Estate Tamils, the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 and Sri Lankan politics

Contemporary South Asia

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 65-86

  Shastri, Amita ^a  

^a SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ETHNIC CONFLICT; ETHNIC MINORITY; NATIONALISM; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

SRI LANKA;

EID: 0032779588     PISSN: 09584935     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09584939908719856     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Calvin Woodward, The Growth of a Party System in Ceylon (Providence: Brown University Press, 1969), pp 257-262.
2. Ceylon, Census 1946, Vol 1 part 2, table 28.
3. The Ceylon Indian, Vol 1, No 4, 6 November 1927; cited in Nira Wickramasinghe, Ethnic Politics in Colonial Sri Lanka, 1927-1947 (New Delhi: Vikas, 1995), p 65.
4. The Ceylon Indian, Vol 1, No 4, 6 November 1927; cited in Nira Wickramasinghe, Ethnic Politics in Colonial Sri Lanka, 1927-1947 (New Delhi: Vikas, 1995), p 65.
5. Administration Report of Agent of Government of India 1929, p. 4; cited in Patrick Peebles, 'The Government of India and emigration to Ceylon, 1922-1939', unpublished paper 1996, p 1.
6. Administration Report of Agent of Government of India 1929, p. 4; cited in Patrick Peebles, 'The Government of India and emigration to Ceylon, 1922-1939', unpublished paper 1996, p 1.
7. UK, Report of the Special Commission on the Ceylon Constitution (or Donoughmore Report), 1928, Vol 7, Cmd 3131, pp 96-97.
8. Ceylon, Report of a Commission on Immigration into Ceylon (Sessional Paper 3 of 1938), p 26.
9. For details see Kumari Jayawardena, Ethnic and Class Conflicts in Sri Lanka (Dehiwala: Center for Social Analysis, 1985), pp 30-35.
10. Wickramasinghe, op cit, Ref 3.
11. An apt metaphor used by Jane Russell, 'Communal politics under the Donoughmore constitution', Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol 26, 1982, p 235.
12. H.P. Chattopadhyaya, Indians in Sri Lanka (Calcutta: K. Bannerjee, 1979), p 209; and Great Britain, Colonial Office, Report of the Commission on Constitutional Reform in Ceylon (or Soulbury Report), Cmd 6677, 1945, pp 77-80.
13. H.P. Chattopadhyaya, Indians in Sri Lanka (Calcutta: K. Bannerjee, 1979), p 209; and Great Britain, Colonial Office, Report of the Commission on Constitutional Reform in Ceylon (or Soulbury Report), Cmd 6677, 1945, pp 77-80.
14. H.A.J. Hullugalle, The Life and Times of Don Stephen Senanayake (Colombo: Gunasena, 1975), pp 209-216.
15. For details see Wickramasinghe, op cit, Ref 3, pp 129-33, 246.
16. Ibid, pp 113-114.
17. Wickramasinghe, op cit, Ref 3, pp 191-192; and Chattopadhyaya, op cit, Ref 10, p 210.
18. Wickramasinghe, op cit, Ref 3, pp 191-192; and Chattopadhyaya, op cit, Ref 10, p 210.
19. For details, see Chattopadhyaya, ibid, pp 211-217.
20. W. Howard Wriggins, Ceylon: Dilemmas of a New Nation (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1960), p 215; Census of Ceylon, 1946, Vol 1 part 1, table 99.
21. W. Howard Wriggins, Ceylon: Dilemmas of a New Nation (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1960), p 215; Census of Ceylon, 1946, Vol 1 part 1, table 99.
22. Dudley Senanayake before the Soulbury Commission: Ceylon, State Council, Debates (or Hansard), 19 January 1945, col 339.
