Cytokines as suppressors of apoptosis

Apoptosis

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 187-196

  Lotem, J ^a   Sachs, L ^a  

^a WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE   (Israel)

Author keywords

Apoptosis suppression; Cancer therapy; Cytokines; Genes and pathways of apoptosis; Hematopoietic cells; Leukemia; Neurons

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; CALCIUM ION; CYCLOHEXIMIDE; CYTOKINE; DOXORUBICIN; GROWTH FACTOR; PROTEIN P53; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; VINCRISTINE;

APOPTOSIS; BONE MARROW CELL; CALCIUM MOBILIZATION; CELL GROWTH; CELL VIABILITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; GENE REPRESSION; HEMATOPOIETIC CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; LYMPHOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0032785413     PISSN: 13608185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1009614723237     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Arends MJ, Wyllie AH. Apoptosis: mechanisms and roles in pathology. Int Rev Exp Pathol 1991; 32: 223-254.
2. Thompson CB. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 1995; 267: 1456-1462.
3. Levi-Montalcini R. The nerve growth factor 35 years later. Science 1987; 237: 1154-1162.
4. Sachs L. The control of hematopoiesis and leukemia: from basic biology to the clinic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 4742-4749.
5. Goustin AS, Leof EB, Shipley GD, Moses HL. Growth factors and cancer. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 1015-1029.
6. Ginsburg H, Sachs L. Formation of pure suspensions of mast cells in tissue culture by differentiation of lymphoid cells from the mouse thymus. J Natl Cancer Inst 1963; 31: 1-40.
7. Pluznik DH, Sachs L. The cloning of normal 'mast' cells in tissue culture. J Cell Comp Physiol 1965; 66: 319-324.
8. Ichikawa Y, Pluznik DH, Sachs L. In vitro control of the development of macriphage and granulocyte colonies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1966; 56: 488-495.
9. Pluznik DH, Sachs L. The induction of clones of normal 'mast' cells by a substance from contitioned medium. Exp Cell Res 1966; 43: 553-563.
10. Sachs L. Regulation of membrane changes, differentiation and malignancy in carcinogenesis. Harvey Lectures 1974; 68: 1-35.
11. Sachs L. The molecular control of blood cell development. Science 1987; 238: 1374-1379.
12. Metcalf D. The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Science 1985; 229: 16-22.
13. Sachs L. The adventures of a biologist: prenatal diagnosis, hematopoiesis, leukemia, carcinogenesis and tumor suppression. Adv Cancer Res 1995; 66: 1-40.
14. Witte ON. Steel locus defines new multipotent growth factor. Cell 1990; 63: 5-6.
15. Lyman SD, James L, Vanden Bos T, et al. Molecular cloning of a ligand for the flt3/flk2 tyronine kinase receptor: a proliferative factor for primitive hematopoietic cells. Cell 1993; 75: 1157-1167.
16. Kaushansky K. Thrombopoietin: the primary regulator of platelet production. Blood 1995; 86: 419-431.
17. Kishimoto T, Taga T, Akira S. Cytokine signal transduction. Cell 1994; 76: 253-262.
18. Ihle JN. Cytokine receptor signalling. Nature 1995; 377: 591-594.
19. Taniguchi T. Cytokine signalling through nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Science 1995; 268: 251-255.
20. + myeloid leukemic cells. J Cell Physiol 1977; 92: 97-108.
21. Williams GT, Smith CA, Spooncer E, Dexter TM, Taylor DR. Haemopoietic colony stimulating factors promote cell survival by suppressing apoptosis. Nature 1990; 343: 76-79.
22. Lotem J, Cragoe EJ, Jr, Sachs L. Rescue from programmed cell death in leukemic and normal myeloid cells. Blood 1991; 78: 953-960.
23. Lotem J, Sachs L. Selective regulation of the activity of different hematopoietic regulatory proteins by transforming growth factor β1 in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Blood 1990; 76: 1315-1322.
