Regulation of the expression of the inflammatory nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) by cyclic AMP

FASEB Journal

Volumn 13, Issue 15, 1999, Pages 2125-2137

  Galea, Elena ^a   Feinstein, Douglas L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytokines; Endotoxin; Gene expression; Gene structure; mRNA expression; Promoter; Transcription factors

Indexed keywords

2,4 DINITROPHENOL; BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; CYTOKINE; ENDOTOXIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; STAUROSPORINE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

ADIPOCYTE; ANIMAL CELL; BRAIN CELL; CELL CULTURE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; INFLAMMATION; LIVER CELL; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 0032779378     PISSN: 08926638     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.15.2125     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Nathan, C. (1992) Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J. 6, 3051-3064
2. MacMicking, J., Xie, Q. W., and Nathan, C. (1997) Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15, 323-350
3. Birch, R. E., and Polmar, S. H. (1982) Pharmacological modification of immunoregulatory T lymphocytes. I. Effect of adenosine, H1 and H2 histamine agonists upon T lymphocyte regulation of B lymphocyte differentiation in vitro. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 48, 218-230
4. Knudsen, P. J., Dinarello, C. A., and Strom, T. B. (1986) Prostaglandins posttranscriptionally inhibit monocyte expression of interleukin 1 activity by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J. Immunol. 137, 3189-319 4
5. Kunkel, S. L., Spengler, M., May, M. A., Spengler, R., Larrick, J., and Remick, D. (1988) Prostaglandin E2 regulates macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 5380-5384
6. Ghersa, P., Hooft van Huijsduijnen, R., Whelan, J., Cambet, Y., Pescini, R., and DeLamarter, J. F. (1994) Inhibition of E-selectin gene transcription through a cAMP- dependent protein kinase pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 29129-29137
7. Willis, S. A.,and Nisen, P. D. (1995) Inhibition of LPS induced IL-1beta transcription by cyclic AMP in human astrocytic cells. J. Immunol. 154, 1399-1406
8. Frohman, E. M., Vayuvegula, B., van den Noort, S., and Gupta, S. (1988) Norepinephrine inhibits gamma-interferon-induced MHC class II (Ia) antigen expression on cultured brain astrocytes. J. Neuroimmunol. 17, 89-101
9. Montminy, M. (1997) Transcriptional regulation by cyclic AMP. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66, 807-822
10. Daniel, P. B. (1998) Cyclic AMP signaling and gene regulation. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 18, 353-383
11. Iyengar, R. (1993) Molecular and functional diversity of mammalian Gs-stimulated adenylyl cyclases. FASEB J. 7, 768-775
12. Habener, J. F. (1995) Cyclic AMP second messenger signaling pathway. In Endocrinology, 3rd Ed (DeGroot, L.J., ed) pp. 77-92, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia
13. Nigg, E. A., Hilz, H., Eppenberger, H. M., and Dutly, F. (1985) Rapid and reversible translocation of the catalytic subunit of cAMP dependent protein kinase type II form the Golgi complex to the nucleus. EMBO J. 4, 2801-2806
14. Armstrong, R., Wen, W., Meinkoth, J., Taylor, S, and Montminy, M. (1995) Refractory phase in cAMP-responsive transcription requires down-regulation of protein kinase A. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 1826-1832
15. Bushnik, T., and Conti, M. (1996) Role of multiple cyclic AMP specific phosphodiesterase variants. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 24, 1014-1019
16. Vodovotz, Y., Kwon, N. S., Pospischil, M., Manning, J., Paik, J., and Nathan, C. (1994) Inactivation of nitric oxide synthase after prolonged incubation of mouse macrophages with IFN-γ and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol. 152, 4110-4118
