Alexander Yakovlev, “Confidential Partnership Aimed at Strategic Interaction,” Far Eastern Affairs, No. 2/112 (1997), p. 45.
33. 33. A. Yakovlev, “Rossiya i Kitay kak sub'ekty mirovoy politiki,” p. 69.
34. 34. G.A. Zyuganov, Geografiya pobedy. Osnovy rossiyskoy geopolitiki [Geography of victory: The fundamentals of geopolitics] (Moscow, 1997), pp. 211–226.
35. 35. Aleksei Mitrofanov 1998 Russia's New Geopolitics Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Strengthening Democratic Institutions Project Camridge, MA 21 22 Aleksei Mitrofanov, Russia's New Geopolitics (Camridge, MA: Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Strengthening Democratic Institutions Project, July 1998), pp. 21–22. See also A. Mitrofanov, “AntiNATO: Novaya ideya rossiyskoy geopolitiki. Taktika i strategiya na sovremennom etape” [Anti-NATO: A new idea of Russian geopolitics. Tactics and strategy at the present stage] (Moscow, 1996), pp. 21–24.
36. 36. L. Delyusin 1997 Epokha Dena prodolzhaetsya Novoye Vremya 8 25 25 [The Deng's Epoch is Continuing] L. Delyusin, “Epokha Dena prodolzhaetsya” [The Deng's Epoch is Continuing] (Interview to L. Mlechin). Novoye Vremya, No. 8, (1997), p. 25.
37. 37. M. Nosov 1995 Rossiyskiy Dal'niy Vostok i Kitay Paper presented at the seminar “Problems of Security and National Identity in the Post-Soviet Space” Carnegie Moscow Center Moscow 15 15 [The Russian Far East and China] M. Nosov, Rossiyskiy Dal'niy Vostok i Kitay [The Russian Far East and China]. Paper presented at the seminar “Problems of Security and National Identity in the Post-Soviet Space” (Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center, 1995), p. 15.
38. 38. M. Nosov 1995 Rossiyskiy Dal'niy Vostok i Kitay Paper presented at the seminar “Problems of Security and National Identity in the Post-Soviet Space” Carnegie Moscow Center Moscow 15 15 [The Russian Far East and China] Ibid., p. 15.
39. 39. M. Nosov 1995 Rossiyskiy Dal'niy Vostok i Kitay Paper presented at the seminar “Problems of Security and National Identity in the Post-Soviet Space” Carnegie Moscow Center Moscow 15 15 [The Russian Far East and China] Ibid., p. 15
40. 40. Yevgeniy Bazhanov, “Big Neighbour—Big Headaches,” New Times, August 1996, p. 47.
41. 41. Ibid.Yevgeniy Bazhanov, “Big Neighbour—Big Headaches,” New Times, August 1996, p. 47.
42. 42. Ibid.Yevgeniy Bazhanov, “Big Neighbour—Big Headaches,” New Times, August 1996, p. 47.
43. 43. Ibid.Yevgeniy Bazhanov, “Big Neighbour—Big Headaches,” New Times, August 1996, p. 47.
44. 44. Sergey Trush, “Prodazha rossiyskogo oruzhiya Kitayu: rezony i opaseniya” [Russia's arms sales to China: reasons and worries], Nezavisimaya gazeta, April 25, 1996.
45. 45. Andrei Zagorskiy Anatoli Zlobin Sergey Solodovnik Mark Khrustalev 1992 Russia in a New World International Affairs 7 3 11 Andrei Zagorskiy, Anatoli Zlobin, Sergey Solodovnik, and Mark Khrustalev, “Russia in a New World,” International Affairs, No. 7 (1992), pp. 3–11.
46. 46. Andrei Zagorskiy Anatoli Zlobin Sergey Solodovnik Mark Khrustalev 1992 Russia in a New World International Affairs 7 5 5 Ibid., p. 5.