24. Lotem J, Sachs L. Interferon-γ inhibits apoptosis induced by wild-type p53, cytotoxic anti-cancer agents and viability factor deprivation in myeloid cells. Leukemia 1995; 9: 685-692.
25. Korsmeyer SJ. Bcl-2 initiates a new category of oncogenes: regulators of cell death. Blood 1992; 80: 879-886.
26. Lopez AF, Williamson J, Gamble JR, et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates in vitro mature human neutrophil and eosinophil function, surface receptor expression and survival. J Clin Invest 1986; 78: 1220-1228.
27. Sachs L, Lotem J. Control of programmed cell death in normal and leukemic cells: new implications for therapy. Blood 1993; 82: 15-21.
28. Lotem J, Sachs L. Indirect induction of differentiation in normal and leukemic myeloid cells by recombinant interleukin 1. Leukemia Res 1989; 13: 13-21.
29. Bernad A, Kopf M, Kulbacki R, Weich N, Koehler G, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Interleukin-6 is required in vivo for the regulation of stem cells and committed progenitors of the hematopoietic system. Immunity 1994; 1: 725-731.
30. Nishinakamura R, Miyajima A, Mee PJ, Tybulewicz VLJ, Murray R. Hematopoiesis in mice lacking the entire granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukin-3/interleukin-5 functions. Blood 1996; 88: 2458-2464.
31. Yoshida K, Taga T, Saito M, et al. Targeted disruption of gp130, a common signal transducer for the interleukin 6 family of cytokines, leads to myocardial and hematological disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 407-411.
32. Mackarehtschian K, Hardin JD, Moore KA, Boast S, Goff SP, Lemischka IR. Targeted disruption of the flk2/flt3 gene leads to deficiencies in primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Immunity 1995; 3: 147-101.
33. Jacobsen SEW, Okkenhaug C, Myklebust J, Veiby OP, Lyman SD. The FLT3 ligand potently and directly stimulates the growth and expansion of primitive murine bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro: synergistic interactions with interleukin (IL) 11, IL-12, and other hematopoietic growth factors. J Exp Med 1995; 181: 1357-1363.
34. Parganas E, Wang D, Stravopodis D, et al. Jak2 is essential for signalling through a variety of cytokine receptors. Cell 1998; 93: 385-395.
35. Neubauer H, Cumano A, Müller M, Wu H, Huffstadt U, Pfeffer K. Jak2 deficiency defines an essential developmental checkpoint in definitive hematopoiesis. Cell 1998; 93: 397-409.
36. Mier JW, Gallo RC. Purification and some characteristics of human T-cell growth factor from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte conditioned media. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 6134-6138.
37. Thomis DC, Berg LJ. The role of Jak3 in lymphoid development, activation, and signalling. Curr Opin Immunol 1997; 9: 541-547.
38. Sadlack B, Kühn R, Schorle H, Rajewsky K, Müller W, Horak I. Development and proliferation of lymphocytes in mice deficient for both interleukins-2 and -4. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 281-284.
39. Noguchi M, Yi H, Rosenblatt HM, et al. Interleukin-2 receptor γ chain mutation results in x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency in humans. Cell 1993; 73: 147-157.
40. Rodig SJ, Meraz MA, White JM, et al. Disruption of the Jak1 gene demonstrates obligatory and nonredundant roles of the Jaks in cytokine-induced biologic responses. Cell 1998; 93: 373-383.
41. von Freeden-Jeffry U, Solvason N, Howard M, Murray R. The earliest T lineage-committed cells depend on IL-7 for Bcl-2 expression and normal cell cycle progression. Immunity 1997; 7: 147-154.
42. -/-. Cell 1997; 89: 1011-1019.
43. Akashi K, Kondo M, von Freeden-Jeffry U, Murray R, Weissman IL. Bcl-2 rescues T lymphocytes in interleukin-7 receptor-deficient mice. Cell 1997; 89: 1033-1041.
