Diversification of rocky-shore biotas through geologic time

Geobios

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 257-273

  Johnson, Markes E ^a   Gudveig Baarli, B ^a  

^a WILLIAMS COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Ecological evolutionary units; Geological unconformity; Paleoecology; Rocky shore ecosystems

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BIOTA; PALEOECOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; ROCKY SHORE;

EID: 0032788999     PISSN: 00166995     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0016-6995(99)80040-0     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. ALEXANDER R.H. 1994 - Distribution of pedicle boring traces and the life habit of Late Paleozoic leiorhynchid brachiopods from dysoxic habitats. Lethaia, 27: 227-234.
2. ASGAARD U. & BROMLEY R.G. 1991 - Population dynamics and autecology of "Rhynchonella" triangularis, a Late Cretaceous rocky coast brachiopod: 247-252. In MACKINNON D.I., LEE D.E. & CAMPBELL J.D. (eds), Brachiopods Through Time. 447 p., A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
3. BAIRD G.C., BRETT C.E. & TOMLINSON J.T. 1990 - Host-specific acrothoracid barnacles on Middle Devonian platyceratid gastropods. Historical Biology, 4: 221-244.
4. BALUK W. & RADWANSKI A. 1977 - Organic communities and facies development of the Korytnica basin (Middle Miocene; Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 27: 85-123.
5. BAMBACH R.K. 1986 - Phanerozoic marine communities. In RAUP D.M. & JABLONSKI D. (eds), Patterns and Process in the History of Life: 407-428, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
6. BARNES B. & BARNES M. 1960 - Recent spread and present distribution of the barnacle Eliminius modestus DARWIN in northwest Europe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 135: 137-14.
7. BEIN A. 1976 - Rudist fringing reefs of Cretaceous shallow carbonate platforms of Israel. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 60: 258-272.
8. BLAKE D.B. & GUENSBURG T.E. 1994 - Predation by the Ordovician asteroid Promopalaeaster on a pelecypod. Lethaia, 27: 235-239.
9. BOSEL C.A. & COOMBS D.S. 1984 - Foveaux Formation: A warm-water strandline deposit of Landon-Pareora age at Bluff Hill, Southland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 27: 221-223.
10. BRENCHLEY G.A. & CARLTON J.T. 1983 - Competitive displacement of native mud snails by introduced periwinkles in the New England intertidal zone. Biological Bulletin, 165: 543-558.
11. BRETT C.E., IVANY L.C. & SCHOPF K.M. 1996 - Coordinated stasis: An overview. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 127, 20 p.
12. BROMLEY R.G. 1970 - Borings as trace fossils and Entobia cretacea PORTLOCK, as an example. In CRIMES T.P. & HARPER J.G. (eds), Trace Fossils. Liverpool, Seel House Press: 49-90.
13. BROMLEY R.G. & SURLYK F. 1973 - Borings produced by brachiopod pedicles, fossil and Recent. Lethaia, 6: 349-365.
14. BRUSCA R.C. 1980 - Common Intertidal Invertebrates of the Gulf of California, 513 p. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
15. BRYAN J.R. 1992 - Origin and paleoecology of Maastrichtian rock-ground and chalk facies in southcentral Alabama. Palaios, 7: 67-76.
16. BURCHETTE T.P. 1988 - Tectonic control on carbonate platform facies distribution and sequence development: Mioene, Gulf of Suez. Sedimentary Geology, 59: 179-204.
17. BYERLY G.L., LOWE D.R. & WALSH M.M. 1986 - Stromatolites from 3,300 - 3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Nature, 319: 489-491.
18. CAMPBELL H.J. & JOHNSTON M.R. 1984 - Fossil localities of the Richmond Group (Triassic) of Nelson. Report New Zealand Geological Survey, 106, 96 p.
19. CARLSSON J.G. 1953 - The Cretaceous cirripedes of Sweden. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, Ny Följd Avdeling 2, 64, 39 p.
20. CARLTON J.T. 1992 - Introduced marine and estuarine mollusks of North America: An end-of-the-20th-century perspective. Journal of Shellfish Research, 11: 489-505.
