Towards sustainable development of industry: Networking, complexity and eco-clusters

Journal of Cleaner Production

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 49-58

  Wallner, Heinz Peter ^a  

^a STENUM Environ Consult Res Co G   (Austria)

Author keywords

Eco cluster; Industrial ecology; Networking; Sustainable development

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGY; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS;

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY;

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 0032785060     PISSN: 09596526     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6526(98)00036-5     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. World Commission on Environment and Development. Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
2. Ibid, p. 43.
3. Put forward in the discussion with DI Andrea Grabher, Inst. für Verfahrenstechnik, University of Technology Graz, Austria.
4. Moser F, Narodoslawsky M. Bewußtsein in Raum und Zeit-Die Grundlagen einer holistischen Ethik. Frankfurt: Insel Verlag, 1996.
5. Wallner HP, Narodoslawsky M, Moser F. Environment and Planning A 1996:28:1763-78. The notion of structural stability was borrowed from the work of Prigogine I. From being to becoming - Time and complexity in the physical science. San Francisco: Freeman, 1980.
6. Wallner HP, Narodoslawsky M, Moser F. Environment and Planning A 1996:28:1763-78. The notion of structural stability was borrowed from the work of Prigogine I. From being to becoming - Time and complexity in the physical science. San Francisco: Freeman, 1980.
7. Even if the complexity of the regional economic system increases, increasing trust will alleviate the complexity perceived by the individuals. Trust is a mechanism of the reduction of social complexity (see Luhmann N. Vertrauen - Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität. Stuttgart: Enke, 1989).
8. Holland JH. Hidden oder - how adaption builds complexity. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1995. In Holland (1996), seven principles of complex systems are defined. These are the four characteristics aggregation, non-linearity, flows and diversity and the three mechanisms internal models, tagging and building blocks.
9. For a more comprehensive definition of process units cf. Wallner et al. (1996), op cit reference 5.
10. Roht G. Gehirn und Selbstorganisation. In: Krohn W, Küppers G, editors. Selbstorganisation-Aspekte einer wissenschaftlichen Revolution. Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1990:167-80.
11. Odum HT. Systems ecology - an introduction. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1983. Lotka AJ. Elements of mathematical biology. New York: Dover, 1956. Lotka AJ. Contribution to the energetics of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (NATL ACAD SCI) 1922;8:147-151.
12. Odum HT. Systems ecology - an introduction. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1983. Lotka AJ. Elements of mathematical biology. New York: Dover, 1956. Lotka AJ. Contribution to the energetics of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (NATL ACAD SCI) 1922;8:147-151.
13. Odum HT. Systems ecology - an introduction. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1983. Lotka AJ. Elements of mathematical biology. New York: Dover, 1956. Lotka AJ. Contribution to the energetics of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (NATL ACAD SCI) 1922;8:147-151.
14. Cf. Holland (1995), op cit reference 7.
15. Köstler A. The ghost in the machine. London: Hutchinson, 1967. Köstler (1957) describes the building blocks of complex system as 'holons', as sub-systems open towards the top and bottom that are at once meta-systems and sub-systems, 'master and servant' as it were. The advantage of building blocks for the construction of complex systems is described with the aid of the parable of 'Bios' the clock-maker. Any clock-maker who puts his work together piece by piece without building bigger components beforehand is far inferior to the particular clock-maker called Bios who builds big components from smaller elements and then puts these together to make up the finished clockwork. This mechanism, that is an excellent characteristic in Nature, must also be exploited in developing a sustainable social and economic form.
16. A comprehensive description of the development of 'industrial ecology' can be found in Erkman S. Industrial ecology: A historical view. Journal of Cleaner Production 1997;5(1-2):1-10.
17. "In every instance considered, natural selection will so operate as to increase the total mass of the organic system, to increase the rate of circulation of matter through the system, and to increase the total energy flux through the system, so long as there is presented an unutilized residue of matter and available energy" (quote from Lotka, 1922, op cit reference 10, p. 148).