44. Thomis DC, Lee W, Berg LJ. T cells from Jak 3-deficient mice have intact TCR signalling, but increased apoptosis. J Immunol 1997; 159: 4708-4719.
45. Raff MC, Barres BA, Burne JF, Coles HS, Ishizaki Y, Jacobson MD. Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival: lessons from the nervous system. Science 1993; 262: 695-700.
46. Snider WD. Functions of the neurotrophins during nervous system development: what the knockouts are teaching us. Cell 1994; 77: 627-638.
47. Masu Y, Wolf E, Holtmann B, Sendtner M, Brem G, Thoenen H. Disruption of the CNTF gene results in motor neuron degeneration. Nature 1993; 365: 27-32.
48. Henderson CE, Phillips HS, Pollock RA, et al. GDNF: a potent survival factor for motoneurons present in peripheral nerve and muscle. Science 1994; 266: 1062-1064.
49. Kannan Y, Ushio H, Koyama H, et al. 2.5 S nerve growth factor enhances survival, phagocytosis, and superoxide production of murine neutrophils. Blood 1991; 77: 1320-1325.
50. Horigome K, Bullock ED, Johnson Jr EM. Effect of nerve growth factor on rat peritoneal mast cells. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 2695-2702.
51. Torcia M, Bracci-Laudiero L, Lucibello M, et al. Nerve growth factor is an autocrine survival factor for memory B lymphocytes. Cell 1996; 85: 345-356.
52. Griffin JD, Löwenberg B. Clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Blood 1986; 68: 1185-1195.
53. Fibach E, Sachs L. Control of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. XI. Induction of a specific requirement for cell viability and growth during differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. J Cell Physiol 1976; 89: 259-266.
54. Lotem J, Sachs L. Induction of dependence on hematopoietic proteins for viability and receptor upregulation in differentiating myeloid leukemic cells. Blood 1989; 74: 579-585.
55. Battaille R, Barlogie B, Lu ZY, et al. Biologic effects of anti-interleukin-6 murine monoclonal antibody in advanced multiple myeloma. Blood 1995; 86: 685-691.
56. Lotem J, Sachs L. Hematopoietic cytokines inhibit apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor β1 and cancer chemotherapy compounds in myeloid leukemic cells. Blood 1992; 80: 1750-1757.
57. Yonish-Rouach E, Resnitzky D, Lotem J, Sachs L, Kimchi A, Oren M. Wild-type p53 induces apoptosis of myeloid leukemic cells that is inhibited by interleukin 6. Nature 1991; 352: 345-347.
58. Lotem J, Peled-Kamar M, Groner Y, Sachs L. Cellular oxidative stress and the control of apoptosis by wild-type p53, cytotoxic compounds and cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 9166-9171.
59. Lotem J, Sachs L. Differential suppression by protease inhibitors and cytokines of apoptosis induced by wild-type p53 and cytotoxic agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 12507-12512.
60. Lotem J, Sachs L. Different mechanisms for suppression of apoptosis by cytokines and calcium mobilizing compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 4601-4606.
61. Abrahmson JLA, Lee JM, Bernstein A. Regulation of p53-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by steel factor. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15: 6953-6960.
62. Kaplinsky C, Lotem J, Sachs L. Protection of human myeloid leukemic cells against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 3. Leukemia 1996; 10: 460-465.
63. Collins MKL, Marvel J, Malde P, Lopez-Rivas A. Interleukin 3 protects murine bone marrow cells from apoptosis induced by DNA damaging agents. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 1043-1051.
64. Canman CE, Gilmer TM, Coutts SB, Kastan MB. Growth factor modulation of p53-mediated growth arrest versus apoptosis. Genes Dev 1995; 9: 600-611.
65. Migliorati G, Pagliacci C, Moraca R, Crocicchio F, Nicoletti I, Riccardi C. Interleukin 4 protects double-negative and CD4 single-positive thymocytes from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. Int J Clin Lab Res 1992; 21: 300-303.