21. CRAMPTON J.S. 1988 - A late Cretaceous near-shore rocky substrate macrofauna from northern Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Record, 35: 21-24.
22. DE LA BECHE H.T. 1846 - On the formation of the rocks of south Wales and south western England. Memoires of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 1, 296 p.
23. DENNY M.W. 1988 - Biology and the Mechanics of the Wave-Swept Environment, 329 p., Princeton University Press, Princeton.
24. DESROCHERS A. & JAMES N.P. 1988 - Early Paleozoic surface and subsurface paleokarst: Middle Ordovician carbonates, Mingan Islands, Quebec: 183-210. In JAMES N.P. & CHOGUETTE P.W. (eds), Paleokarst, 416 p., Springer-Verlag, New York.
25. DIX G.R. & JAMES N.P. 1987 - Late Mississippian bryozoan/ microbial build-ups on a drowned karst terrain: Port au Port Peninsula, western Newfoundland. Sedimentology, 34: 779-793.
26. DONOVAN S.K. 1992 - A plain man's guide to rudist bivalves. Journal of Geological Education, 40: 313-320.
27. DOYLE P., MATHER A.E., BENNETT M.R. & BUSSELL M.A. 1997 - Miocene barnacle assemblages from southern Spain and their palaeoenvironmental significance. Lethaia, 29: 267-274.
28. EAGLE M. & HAYWARD B.W. 1992 - Paleontology and paleoecology of early Miocene sequences in Hays and Tipakuri streams, Northern Hunua Ranges, Auckland. Records of the Aauckland Institute and Museum, 29: 113-133.
29. EAGLE M.K., HAYWARD B.W. & CARTER G. 1994 - Early Miocene rocky shore and coarse sediment fossil communities, Kawau Island, Auckland. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 31: 187-204.
30. ELIAS M.K. 1957 - Late Mississippian fauna from the Redoak Hollow Formation of southern Oklahoma, Part I. Journal of Paleontology, 31: 370-427.
31. ELLIOTT G.F. 1958 - Classification of thecidean brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology, 32: 357.
32. EMERY K.O. & KUHN G.G. 1982 - Sea cliffs: their processes, profiles, and classifications. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 93: 644-654.
33. EZAKI Y. 1998 - Paleozoic Scleractinia: progenitors or extinct experiments? Paleobiology, 24: 227-234.
34. FERNÁNDEZ J. & RODRIGUEZ-FERNÁNDEZ J. 1991 - Facies evolution of nearshore marine clastic deposits during the Tortonian transgression - Granada Basin, Betic Cordilleras, Spain. Sedimentary Geology, 71: 5-21.
35. FLESSA K.W. & JABLONSKI D. 1996 - The geography of evolutionary turnover: A global analysis of extant bivalves: 76-397. In JABLONSKI D., ERWIN D.H. & LIPPS J.H. (eds), Evolutionary Paleobiology, 484 p., University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
36. FORSICH F.T. & KIRKLAND J.I. 1986 - Biostratinomy and paleoecology of a Cretaceous brackish lagoon. Palaios, 1: 543-560.
37. FORSICH F.T., PALMER T.J. & GOODYEAR K.L. 1994 - Growth and disintegration of bivalve-dominated patch reefs in the Upper Jurassic of southern England. Palaeontology, 37: 131-171.
38. GIBERT J.M., MARTINELL J. & DOMENECH R. 1996 - El Mioceno marino entre las playas de L'Arrabassada y El Miracle (Tarragona): Aspectos paleontologicos e implicaciones sedimentologicas. Acta Geologica Hispanica, 29: 133-148.
39. GONZALEZ-DONOSO J.M., LINARES D., MARTIN-ALGARRA A., REBOLLO M., SERRANO F. & VERA J.A. 1983 - Discontinuidades estratigraficas durante el Cretacico en el penibetico (Cordillera Betica). Estudios Geología, 39: 71-116.
40. GUTOWSKI J. & MACHALSKI M. 1984 - A new littoral locality within the Middle Miocene (Badenian) Korytnica Basin (Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland). Acta Geologica Polenica, 34: 195-201.
41. HARLAND T.L. & PICKERILL R.K., 1984 - Ordovician rocky shoreline deposits - the basal Trenton Group around Quebec city, Canada. Geological Journal, 19: 271-298.