17. Vallance, P., and Moncada, S.(1993). Role of endogenous nitric oxide in septic shock. New Horiz. 1, 77-86
18. Grabowski, P. S., Wright, P. K., Van 't Hof, R. J., Helfrich, M. H., Ohshima, H., and Ralston, S. H. (1997) Immunolocalization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in synovium and cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol. 36, 651-655
19. Gaillard, T. (1992) Regulation by prostaglandin E2 of cytokine-elicited nitric oxide synthesis in rat liver macrophages. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 373, 897-902
20. Gaillard, T., Mulsch, A., Busse, R., Klein, H., and Decker, K. (1991) Regulation of nitric oxide production by stimulated rat Kupffer cells. Pathobiology 59, 280-283
21. Sowa, G., and Przewlocki, R. (1994) Camp analogues and cholera toxin stimulate the accumulation of nitrite in rat peritoneal macrophage cultures. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 266, 125-129
22. Alonso, A., Carvalho, J., Alonso-Torre, S. R., Nunez, L., Bosca, L., and Sanchez Crespo, M. (1995) Nitric oxide synthesis in rat peritoneal macrophages is induced by IgE/DNP complexes and cyclic amp analogues. evidence in favor of a common signaling mechanism. J. Immunol. 154, 6475-6483
23. Park, Y. C., Park, S. J., Jun, C. D., Kim, G. E., Park, K. I., Kim, H. D., Park, R. K., and Chung, H. T. (1997) Cyclic AMP analogue as a triggering signal for the induction of nitric oxide synthesis in murine peritoneal macrophages. Cell. Immunol. 179, 41-47
24. Mauel, J., Ransijn, A., Corradin, S. B., and Buchmuller-Rouiller, Y. (1995) Effect of PGE2 and of agents that raise cAMP levels on macrophage activation induced by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. J. Leukoc. Biol. 58, 217-224
25. Milano, S., Arcoleo, F., Dieli, M., D'Agostino, R., D'Agostino, P., De Nucci, G., and Cillari, E. (1995) Prostaglandin E2 regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase in the murine macrophage cell line J774. Prostaglandins 49, 105-115
26. Mullet, D., Fertel, R. H., Kniss, D., and Cox, G. W. (1997) An increase in intracellular cyclic AMP modulates nitric oxide production in IFN-gamma-treated macrophages. J. Immunol. 158, 897-904
27. Jeon, Y. J., Yang, K. H., Pulaski, J. T., and Kaminski, N. E. (1996) Attenuation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression by delta (9) tetrahydrocannabinol is mediated through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa b/rel activation. Mol. Pharmacol. 50, 334-341
28. Raddassi, K., Petit, J. F., and Lemaire, G. (1993) LPS-induced activation of primed murine peritoneal macrophages is modulated by prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides.Cell. Immunol. 149, 50-64
29. Mustafa, S. B., and Olsen, M. S. (1998) Expression of nitric-oxide synthase in rat Kupffer cells is regulated by cAMP. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 5073-80
30. Marotta, P., Sautebin, L., and Dirosa, M. (1992) Modulation of the induction of nitric oxide synthase by eicosanoids in the murine macrophage cell line J774. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107, 640-641
31. Bulut, V., Severn, A., and Liew, F. W (1993) Nitric oxide production by murine macrophages is inhibited by prolonged elevation of cyclic AMP. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195, 1134-8
32. Pang, L., and Hoult, J. R. (1997) Repression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 by prostaglandin E2 and other cyclic AMP stimulants in J774 macrophages. Biochem. Pharmacol. 53, 493-500
33. Greenberg, S. S., Jie, O. Y., Zhao, X. F., Xie, J. M., Wang, J. F., and Giles, T. D. (1997) Interaction of ethanol with inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA and protein: direct effects on autacoids and endotoxin in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282, 1044-1054
34. Aymerich, M. S., Bengoechea-Alonso, M. T., Lopez-Zabalza, M. J., Santiago, E., and Lopez-Moratalla, N. (1998) Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in human monocytes triggered by beta-endorphin through an increase in cAMP. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 245, 717-721