18. The human potential of a region is of course subject to a development process. Also the potentials of regional ecosystems may be influenced by human activities.
19. The conditions of sustainable development can only be specified for individual regions. The possibilities of development of an industrial enterprise can also not be defined in isolation (e.g. by benchmarking), but rather with the aid of its function in the overall regional system.
20. Cooke P, Morgan K. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 1993;11:543-64.
21. Capra F. The turning point-science, society, and the rising culture. New York: Bantam Books, 1982; cf. Moser and Narodoslawsky, op cit reference 4, and Haken H. Synergetics - an introduction. Berlin: Springer, 1983.
22. Capra F. The turning point-science, society, and the rising culture. New York: Bantam Books, 1982; cf. Moser and Narodoslawsky, op cit reference 4, and Haken H. Synergetics - an introduction. Berlin: Springer, 1983.
23. Capra F. The turning point-science, society, and the rising culture. New York: Bantam Books, 1982; cf. Moser and Narodoslawsky, op cit reference 4, and Haken H. Synergetics - an introduction. Berlin: Springer, 1983.
24. Feyerabend P. Wider den Methodenzwang. Frankfurt: Shurkamp, 1986.
25. Amin A. Post-Fordism: models, fantasies and phantoms of transition. In: Amin A, editor. Post-Fordism - a reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994:1-39; Camagni RP. Space, networks and technical change: an evolutionary approach. In: Camagni RP, editor. Innovation networks: spatial perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, 1991, cf. Cook and Morgan, op cit reference 17, Neuschwander C, Berthe P. Ekistics 1992;59(352/353):40-50, Powell W. Research in Organizational Behaviour 1990;12:295-336, Schwarz EJ. Unternehmensnetzwerke im Recycling-Bereich, Mit einem Geleitwort von Heinz Strebel. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag/Gabler, 1994, Staudt E, editor. Kooperationshandbuch: ein Leitfaden für die Unternehmenspraxis. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1992, Tödtling F. The uneven landscape of innovative poles: local embeddedness and global networks. In: Amin A, Thrift N, editors. Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:68-90, Wood A. Environment and Planning A 1993;25:1649-61.
26. Amin A. Post-Fordism: models, fantasies and phantoms of transition. In: Amin A, editor. Post-Fordism - a reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994:1-39; Camagni RP. Space, networks and technical change: an evolutionary approach. In: Camagni RP, editor. Innovation networks: spatial perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, 1991, cf. Cook and Morgan, op cit reference 17, Neuschwander C, Berthe P. Ekistics 1992;59(352/353):40-50, Powell W. Research in Organizational Behaviour 1990;12:295-336, Schwarz EJ. Unternehmensnetzwerke im Recycling-Bereich, Mit einem Geleitwort von Heinz Strebel. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag/Gabler, 1994, Staudt E, editor. Kooperationshandbuch: ein Leitfaden für die Unternehmenspraxis. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1992, Tödtling F. The uneven landscape of innovative poles: local embeddedness and global networks. In: Amin A, Thrift N, editors. Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:68-90, Wood A. Environment and Planning A 1993;25:1649-61.
27. Amin A. Post-Fordism: models, fantasies and phantoms of transition. In: Amin A, editor. Post-Fordism - a reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994:1-39; Camagni RP. Space, networks and technical change: an evolutionary approach. In: Camagni RP, editor. Innovation networks: spatial perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, 1991, cf. Cook and Morgan, op cit reference 17, Neuschwander C, Berthe P. Ekistics 1992;59(352/353):40-50, Powell W. Research in Organizational Behaviour 1990;12:295-336, Schwarz EJ. Unternehmensnetzwerke im Recycling-Bereich, Mit einem Geleitwort von Heinz Strebel. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag/Gabler, 1994, Staudt E, editor. Kooperationshandbuch: ein Leitfaden für die Unternehmenspraxis. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1992, Tödtling F. The uneven landscape of innovative poles: local embeddedness and global networks. In: Amin A, Thrift N, editors. Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:68-90, Wood A. Environment and Planning A 1993;25:1649-61.