23. Though formally boycotted by the Board of Ministers who withdrew their proposals, the Commissioners were informally escorted and hosted throughout their visit to the island by the Sinhalese politicians, and sought to be won over by various blandishments. Soulbury was to become the first Governor-General of independent Ceylon. Sec Charles Jeffries, Ceylon: The Path to Independence (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962), pp 95-96; and Hugh Tinker, Separate and Unequal: India and the Indians in the British Commonwealth, 1920-1950 (London: C. Hurst, 1976), p 259.
24. Though formally boycotted by the Board of Ministers who withdrew their proposals, the Commissioners were informally escorted and hosted throughout their visit to the island by the Sinhalese politicians, and sought to be won over by various blandishments. Soulbury was to become the first Governor-General of independent Ceylon. Sec Charles Jeffries, Ceylon: The Path to Independence (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962), pp 95-96; and Hugh Tinker, Separate and Unequal: India and the Indians in the British Commonwealth, 1920-1950 (London: C. Hurst, 1976), p 259.
25. K.M. de Silva, A History of Sri Lanka (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981), pp 456-459.
26. D.S. Senanayake, Hansard, 8 November 1945, col 6926.
27. Soulbury Report, pp 63, 80.
28. Hansard, 8 November 1945, col 6922.
29. For his bitter speech on the occasion, see Hansard 9 November 1945, cols 7078-7093.
30. Tinker, op cit, Ref 18, p 286.
31. Wickramasinghe, op cit, Ref 16, pp 222-224, 227.
32. Wickramasinghe, ibid, p 227; Wriggins, op cit, Ref 16, p 222. The former book has a typographical error with '850,000' printed instead.
33. Wickramasinghe, ibid, p 227; Wriggins, op cit, Ref 16, p 222. The former book has a typographical error with '850,000' printed instead.
34. Wickramasinghe, ibid, p 236.
35. Chattopadhyaya, op cit, Ref 10, pp 218-225.
36. See Ceylon, House of Representatives, Debates, 19 August 1948, cols 1684-1790.
37. Jayawardena, op cit, Ref 7, pp 75-76.
38. Debates, op cit, Ref 29, cols 1760-1767.
39. James Manor, The Expedient Utopian: Bandaranaike and Ceylon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp 164ff, 179-180.
40. Six of the seven constituencies in the Kandyan areas won by the CIC in 1947 were won by the UNP in 1952. The UNP picked up a number of left constituencies as well, so that it won 54 seats in 1952.
41. Kodakan Pillai vs. Mudanayake et al, 1953, 2 A11 ER833.
42. A.J. Wilson, The Break-up of Sri Lanka: The Sinhalese-Tamil Conflict (London: C.Hurst, 1988), p 103.
43. P. Sahadevan, India and Overseas Indians: The Case of Sri Lanka (Delhi: Kalinga, 1995), pp 142, 144.
44. Chattopadhyaya, op cit, Ref 10, pp 258-264; and Sahadevan, ibid, p 195.
45. Chattopadhyaya, op cit, Ref 10, pp 258-264; and Sahadevan, ibid, p 195.
46. E.L.H. Lee, 'Rural poverty in Sri Lanka, 1963-1973', in International Labor Organization, Poverty and Landlessness in Rural Asia (Geneva, 1977), p 163; Central Bank of Ceylon, Survey of Sri Lanka's Consumer Finances, 1973 (Colombo, 1974), pp 83-85.
47. E.L.H. Lee, 'Rural poverty in Sri Lanka, 1963-1973', in International Labor Organization, Poverty and Landlessness in Rural Asia (Geneva, 1977), p 163; Central Bank of Ceylon, Survey of Sri Lanka's Consumer Finances, 1973 (Colombo, 1974), pp 83-85.
48. Woodward, op cit, Ref 1, p 260, table 12.
49. Manor, op cit, Ref 32, p 215.
50. Chandra R. de Silva in K.M. de Silva, Universal Franchise 1931-1981: The Sri Lankan Experience (Colombo: Ministry of State, Department of Information, 1981), pp 117-119.
51. Woodward, op cit, Ref 1, p 264.
52. For details see Sahadevan, op cit, Ref 36, pp 209-223, 229.