35. Koide, M., Kawahara, Y., Nakayama, I., Tsuda, T., and Yokoyama, M. (1993) Cyclic AMP-elevating agents induce an inducible type of nitric oxide synthase in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Synergism with the induction elicited by inflammatory cytokines. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 24959-24966
36. Hirokawa, K., O'Shaughnessy, K., Moore, K., Ramrakha, P., and Wilkins, M. R. (1994) Induction of nitric oxide synthase in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells: the role of cyclic AMP. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112, 396-402
37. Durante, W., Cheng, K., and Schafer, A. I. (1994) Cyclic nucleotide regulation of interleukin-1 beta induced nitric oxide synthase expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Thromb. Res. 75, 63-71
38. Imai, T., Hirata, Y., Kanno, K., and Marumo, F. (1994) Induction of nitric oxide synthase by cyclic AMP in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 543-549
39. Scott-Burden, T., Elizondo, E., Ge, T., Boulanger, C. M., and Vanhoutte, P. M. (1994) Simultaneous activation of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase C induces production of nitric oxide by vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 46, 274-282
40. Boese, M., Busse, R., Mulsch, A., and Schini-Kerth, V. (1996) Effect of cyclic GMP-dependent vasodilators on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of cyclic AMP. Br. J. Pharmacol. 119, 707-715
41. Iimura, O., Kusano, E., Amemiya, M., Muto, S., Ikeda, U., Shimada, K., and Asano, Y. (1996) Dipyridamole enhances interleukin-1beta-stimulated nitric oxide production by cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 296, 319-326
42. Ikeda, U., Kurosaki, K., Shimpo, M., Okada, K., Saito, T., and Shimada, K. (1997) Adenosine stimulates nitric oxide synthesis in rat cardiac myocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 273, H59-H65
43. Hecker, M., Cattaruzza, M, .and Wagner, A. H. (1999) Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Gen. Pharmacol. 32, 9-16
44. Muhl, H., Kunz, D., and Pfeilschifter, J. (1994) Expression of nitric oxide synthase in rat glomerular mesangial cells mediated by cyclic AMP. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112, 1-8
45. Kunz, D., Muhl, H., Walker, G., and Pfeilschifter, J. (1994) Two distinct signaling pathways trigger the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat renal mesangial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5387-5391
46. Tetsuka, T., Daphnaiken, D., Srivastava, S. K., Baier, L. D., Dumaine, J., and Morrisson, A. R. (1994) Interactions between cyclooxygenase (COX) and Nitric oxide pathways in rat mesangial cells. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5, 686-686
47. Nusing, R. M., Klein, T., Pfeilschifter, J., and Ullrich, V. (1996) Effect of cyclic AMP and prostaglandin E2 on the induction of nitric oxide- and prostanoid-forming pathways in cultured rat mesangial cells. Biochem. J. 313, 617-623
48. Oddis, C. V., Simmons, R. L., Hattler, B. G., and Finkel, M. S. (1995) cAMP enhances inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA stability in cardiac myocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 269, H2044-H2050
49. Ikeda, U., Yamamoto, K., Ichida, M., Ohkawa, F., Murata, M., Iimura, O., Kusano, E., Asano, Y., and Shimada, K. (1996) Cyclic AMP augments cytokine-stimulated nitric oxide synthesis in rat cardiac myocytes. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 28, 789-795
50. Kinugawa, K., Shimizu, T., Yao, A., Kohmoto, O., Serizawa, T., and Takahashi, T. (1997) Transcriptional regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Circ. Res. 81, 911-921