47. 47. Andrei Zagorskiy Anatoli Zlobin Sergey Solodovnik Mark Khrustalev 1992 Russia in a New World International Affairs 7 6 6 Ibid., p. 6.
48. 48. Andrei Zagorskiy Anatoli Zlobin Sergey Solodovnik Mark Khrustalev 1992 Russia in a New World International Affairs 7 7 7 Ibid., p. 7.
49. 49. Andrei Zagorskiy Anatoli Zlobin Sergey Solodovnik Mark Khrustalev 1992 Russia in a New World International Affairs 7 10 10 Ibid., p. 10.
50. 50. Yegor Gaydar 1995 Gosudarstvo i evolyutsiya Evraziya Moscow [State and evolution] Yegor Gaydar, Gosudarstvo i evolyutsiya [State and evolution] (Moscow: Evraziya, 1995).
51. 51. V.G. Gel'bras 1995 Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskiy region: problemy ekonomicheskoy bezopasnosti Rossii Institut mikroekonomiki pri Minekonomiki RF Moscow 43 43 [Asian-Pacific region: Problems of Russia's economic security] V.G. Gel'bras, Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskiy region: problemy ekonomicheskoy bezopasnosti Rossii [Asian-Pacific region: Problems of Russia's economic security] (Moscow: Institut mikroekonomiki pri Minekonomiki RF, 1995), p. 43.
52. 52. A liberal opposition movement headed by a former presidential candidate, Grigoriy Yavlinskiy.
53. 53. A. Arbatov 1994 Rossiya: natsional'naya bezopasnost' v 90-e gody National Security in the 1990s Russia 15 15 Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya A. Arbatov, “Rossiya: natsional'naya bezopasnost' v 90-e gody” [Russia: National Security in the 1990s] Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, No. 8-9 (1994), p. 15.
54. 54. V.S. Myasnikov 1996 Dogovornymi stat'yami utverdili… RIO Mosoblpoligrafizdat Moscow 413 9 [By the articles of the agreement confirmed…] V.S. Myasnikov, Dogovornymi stat'yami utverdili… [By the articles of the agreement confirmed…] (Moscow: RIO Mosoblpoligrafizdat, 1996), pp. 413–9.
55. 55. V.S. Myasnikov 1996 Dogovornymi stat'yami utverdili… RIO Mosoblpoligrafizdat Moscow 411 411 [By the articles of the agreement confirmed…] Ibid.,, p. 411.
56. 56. As quoted in V.G. Gel'bras, Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskiy region: problemy ekonomicheskoy bezopasnosti Rossii, p.43.
57. 57. Aleksandr Dugin 1997 Osnovy geopolitiki. Geopoliticheskoe budushchee Rossii Arktogeya Moscow 360 360 [The fundamentals of geopolitics: Russia's geopolitical future] Aleksandr Dugin, Osnovy geopolitiki. Geopoliticheskoe budushchee Rossii [The fundamentals of geopolitics: Russia's geopolitical future] (Moscow: Arktogeya, 1997), p. 360.
58. 58. A. Krasil'nikova 1995 Natsional'nye interesy Rossii i Kitaya v tret'em mire Problemy Dal'nego Vostoka 5 11 11 [Russia's national interests in the Third World] Quoted in A. Krasil'nikova, “Natsional'nye interesy Rossii i Kitaya v tret'em mire” [Russia's national interests in the Third World], Problemy Dal'nego Vostoka, No. 5 (1995), p. 11.
59. 59. Alexander A. Sergounin Sergey V. Subbotin 1997 Sino-Russian Military Cooperation: Russian Perspective Regional Studies 15 No. 4 24 24 Alexander A. Sergounin, Sergey V. Subbotin, “Sino-Russian Military Cooperation: Russian Perspective,” Regional Studies, Vol. 15, No. 4 (1997), p. 24.
60. 60. Constituent members of the Russian Federation are called kray, oblast', or republic.