28. Amin A. Post-Fordism: models, fantasies and phantoms of transition. In: Amin A, editor. Post-Fordism - a reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994:1-39; Camagni RP. Space, networks and technical change: an evolutionary approach. In: Camagni RP, editor. Innovation networks: spatial perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, 1991, cf. Cook and Morgan, op cit reference 17, Neuschwander C, Berthe P. Ekistics 1992;59(352/353):40-50, Powell W. Research in Organizational Behaviour 1990;12:295-336, Schwarz EJ. Unternehmensnetzwerke im Recycling-Bereich, Mit einem Geleitwort von Heinz Strebel. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag/Gabler, 1994, Staudt E, editor. Kooperationshandbuch: ein Leitfaden für die Unternehmenspraxis. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1992, Tödtling F. The uneven landscape of innovative poles: local embeddedness and global networks. In: Amin A, Thrift N, editors. Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:68-90, Wood A. Environment and Planning A 1993;25:1649-61.
29. Amin A. Post-Fordism: models, fantasies and phantoms of transition. In: Amin A, editor. Post-Fordism - a reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994:1-39; Camagni RP. Space, networks and technical change: an evolutionary approach. In: Camagni RP, editor. Innovation networks: spatial perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, 1991, cf. Cook and Morgan, op cit reference 17, Neuschwander C, Berthe P. Ekistics 1992;59(352/353):40-50, Powell W. Research in Organizational Behaviour 1990;12:295-336, Schwarz EJ. Unternehmensnetzwerke im Recycling-Bereich, Mit einem Geleitwort von Heinz Strebel. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag/Gabler, 1994, Staudt E, editor. Kooperationshandbuch: ein Leitfaden für die Unternehmenspraxis. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1992, Tödtling F. The uneven landscape of innovative poles: local embeddedness and global networks. In: Amin A, Thrift N, editors. Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:68-90, Wood A. Environment and Planning A 1993;25:1649-61.
30. Amin A. Post-Fordism: models, fantasies and phantoms of transition. In: Amin A, editor. Post-Fordism - a reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994:1-39; Camagni RP. Space, networks and technical change: an evolutionary approach. In: Camagni RP, editor. Innovation networks: spatial perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, 1991, cf. Cook and Morgan, op cit reference 17, Neuschwander C, Berthe P. Ekistics 1992;59(352/353):40-50, Powell W. Research in Organizational Behaviour 1990;12:295-336, Schwarz EJ. Unternehmensnetzwerke im Recycling-Bereich, Mit einem Geleitwort von Heinz Strebel. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag/Gabler, 1994, Staudt E, editor. Kooperationshandbuch: ein Leitfaden für die Unternehmenspraxis. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1992, Tödtling F. The uneven landscape of innovative poles: local embeddedness and global networks. In: Amin A, Thrift N, editors. Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:68-90, Wood A. Environment and Planning A 1993;25:1649-61.
31. Amin A. Post-Fordism: models, fantasies and phantoms of transition. In: Amin A, editor. Post-Fordism - a reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994:1-39; Camagni RP. Space, networks and technical change: an evolutionary approach. In: Camagni RP, editor. Innovation networks: spatial perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, 1991, cf. Cook and Morgan, op cit reference 17, Neuschwander C, Berthe P. Ekistics 1992;59(352/353):40-50, Powell W. Research in Organizational Behaviour 1990;12:295-336, Schwarz EJ. Unternehmensnetzwerke im Recycling-Bereich, Mit einem Geleitwort von Heinz Strebel. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag/Gabler, 1994, Staudt E, editor. Kooperationshandbuch: ein Leitfaden für die Unternehmenspraxis. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1992, Tödtling F. The uneven landscape of innovative poles: local embeddedness and global networks. In: Amin A, Thrift N, editors. Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:68-90, Wood A. Environment and Planning A 1993;25:1649-61.
32. Amin A. Post-Fordism: models, fantasies and phantoms of transition. In: Amin A, editor. Post-Fordism - a reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994:1-39; Camagni RP. Space, networks and technical change: an evolutionary approach. In: Camagni RP, editor. Innovation networks: spatial perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, 1991, cf. Cook and Morgan, op cit reference 17, Neuschwander C, Berthe P. Ekistics 1992;59(352/353):40-50, Powell W. Research in Organizational Behaviour 1990;12:295-336, Schwarz EJ. Unternehmensnetzwerke im Recycling-Bereich, Mit einem Geleitwort von Heinz Strebel. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag/Gabler, 1994, Staudt E, editor. Kooperationshandbuch: ein Leitfaden für die Unternehmenspraxis. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1992, Tödtling F. The uneven landscape of innovative poles: local embeddedness and global networks. In: Amin A, Thrift N, editors. Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:68-90, Wood A. Environment and Planning A 1993;25:1649-61.