51. Andersen, H. U., Mauricio, D., Karlsen, A. E., Mandrup-Poulsen, T., Nielsen, J. H., and Nerup, J. (1996) Interleukin-1 beta-induced nitric oxide production from isolated rat islets is modulated by D-glucose and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 134, 251-259
52. Messmer, U. K., and Brune, B. (1994) Modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in RINm5F cells. Cell Signal. 6, 17-24
53. Smith, F. S., Ceppi, E. D., and Titheradge, M. A. (1997) Inhibition of cytokine-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by glucagon and cAMP in cultured hepatocytes. Biochem. J. 326, 187-192
54. Harbrecht, B. G., Wirant, E. M., Kim, Y. M., and Billiar, T. R. (1996) Glucagon inhibits hepatocyte nitric oxide synthesis. Arch. Surg. 131, 1266-1272
55. Okuda, S., Kanda, F., Kawahara, Y., and Chihara, K. (1997) Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 41, C3 5-C40
56. Nisoli, E., Tonello, C., Briscini, L., and Carruba, M. O. (1997) Inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat brown adipocytes: implications for blood flow to brown adipose tissue. Endocrinology 138, 676-682
57. Durieu-Trautmann, O., Bourdoulous, S., Roux, F., Bourre, J. M., Strosberg, A. D., and Couraud, P. O. (1993) Immortalized rat brain microvessel endothelial cells: ii-pharmacological characterization. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 331, 205-210
58. Feinstein, D. L., Galea, E., and Reis, D. J. (1993) Norepinephrine suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in rat astroglial cultures. J. Neurochem. 60, 1945-1948
59. Pahan, K., Namboodiri, A. S., Sheikh, F. G., Smith, B. T., and Singh, I. (1997) Increasing cAMP attenuates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat primary astrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 7786-7791
60. Oda, H., Murayama, T., and Nomura, Y. (1997) Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by endothelin in rat glial cells prepared from the neonatal rat brain. J. Neurochem. 69, 669-674
61. Burgher, K. L., Heroux, J. A., and Ringheim, G. E. (1997) Cyclic AMP potentiation of cytokine-induced nitric oxide synthase activity in a murine astrocyte cell line. Neurochem. Int. 30, 483-489
62. Feinstein, D. L. (1998) Suppression of astroglial nitric oxide synthase expression by norepinephrine results from decreased NOS-2 promoter activity. J. Neurochem. 70, 1484-1496
63. Minghetti, L., Nicolini, A., Polazzi, E., Creminon, C., Maclouf, J., and Levi, G. (1997) Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in activated rat microglial cultures is down regulated by exogenous prostaglandin E2 and by cyclooxygenase inhibitors. GLIA 19, 152-160
64. Oropeza-Rendon, R. L., Bauer, H. C., and Fischer, H. (1980) Effect of prostaglandin E1 on the level of cAMP in bone marrow macrophages. Inhibition of phagocytosis and cell shape changes. J. Immunopharmacol. 2, 133-147
65. 15N]nitrate in biological fluids. Anal. Biochem. 126, 131-138
66. Harbrecht, B. G., McClure, E. A., Simmons, R. L., and Billiar, T. R. (1995) Prostanoids inhibit Kupffer cell nitric oxide synthesis. J. Surg. Res. 58, 625-629
67. Severn, A., Wakelam, M. J., and Liew, F. Y. (1992) The role of protein kinase C in the induction of nitric oxide synthesis by murine macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 188, 997-1002
68. Friedman, E. M., and Irwin, M. R. (1997) Modulation of immune cell function by the autonomic nervous system. Pharmacol. Ther. 74, 27-38
69. Broug-Holub, E., Persoons, J. H., Schornagel, K., Mastbergen, S. C., and Kraal, G. (1998) Effects of stress on alveolar macrophages: a role for the sympathetic nervous system. Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol. 19, 842-848
70. Joly, G. A., Schini, V. B., and Vanhoutte, P. M. (1992) Balloon injury induces nitric oxide synthase activity in rat carotid arteries. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 20 (Suppl. 12), S151-S154
71. Schini-Kerth, V. B., Fisslthaler, B., and Busse, R. (1994) CGRP enhances induction of NO synthase in vascular smooth muscle cells via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. Am. J. Physiol. 267, H2483-H2490