66. Zubiaga AM, Munoz E, Huber BT. IL-4 and IL-2 selectively rescue Th cell subsets from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. J Immunol 1992; 149: 107-112.
67. Hardin J, MacLeod S, Grigorieva I, et al. Interleukin-6 prevents dexamethasone-induced myeloma cell death. Blood 1994; 84: 3063-3070.
68. Hernádez-Caselles T, Martinez-Esparza M, Sancho D, Rubio G, Aparicio P. Interleukin-7 rescues human activated T lymphocytes from apoptosis induced by glucocorticosteroids and regulates bcl-2 and CD25 expression. Human Immunol 1995; 43: 181-189.
69. Renauld J, Vink A, Louahed J, Van Snick J. Interleukin-9 is a major anti-apoptotic factor for thymic lymphomas. Blood 1995; 85: 1300-1305.
70. Yamada M, Hatanaka H. Interleukin-6 protects cultured rat hippocampal neurons against glutamate-induced cell death. Brain Res 1994; 643: 173-180.
71. Ulrich E, Duwel A, Kauffmann-Zeh A, et al. Specific TrkA survival signals interfere with different apoptotic pathways. Oncogene 1998; 16: 825-832.
72. Mitsumoto H, Ikeda K, Klinkosz B, Cedarbaum JM, Wong V, Lindsay RM. Arrest of motor neuron disease in wobbler mice cotreated with CNTF and BDNF. Science 1994; 265: 1107-1110.
73. Arenas E, Trupp M, Åkerud P, Ibáñez CF. GDNF prevents degeneration and promotes the phenotype of brain noradrenergic neurons in vivo. Neuron 1995; 15: 1465-1473.
74. Lotem J, Sachs L. Control of apoptosis in hematopoiesis and leukemia by cytokines, tumor suppressor and oncogenes. Leukemia 1996; 10: 925-931.
75. Hengartner MO. Death by crowd control. Science 1998; 281: 1298-1299.
76. Yuan J, Shaham S, Ledoux S, Ellis HM, Horvitz HR. The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1β-converting enzyme. Cell 1993; 75: 641-652.
77. Cohen GM. Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Bioch J 1997; 326: 1-16.
78. Cryns V, Yuan J. Proteases to die for. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 1551-1570.
79. Thornberry NA, Lazebnik Y. Caspases: enemies from within. Science 1998; 281: 1312-1316.
80. Enari M, Sakahira H, Yokoyama H, Okawa K, Iwamatsu A, Nagata S. A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD. Nature 1998; 391: 43-50.
81. Hengartner MO, Horvitz HR. C. elegans cell survival gene-ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of mammalian protooncogene bcl-2. Cell 1994; 76: 665-676.
82. Yang E, Korsmeyer SJ. Molecular thanatopsis: a discourse on the Bcl2 family and cell death. Blood 1996; 88: 386-401.
83. Adams JM, Cory S. The Bcl-2 protein family: arbiters of cell survival. Science 1998; 281: 1322-1326.
84. L, and Apaf-1 form a ternary complex. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 5841-5845.
85. Uren AG, Coulson EJ, Vaux DL. Conservation of baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis repeat proteins (BIRPs) in viruses, nematodes, vertebrates and yeasts. Trends Bioch Sci 1998; 23: 159-162.
86. Knudson CM, Tung KSK, Tourtellotte WG, Brown GAJ, Korsmeyer SJ. Bax-deficient mice with lymphoid hyperplasia and male germ cell death. Science 1995; 270: 96-99.
87. Xiang H, Kinoshita Y, Knudson CM, Korsmeyer SJ, Schwartzkroin PA, Morrison RS. Bax involvement in p53-mediated neuronal cell death. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 1363-1373.
88. Kuida K, Lippke JA, Ku G, et al. Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Science 1995; 267: 2000-2003.
89. Bergeron L, Perez GI, Macdonald G, et al. Defects in regulation of apoptosis in caspase-2-deficient mice. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 1304-1314.