42. HARPER E.M. 1991 - The role of predation in the evolution of cementation in bivalves. Palaeontology, 34: 455-460.
43. HARPER E.M. & SKELTON P.W. 1993. The Mesozoic Marine Revolution and epifaunal bivalves. Scripta Geologica, Special Issue, 2: 127-153.
44. HARTLEY A.J. & JOLLEY E.J. 1995 - Tectonic implicatons of Late Cenozoic sedimentation from the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile (22-24° S). Journal of the Geological Society, London, 152: 51-63.
45. HAYES M.L., JOHNSON M.E. & FOX W.T. 1993 - Rocky-shore biotic associations and their fossilization potential: Isla Requeson (Baja California Sur, Mexico). Journal of Coastal Research, 9: 944-957.
46. HECKER R.F. 1965 - Introduction to Paleoecology, 166 p., American Elsevier Publishing Co., New York.
47. HOARE R.D., STURGEON M.T. & KINDT E. 1978 - New Pennsylvanian bivalves and occurrences of Pseudoconocardium from Ohio and West Virginia. Journal of Paleontology, 52: 1023-1036.
48. HUDSON J.D. & PALMER T.J. 1976 - A euryhaline oyster from the Middle Jurassic and the origin of the true oysters. Palaeontology, 19: 79-93.
49. JABLONSKI D, SEPKOSKI JJ., BOTTJER D.J & SHEEHAN P.M. 1983 - Onshore-offshore patterns in the evolution of Phanerozoic shelf communities. Science, 222: 1123-1125.
50. JAMES N.P., KOBLUK D.R. & PEMBERTON S.G. 1977 - The oldest macroborers: Lower Cambrian of Labrador. Science, 197: 980-983.
51. JOHNSON M.E. 1988a - Why are ancient rocky shores so uncommon? Journal of Geology, 96: 469-480.
52. JOHNSON M.E. 1988b - Hunting for ancient rocky shores. Journal of Geological Education, 36: 147-154.
53. JOHNSON M.E. 1992 - Studies on ancient rocky shores: A brief history and annotated bibliography. Journal of Coastal Research, 8: 797-812.
54. JOHNSON M.E., SKINNER D.F. & MACLEOD K.G. 1988 - Ecological zonation during the carbonate transgression of a Late Ordovician rocky shore (Northeastern Manitoba, Hudson Bay, Canada). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 65: 93-114.
55. JOHNSON M.E. & HAYES M.L. 1993 - Dichotomous facies on a Late Cretaceous rocky island as related to wind and wave patterns (Baja California, Mexico). Palaios, 8: 385-395.
56. JOHNSON M.E. & MCKERROW W.S. 1995 - The Sutton Stone: An early Jurassic rocky shore deposit in South Wales. Palaeontology, 38: 529-541.
57. JOHNSON M.E., LEDESMA-VÁZQUEZ J., CLARK H.C. & ZWIEBEL J.A. 1996 - Coastal evolution of Late Cretaceous and Pleistocene rocky shores: Pacific rim of northern Baja California, Mexico. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108: 708-721.
58. JOHNSON M.E. & LIBBEY L.K. 1997 - Global review of Upper Pleistocene (Substage 5e) rocky shores: Tectonic segregation, substrate variation, and biological diversity. Journal of Coastal Research, 13: 297-307.
59. JOHNSON M.E., MU X. & RONG J. 1998 - Enigmatic fossil encrusting an Upper Ordovician rocky shore on Hudson Bay, Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 72: 927-932.
60. KEEN A.M. 1971 - Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1064 p., Stanford University Press, Stanford.
61. KELLY S.R.A. & BROMLEY R.G. 1984 - Ichnological nomenclature of clavate borings. Palaeontology, 27: 973-807.
62. KELLING G. & MOSHRI M.A. 1977 - The orientation of fossil bivalves in a pene-littoral sequence (the Rhaetian of South Wales). Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 47: 1342-1346.
63. KENNEDY W.J. & KLINGER H.C. 1972 - Hiatus concretions and hardground horizons in the Cretaceous of Zululand (South Africa). Palaeontology, 15: 539-549.