72. Dubey, R. K., Gillespie, D. G., and Jackson, E. K. (1998) Cyclic AMP-adenosine pathway induces nitric oxide synthesis in aortic smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 31, 296-302
73. Pfeilschifter, J., Kunz, D., and Muhl, H. (1993) Nitric oxide-an inflammatory mediator of glomerular mesangial cells. Nephron 64, 518-525
74. Roberts, A. B., Vodovotz, Y., Roche, N. S., Sporn, M. B., and Nathan, C. F. (1992) Role of nitric oxide in antagonistic effects of transforming growth factor beta and interleukin 1-beta on the beating rate of cultured cardiac myocytes. Mol. Endocrinol. 6, 1921-1930
75. Buchwalow, I. B., Schulze, W., Kostic, M. M., Wallukat, G., and Morwinski, R. (1997) Intracellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in culture. Acta Histochem. 99, 231-240
76. Oleszak, E. L., Katsetos, C. D., Kuzmak, J., and Varadhachary, A. (1997) Inducible nitric oxide synthase in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection. J. Virol. 71, 3228-3235
77. Cross, A. H., Misko, T. P., Lin, R. F., Hickey, W. F., Trotter, J. L., and Tilton, R. G. (1994) Aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in sjl mice. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 2684-2690
78. DeGroot, C. A., Ruuls, S. R., Theeuwes, J. M., Dijkstra, C. D., and VanderValk, P. (1997) Immunocytochemical characterization of the expression of inducible and constitutive isoforms of nitric oxide synthase in demyelinating multiple sclerosis lesions. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 56, 10-20
79. Endoh, M., Maiese, K., and Wagner, J. (1994) Expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase by reactive astrocytes after transient global ischemia. Brain Res. 651, 92-100
80. Ju, W. K., Park, K.J., Choi, E. K., Kim, J., Carp, R. I., Wisniewski, H. M., and Kim, Y. S. (1998) Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. J. Neurovirol. 4, 445-450
81. Wallace, M. N., Geddes, J. G., Farquhar, D. A., and Masson, M. R. (1997) Nitric oxide synthase in reactive astrocytes adjacent to beta- amyloid plaques. Exp. Neurol. 144, 266-272
82. Zheng, Y. M., Schafer, M. K., Weihe, E., Sheng, H., Corisdeo, S., Fu, Z. F., Koprowski, H., and Dietzschold, B. (1993) Severity of neurological signs and degree of inflammatory lesions in the brains of rats with Borna disease correlate with the induction of nitric oxide synthase. J. Virol. 67, 5786-5791
83. Iadecola, C. (1997) Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischemic brain injury. Trends Neurosci. 20, 132-139
84. Galea, E., Golanov, E. V., Feinstein, D. L., Kobylarz, K. A., Glickstein, S. B., and Reis, D. J. (1998) Cerebellar stimulation reduces inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and protects brain from ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. 274, H2035-H2045
85. Galea, E., Feinstein, D. L., and Reis, D. J. (1992) Induction of calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity in primary rat glial cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10945-10949
86. VanEldik, L. J., Akama, K. T., Krafft, G. A., and Hu, J. (1996) Amyloid-beta peptide activates cultured glia: cytokine induction and nitric oxide release. Mol. Biol. Cell 7, 1033-1033
87. Cohen, Z., Molinatti, G., and Hamel, E. (1997) Astroglial and vascular interactions of noradrenaline terminals in the rat cerebral cortex. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17, 894-904
88. Ruuls, S. R., Van Der Linden, S., Sontrop, K., Huitinga, I., and Dijkstra, C. D. (1996) Aggravation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) by administration of nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 103, 467-474
89. Tamir, S., deRojas-Walker, T., Gal, A., Weller, A. H., Li, X., Fox, J. G., Wogan, G. N., and Tannenbaum, S. R. (1995) Nitric oxide production in relation to spontaneous B-cell lymphoma and myositis in SJL mice. Cancer Res. 55, 4391-4397