90. Kuida K, Zheng TS, Na S, et al. Decreased apoptosis in the brain and premature lethality in CPP32-deficient mice. Nature 1996; 384: 368-372.
91. Varfolomeev EE, Schuchmann M, Luria V, et al. Targeted disruption of the mouse carpase 8 gene ablates cell death induction by TNF receptors, FAS/Apo1, and DR3 and is lethal prenatally. Immunity 1998; 9: 267-276.
92. Kuida K, Haydar TF, Kuan C-Y, et al. Reduced apoptosis and cytochrome c-mediated caspase activation in mice lacking caspase 9. Cell 1998; 94: 325-337.
93. Hakem R, Hakem A, Duncan GS, et al. Differential requirement for caspase 9 in apoptotic pathways in vivo. Cell 1998; 94: 339-352.
94. Veis DJ, Sorenson CM, Shutter JR, Korsmeyer SJ. Bcl-2-deficient mice demonstrate fulminant lymphoid apoptosis, polycystic kidneys, and hypopigmented hair. Cell 1993; 75: 229-240.
95. Motoyama N, Wang F, Roth KA, et al. Massive cell death of immature hematopoietic cells and neurons in Bcl-X-deficient mice. Science 1995; 267: 1506-1510.
96. Roy N, Mahadevan MS, McLean M, et al. The gene for neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein is partially deleted in individuals with spinal muscular atrophy. Cell 1995; 80: 167-178.
97. Shaw P, Bovey R, Tardy S, Sahli R, Sordat B, Costa J. Induction of apoptosis by wild type p53 in a human colon tumor derived cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 4495-4499.
98. Lotem J, Sachs L. Hematopoietic cells from mice deficient in wild-type p53 are more resistant to induction of apoptosis by some agents. Blood 1993; 82: 1092-1096.
99. Lowe SW, Schmitt EM, Smith SW, Osborne BA, Jacks T. p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 1993; 362: 847-849.
100. Clarke AR, Purdie CA, Harrison DJ, et al. Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature 1993; 362: 849-852.
101. Strasser A, Harris AW, Jacks T, Cory S. DNA damage can induce apoptosis in proliferating lymphoid cells via p53-independent mechanisms inhibitable by bcl-2. Cell 1994; 79: 329-339.
102. Yuan Z-M, Huang Y, Ishiko T, Kharbanda S, Weichselbaum R, Kufe D. Regulation of DNA damage-induced by the c-Abl tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 1437-1440.
103. Wu X, Levine AJ. p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 3602-3606.
104. Westphal CH, Rowan S, Schmaltz C, Elson A, Fischer DE, Leder P. atm and p53 cooperate in apoptosis and suppression of tumorigenesis, but not in resistance to actue radiation toxicity. Nat Genet 1997; 16: 397-401.
105. Wang XW, Vermeulen W, Coursen JD, et al. The XPB and XPD DNA helicases are components of the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway. Genes Dev 1996; 10: 1219-1232.
106. Kaelin Jr WG. Another p53 doppelgänger? Science 1998; 281: 57-58.
107. Chen J, Wu X, Lin J, Levine AJ. mdm-2 inhibits the G1 arrest and apoptosis functions of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16: 2445-2452.
108. Herwig S, Strauss M. The retinoblastoma protein: a master regulator of cell cycle, differentiation and apoptosis. Eur J Bioch 1997; 246: 581-601.
109. Oren M. p53: the ultimate tumor suppressor gene? FASEB J 1992; 6: 3169-3176.
110. Ko LJ, Prives C. p53: puzzle and paradigm. Genes Dev 1996; 10: 1054-1072.
111. Miyashita T, Reed JC. Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 1995; 80: 293-299.
112. Israeli D, Tessler E, Haupt Y, et al. The novel p53-inducible gene, PAG608, encodes a nuclear zinc finger protein whose overexpression promotes apoptosis. EMBO J 1997; 16: 4384-4392.
113. Buckbinder L, Talbott R, Velasco-Miguel S, et al. Induction of the growth inhibitor IGF-binding protein 3 by p53. Nature 1995; 377: 646-649.