64. KUTEK J. 1968 - The Kimmeridgian and uppermost Oxfordian in the SW margins of the Holy Cross Mts; Part I, Stratigraphy. Acta Geologica Polonica, 18: 493-586.
65. LEIGH E.G., PAINE R.T., QUINN J.F. & SUCHANEK T.H. 1987 - Wave energy and intertidal productivity. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences USA, 84: 1314-1318.
66. LEWIS J.R. 1964 - The Ecology of Rocky Shares, 323 p., The English Universities Press, London.
67. LINDER R.A., DURHAM J. W. & ORR W. N. 1988 - New late Oligocene echinoids from the central Western Cascades of Oregon. Journal of Paleontology, 62: 945-958.
68. MASUDA K. 1968 - Sandpipes penetrating igneous rocks in the environs of Sendai, Japan. Transactions Proceedings Palaeontological Society Japan, 72: 351-362.
69. MCROBERTS C.A. & STANLEY G.D. JR. 1989 - A unique bivalvealgal life assemblage from the Bear Gulch Limestone (Upper Mississippian) of Central Montana. Journal of Paleontology, 63: 578-581.
70. MCROBERTS C.A. & CARTER J.G. 1994 - Nacre in an early Gryphaeid bivalve (Mollusca). Journal of Paleontology, 68: 1405-1408.
71. MARTINELL J. & DOMENECH R. 1986 - Actividad bioerosiva en el Plioceno marino del Emporda (Catalunya). Paleontologia i Evolució, 20: 247-251.
72. MILLER P.R. & ORR W.N. 1988 - Mid-Tertiary transgressive rocky coast sedimentation: Central western Cascade Range, Oregon. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 58: 959-968.
73. MOORE P.G. & SEED R. 1986 - The Ecology of Rocky Coasts, 467 p., Columbia University Press, New York.
74. MORRIS R.H., ABBOTT D.P. & HADERLILE E.C. 1980 - Intertidal Invertebrates of California, 690 p., Stanford University Press.
75. NEKVASILOVÁ O. 1982 - Craniidae (Brachiopoda, Inarticulata) from the Lower Cretaceous of Stramberk (Czechoslovakia). Casopis pro mineralogii a geologii, 27: 127-137.
76. NEUFFER F.O., ROTHAUSEN K. & SONNE V. 1978 - Fossilführende Rinnenfüllung im Unteren Meeressand an einer Insel-Steilküste des Mitteloligozan-Meers (Steigerberg bei Eckelsheim, Mainzer Becken). Mainzer Geowissenschaften Mitteilung, 6: 99-120.
77. NEWMAN W.A. 1987 - Evolution of cirripeds and their major groups, p. 3-42. In SOUTHWARD A.J. (ed.), Barnacle Biology, 443 p., A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
78. NEWMAN W.A. & STANLEY S.M. 1981 - Competition wins out overall: Reply to Paine. Paleobiology, 7: 561-569.
79. NIELD E.W. 1986 - Liljevallia gotlandica: Encrustation patterns in the earliest cemented articulate brachiopod, and their implications for its larval behavior. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 56: 277-290.
80. PAINE R.T. 1966 - Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist, 100: 65-75.
81. PAINE R.T. 1974 - Intertidal community structure: experimental studies on the relationship between a dominant competitor and its principal predator. Oecologia, 15: 93-120.
82. PAINE R.T. 1981 - Barnacle ecology: Is competition important? Paleobiology, 7: 553-560.
83. PAINE R.T. 1984 - Ecological determinism in the competition for space. Ecology, 65: 1339-1348.
84. PALMER A.R. 1982 - Predation and parallel evolution: recurrent parietal plate reduction in balanomorph barnacles. Paleobiology, 8: 31-44.
85. PALMER T. 1982 - Cambrian to Cretaceous changes in hardground communities. Lethaia, 15: 309-323.
86. PEMBERTON S.G., KOBLUK D.R., YEO R.K. & RISK M.J. 1980 - The boring Trypanites at the Silurian Devonian disconformity in southern Ontario. Journal of Paleontology, 54: 1258-1266.
87. PIETZSCH K. 1962 - Geologie von Sachsen [see p. 388-389], 870 p., Veb Deutcher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin.