61. 61. Vassily Likhachev 1997 Russia-China strategic Partnership Far Eastern Affairs 2 112 39 40 Vassily Likhachev, “Russia-China strategic Partnership,” Far Eastern Affairs, No. 2/112 (1997), pp. 39–40.
62. 62. As quoted in V.G. Gel'bras, Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskiy region: problemy ekonomicheskoy bezopasnosti Rossii, p. 22.
63. 63. Diplomaticheskiy vestnik, Special issue, January 1993, pp. 15–6.
64. 64. Sergounin and Subbotin, “Sino-Russian Military Cooperation: Russian Perspective,” p. 26.
65. 65. See, for example, G. Karasin, “Vzglyad dvuglavogo orla i, na Zapad, i na Vostok” [A glance of the double-headed eagle both at the West and at the East], Rossiyskie vesty, December 19 (1996), p. 7.
66. 66. Sergey Tsekhmistrenko 1997 “Russia eyes the East” (Interview with G. Karasin) Business in Russia 73 17 17 Sergey Tsekhmistrenko, “Russia eyes the East” (Interview with G. Karasin), Business in Russia, No. 73, Junuary 1997, p. 17.
67. 67. “Partnerstvo v obshchikh interesakh” [Partnership in Mutual Interests] (Interview with I. Rogachev), Nezavisimaya Gazeta, April 19, 1997, p. 1.
68. 68. G. Karasin, “Russia and China: A New Partnership” p. 24.
69. 69. Yevgeny Afanasiev Grigory Logvinov 1995 Russia and China: Girding for the Third Millennium International Affairs 11-12 53 53 Yevgeny Afanasiev, Grigory Logvinov, “Russia and China: Girding for the Third Millennium,” International Affairs, No. 11-12, 1995, p. 53.
70. 70. G. Chufrin 1995 Kak perelezt'cherez Velikuyu kitayskuyu stenu? Moskovskie Novosti 36 May21–28 5 5 [How to climb over the Great Wall?] See: G. Chufrin, “Kak perelezt'cherez Velikuyu kitayskuyu stenu?” [How to climb over the Great Wall?] Moskovskie Novosti, No. 36, May21–28, 1995, p. 5.
71. 71. See: Igor' Korotchenko, “Igor' Radionov vystupil za sozdanie oboronnogo soyuza v SNG” [Igor'Radionov proposed creating a CIS defence alliance], Nezavisimaya gazeta, December 26, 1996, p. 1; Aleksandr Platkovskiy, “Generaly v Pekine raskusili igru Moskvy” [Generals in Beijing got to the core of Moscow's game], Izvestiya, May 29, 1997, p. 3; Ivan Shomov, “Partnerstvo s prishchurom na Zapad” [Partnership with the West in Mind], Segodnya, March 25, 1997, p. 4.
72. 72. See: Stanislav Kondrashov, “Chastnaya diplomatiya vokrug tayvanya” [Private diplomacy around Taiwan], Izvestiya, September 17, 1992, p. 6.
73. 73. Pavel Fel'gengauer 1996 Oruzhie dlya Kitaya i natsional ‘naya bezopasnost’ Rossii Rossiya v mirovoy torgovle oruzhiem Carnegie Moscow Center Moscow 135 135 [Arms for China and Russia's national security] Pavel Fel'gengauer, “Oruzhie dlya Kitaya i natsional ‘naya bezopasnost’ Rossii” [Arms for China and Russia's national security], in Rossiya v mirovoy torgovle oruzhiem [Russia and the world arms trade] (Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center, 1996), p. 135.
74. 74. “Rossii nuzhen sil'nyy kitay” [Russia needs a strong China] (Interview with G. Karasin), Rossiya, No. 3, March 1997, p. 14.
75. 75. Fel'gengauer, “Oruzhie dlya Kitaya i natsional'naya bezopasnost' Rossii,” p. 136.