114. Wu GS, Burns TF, McDonald ER III, et al. KILLER/DR5 is a DNA damage-inducible p53-regulated death receptor gene. Nat Genet 1997; 17: 141-143.
115. Owen-Schaub LB, Zhang W, Cusack JC, et al. Wild-type human p53 and a temperature-sensitive mutant induce FAS/APO-1 expression. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15: 3032-3040.
116. Polyak K, Xia Y, Zweier JL, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. A model for p53-induced apoptosis. Nature 1997; 389: 300-305.
117. Yin Y, Terauchi, Y, Solomon GG, et al. Involvement of p85 in p53-dependent apoptotic response to oxidative stress. Nature 1998; 391: 707-710.
118. Prisco M, Hongo A, Rizzo MG, Sacchi A, Baserga R. The insulin-like growth factor I receptor is a physiologically relevant target of p53 in apoptosis caused by interleukin 3 withdrawal. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17: 1084-1092.
119. White FA, Keller-Peck CR, Knudson CM, Korsmeyer SJ, Snider WD. Widespread elimination of naturally occurring neuronal death in bax-deficient mice. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 1428-1439.
120. Zhu J, Zhu W, Jiang J, Chen X. Identification of a novel p53 functional domain that is necessary for mediating apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 13030-13036.
121. Carson WE, Haldar S, Baiocchi RA, Croce CM, Caligiuri MA. The c-kit ligand suppresses apoptosis of human natural killer cells through the upregulation of bcl-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 7553-7557.
122. L. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2262-2265.
123. Sekiya M, Adachi M, Takayama S, Reed JC, Imai K. IFN-γ upregulates anti-apoptotic gene expression and inhibits apoptosis in IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cells. Bioch Biophys Res Comm 1997; 239: 401-406.
124. L and bax in the control of apoptosis by hematopoietic cytokines and desamethasone. Cell Growth Differ 1995; 6: 647-653.
125. Lisovsky M, Estrov Z, Zhang U, et al. Flt3 ligand stimulates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cells: regulation of bcl-2 and bax. Blood 1996; 88: 3987-3997.
126. Dekwerth TL, Elliott JL, Knudson CM, Johnson Jr EM, Snider WD, Korsmeyer SJ. Bax is required for neuronal death after trophic factor deprivation and during development. Neuron 1996; 17: 401-411.
127. L. Cell 1996; 87: 619-628.
128. Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X, et al. Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell 1997; 91: 231-241.
129. Songyang Z, Baltimore D, Cantley LC, Kaplan DR, Franke TF. Interleukin 3-dependent survival by the Akt protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 11345-11350.
130. Quelle FW, Wang J, Feng J, et al. Cytokine rescue of p53-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle arrest is mediated by distinct Jak kinase signalling pathways. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 1099-1107.
131. Hockenbery DM, Oltvai ZN, Yin X-M, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ. Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 1993; 75: 241-251.
132. Green D, Kroemer G. The central executioner of apoptosis: caspases or mitochondria. Trends Cell Biol 1998; 8: 267-271.
133. Green DR, Reed JC. Miochondria and apoptosis. Science 1998; 281: 1309-1312.
134. Berridge MJ. Inositol triphosphate and calcium signalling. Nature 1993; 361: 315-325.
135. McConkey DJ, Orrenius S. The role of calcium in the regulation of apoptosis. J Leukoc Biol 1996; 59: 775-783.
136. Lotem J, Sachs L. Cytokine suppression of protease activation in wild-type p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 9349-9353.
137. Chandler JM, Alnemri ES, Cohen GM, MacFarlane M. Activation of CPP32 and Mch3α in wild-type p53-induced apoptosis. Bioch J 1997; 322: 19-23.
138. Nagata S. Apoptosis by death factor. Cell 1997; 88: 355-365.
139. Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM. Death receptors: signalling and modulation. Science 1998; 281: 1305-1308.