88. POMONI-PAPAIOANNOU F. & SOLAKIUS N. 1991 - Phosphatic hardgrounds and stromatolites from the limestone/ shale boundary section at Prossilion (Maastrichtian-Paleocene) in Parnassus-Ghiona Zone, Central Greece. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 86: 243-254.
89. PYANOVSKAYA I.A. & HECKER R.T., 1966 - Rocky shores and hardground of the Cretaceous and Paleogene seas in central Kizil-Kum and their inhabitants. In Organisms and environment in the geological past - A symposium. Moscow: Nauka: 222-245 [in Russian].
90. RADWANSKI A. 1964 - Boring animals in Miocene littoral environments of southern Poland. Bulletin Polish Academy of Science, Serie des Sciences Geology et Geography, 12: 57-62.
91. RADWANSKI A. 1970 - Dependence of rock-borers and burrowers on the environmental conditions within the Tortonian littoral zone of Southern Poland: 371-390. In CRIMES T.P. & HARPER J.C. (eds), Trace Fossils, 547 p., Seel House Press, Liverpool.
92. RODDA P.U. 1989 - A fossiliferous rocky shore environment in the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) of northern California. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 21: 135-136.
93. RONG J. & JOHNSON M.E. 1996 - A stepped karst unconformity as an Early Silurian rocky shoreline in Guizhou Province (South China). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 121: 115-129.
94. ROSENZWEIG M.L. 1995 - Species Diversity in Space and Time, 436 p., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
95. RUDWICK M.J.S. 1965 - Ecology and paleoecology. In WILLIAMS A. et al. (eds.), Treastise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H Brachiopoda. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press: H199-H214.
96. RUDWICK M.J.S. 1970 - Living and Fossil Brachiopods. 199 p., Hutchinson University Library, London.
97. RUNNEGAR B. 1979 - Ecology of Eurydesma and the Eurydesma fauna, Permian of eastern Australia. Alcheringa, 3: 261-285.
98. RUSSELL M.P. 1991 - Modern death assemblages and Pleistocene fossil assemblages in open coast high energy environments, San Nicolas Island, California. Palaios, 6: 179-191.
99. SANO S. 1991 - Discovery of a coral-rudist buildup in the Miyako Group, northeast Japan. Transactions Proceedings Palaeontological Society Japan, 162: 794-800.
100. SCHOPF T.J.M. 1978 - Fossilization potential of an intertidal fauna: Friday Harbor, Washington. Paleobiology, 4: 261-270.
101. SCHUBERT J.K. & BOTTJER D.J. 1992 - Early Triassic stromatolites as post-mass extinction disaster forms. Geology, 20: 883-886.
102. SEED R. 1992 - Systematics, evolution and distribution of mussels belonging to the genus Mytilus: An overview. American Malacological Bulletin, 9: 123-137.
103. SEPKOSKI J.J. JR. 1997 - Biodiversity: Past, present, and future. Journal of Paleontology, 71: 533-539.
104. SHEEHAN P.M. 1996 - A new look at Ecological Evolutionary Units (EEUs). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 127: 21-32.
105. SIMIAN M.E. & JOHNSON M.E. 1997 - Development and foundering of the Pliocene Santa Ines Archipelago in the Gulf of California: Baja California Sur, Mexico. In JOHNSON M.E. & LEDESMA-VÁZQUEZ J. (eds), Pliocene carbonates and related facies flanking the Gulf of California, Baja California, Mexico. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 318: 25-38.
106. SMITH A.G., SMITH D.G. & FUNNELL B.M. 1994 - Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines, 99 p., Cambridge University Press.
107. SMITH J.T. 1986 - Middle Tertiary rocky substrate mollusks from Baja California Sur, Mexico. American Malacological Bulletin, 4, 12 p.
108. SORAUF J.E. & SAVARESE M. 1995 - A Lower Cambrian coral from South Australia. Palaeontology, 38: 757-770.
109. SQUIRES R.L. & GOEDERT J.L. 1994b - Macropaleontology of the Eocene Crescent Formation in the Little River area, Southern Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, 444, 32 p..