33. Amin A. Post-Fordism: models, fantasies and phantoms of transition. In: Amin A, editor. Post-Fordism - a reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994:1-39; Camagni RP. Space, networks and technical change: an evolutionary approach. In: Camagni RP, editor. Innovation networks: spatial perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, 1991, cf. Cook and Morgan, op cit reference 17, Neuschwander C, Berthe P. Ekistics 1992;59(352/353):40-50, Powell W. Research in Organizational Behaviour 1990;12:295-336, Schwarz EJ. Unternehmensnetzwerke im Recycling-Bereich, Mit einem Geleitwort von Heinz Strebel. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag/Gabler, 1994, Staudt E, editor. Kooperationshandbuch: ein Leitfaden für die Unternehmenspraxis. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1992, Tödtling F. The uneven landscape of innovative poles: local embeddedness and global networks. In: Amin A, Thrift N, editors. Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:68-90, Wood A. Environment and Planning A 1993;25:1649-61.
34. Camagini RP. Space, networks and technical change: an evolutionary approach. In: Camagini RP, editor. Innovation networks: spatial perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, 1991, p. 3. Camagini defines the innovative milieu as follows: "An innovative 'milieu' may be defined as a set, or a complex network of mainly informal social relationships on a limited geographical area, often determining a specific external 'image' and a specific internal 'representation' and sense of belonging, which enhance the local innovative capability through synergetic and collective learning processes" (cf. Camagini, 1991, p. 3).
35. Camagini RP. Space, networks and technical change: an evolutionary approach. In: Camagini RP, editor. Innovation networks: spatial perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, 1991, p. 3. Camagini defines the innovative milieu as follows: "An innovative 'milieu' may be defined as a set, or a complex network of mainly informal social relationships on a limited geographical area, often determining a specific external 'image' and a specific internal 'representation' and sense of belonging, which enhance the local innovative capability through synergetic and collective learning processes" (cf. Camagini, 1991, p. 3).
36. Cf. Wood, op cit reference 20.
37. Cf. Schwarz, op cit reference 20.
38. Lecture held by Joergen Christensen in Graz, at the symposium: Recycling networks in Upper Styria, 1997, and in personal conversation.
39. Douthwaite R. Short circuit-strengthening local economies for security in an unstable world. Dartington, UK: Green Books, 1996; Dodge J. Living by life: some bioregional theory and practice. In: Andruss V, Plant C, Plant J, Wright E, editors. Home! A bioregional reader. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers, 1990:5-12.
40. Douthwaite R. Short circuit-strengthening local economies for security in an unstable world. Dartington, UK: Green Books, 1996; Dodge J. Living by life: some bioregional theory and practice. In: Andruss V, Plant C, Plant J, Wright E, editors. Home! A bioregional reader. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers, 1990:5-12.
41. SUDECIR: Sustainable Development of European Cities and Regions - A Concept for Regional and Local Actors, Research Project, European Commission DG XII/D-5, Environment and Climate, Contract number ENV4-CT96-0271, 1996-1998 (information from author).
42. Wallner HP, Narodoslawsky M. Journal of Environmental Systems 1996;24(3):221-40.
43. ÖKOFIT: Ökologischer Bezirk Feldbach durch integrierte Technik, BM:WV, BMUJF, Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Bericht aus der Energie- und Umweltforschung des BM:WV, 10/1995 (information from author), ÖKOFIT: ÖKOFIT-III Gewerbepark-Konzept für die Planung eines ÖKOFIT-Gewerbeparks in der Region Feldbach, Bericht der Ökologischen Betriebsberatung, Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, FA Ic, Abfallwirtschaft, und Wirtschaftskammer Steiermark, Verfasser: STENUM GmbH, Graz 1996 (information from author). A more in-depth description of the concept is given in Wallner HP. Regional embeddedness of industrial parks - strategies for sustainable production systems at the regional level. Paper presented at the Third European Roundtable on Cleaner Production, Kalundborg, Denmark, 1996.
44. Fink R. Der Öko-Park Hartberg. In: Tagungsheft des Symposiums, 'ÖKOFIT für die Zukunft?', Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, FA Ic, Abfallwirtschaft und Wirtschaftskammer Steiermark, Graz, 1997 (information from author).