110. STANLEY G.D. 1981 - Early history of scleractinian corals and its geological consequences. Geology, 9: 507-511.
111. STANLEY G.D. 1995 - Evolution of the coral-zooxanthellae symbiosis during the Triassic: a geochemical approach. Paleobiology, 21: 179-199.
112. STANLEY S.M. 1972 - Functional morphology and evolution of byssally attached bivalve mollusks. Journal of Paleontology, 46: 165-212.
113. STANLEY S.M. & NEWMAN W.A. 1980 - Competitive exclusion in evolutionary time: the case of the acorn barnacles. Paleobiology, 6: 173-183.
114. STEPHENSON T.A. & STEPHENSON A. 1972 - Life Between Tidemarks on Rocky Shores, 425 p., W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.
115. STILWELL J.D. 1997 - Tectonic and palaeobiogeographic significance of the Chatham Islands, South Pacific, Late Cretaceous fauna. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 136: 97-119.
116. SURLYK F. & CHRISTENSEN W.K. 1974 - Epifaunal zonation on an Upper Cretaceous rocky coast. Geology, 2: 529-534.
117. TAYLOR J.D., MORRIS N.J. & TAYLOR C.N. 1980 - Food specialization and the evolution of predatory prosobranch gastropods. Palaeontology, 23: 375-409.
118. VALENTINE J.W. 1980 - Camalu': A Pleistocene terrace fauna from Baja California. Journal of Paleontology, 54: 1310-1318.
119. VEEVERS J.J. & ROBERTS J. 1966 - Littoral talus breccia and probable beach rock from the Visean of the Bonaparte Gulf basin. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 13: 387-403.
120. VERMEIJ G.J. 1987 - Evolution and Escalation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 527 p.
121. VON BITTER P..H., SCOTT S.D. & SCHENK P.E. 1992 - Chemosynthesis: An alternate hypothesis for Carboniferous biotas in bryozoan/microbial mounds, Newfoundland, Canada. Palaios, 7: 466-484.
122. WEAVER A.J. 1990. - Ocean currents and climate. Nature, 347: 432.
123. WEBB G. E. 1994 - Paleokarst, paleosol, and rocky-shore deposits at the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity, northwestern Arkansas. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106: 634-648.
124. WELLS F.E. & BRYCE C.W. 1988 - Seashells of Western Australia, 207 p., Western Australian Museum, Perth.
125. WILLS L.J. 1963 - Cyprilepas holmi WILLS, 1962, a pedunculate cirripede from the Upper Silurian of Oesel, Estonia. Palaeontology, 6: 161-165.
126. WILSON M.A. & PALMER T.J. 1988 - Nomenclature of a bivalve boring from the Upper Ordovician of the midwestern United States. Journal of Paleontology, 62: 306-308.
127. WILSON M.A. & PALMER T.J. 1992 - Hardgrounds and Hardground Faunas, 131 p., Institute of Earth Studies Publications, University of Wales, Aberystwyth.
128. WOELKERLING W.J. 1988 - The Coralline Red Alage: An Analysis of the Genera and Subfamilies of Nongeniculate Corallinaceae. British Museum (Natural History), Oxford University Press, London, 268 p.
129. WRAY J.L. 1977 - Calcareous Algae, 185 p., Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam.
130. ZITT J. & NEKVASILOVÁ O. 1996 - Epibionts, their hard-rock substrates, and phosphogenesis during the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval (Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic). Cretaceous Research, 17: 715-739.
131. ZWIEBEL J. A. & JOHNSON M.E. 1995 - Late Pleistocene Mytilid and Petricolid bivalves from the open rocky shore of Pacific Baja California (Mexico): Unusual preservation of macrofossils. Journal of Coastal Research, 11: 704-706.
132. ZULLO V.A. & GURUSWAMI-NAIDU R.B. 1982 - Late Miocene balanid cirripedia from the basal Wilson Ranch Beds ("Merced" Formation), Sonoma County, northern California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 42: 525-535.
133. ZULLO V.A., RUSSELL E.E. & MELLEN F.F. 1987 - Brachylepas WOODWARD and Virgiscapellus WITHERS (Cirripedia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Arkansas. Journal of Paleontology, 61: 101-111