90. Galea, E., Reis, D. J., Xu, H., and Feinstein, D. L. (1995) Transient expression of calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase in blood vessels during brain development. FASEB J. 9, 1632-1637
91. Dorheim, M. A., Tracey, W. R., Pollock, J. S., and Grammas, P. (1994) Nitric oxide synthase activity is elevated in brain microvessels in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205, 659-665
92. Williams, G., Brown, T., Becker, L., Prager, M., and Giroir, B. (1994) Induction and characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle cells. Pediatric Res. 35, A61-A61
93. Kleinert, H., Wallerath, T., Fritz, G., Ihrig-Biedert, I., Rodriguez-Pascual, F., Geller, D. A., and Forstermann, U. (1998) Cytokine induction of NO synthase II in human DLD-1 cells: roles of the JAK-STAT, AP-1 and NF-kappa B-signaling pathways. Br. J. Pharmacol. 125, 193-201
94. Ruan, J., Xie, O. W., Hutchinson, N., Wolfe, G., Cho, H., and Nathan, C. (1996) Calmodulin (CaM)-binding region of mouse nitric oxide synthase-2 (residues 503-532) is necessary but not sufficient for CaM binding and nitric oxide production at trace calcium. FASEB J. 10, 2296-2296
95. Stevens-Truss, R., and Marletta, M. A. (1995) Interaction of calmodulin with the inducible murine macrophage nitric oxide synthase. Biochemistry 34, 15638-15645
96. Eberhardt, W., Pluss, C., Hummel, R., and Pfeilschifter, J. (1998) Molecular mechanisms of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression by II,-I beta and cAMP in rat mesangial cells. J. Immunol. 160, 4961-4969
97. Xie, Q. W., Whisnant, R., and Nathan, C. (1993) Promoter of the mouse gene encoding calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase confers inducibility by interferon gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J. Exp. Med. 177, 1779-1784
98. Lowenstein, C. J., Alley, E. W., Raval, P., Snowman, A. M., Snyder, S. H., Russell, S. W., and Murphy, W. J. (1993) Macrophage nitric oxide synthase gene: two upstream regions mediate induction by interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 9730-9734
99. Chartrain N. A., Geller, D. A. Koty, P. P., Sitrin, N. F., Nussler, A. K., Hoffman, E. P., Billiar, T. R. Hutchinson, N. I., and Mudgett, J. S. (1994) Molecular cloning, structure, and chromosomal localization of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 6765-6772
100. Zhang, Z., Laubach, V. E., Alley, E. W., Edwards, K. A., Sherman, P. A., Russell, S. W., and Murphy, W. J. (1996) Transcriptional basis for hyporesponsiveness of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ. J. Leukoc. Biol. 59, 575-585
101. DeVera, M. E., Shapiro, R. A., Nussler, A. K., Mudgett, J. S., Simmons, R. L., Morris, S. M., Billiar, T. R., and Geller, D. A. (1996) Transcriptional regulation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) gene by cytokines: Initial analysis of the human NOS2 promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1054-1059
102. Eberhardt, W., Kunz, D., Hummel, R., and Pfeilschifter, J. (1996) Molecular cloning of the rat inducible nitric oxide synthase gene promoter. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 223, 752-756
103. Zhang, H., Chen, X., Teng, X., Snead, C., and Catravas, J. D. (1998) Molecular cloning and analysis of the rat inducible nitric oxide synthase gene promoter in aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 55, 1873-1880
104. Ghosh, S., May, M. J., and Kopp, E. B. (1998) NF-κB and rel proteins: evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16, 225-260
105. Baeuerle, P. A., and Baltimore, D. (1988) 1κB: a specific inhibitor of the NF-κB transcription factor. Science 242, 540-546
106. Goldring, C. E. P., Reveneau, S., Algarte, M., and Jeannin, J. F. (1996) In vivo footprinting of the mouse inducible nitric oxide synthase gene: Inducible protein occupation of numerous sites including Oct and NF-IL6. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 1682-1687
107. Spink, J., Cohen, J., and Evans, T. J. (1995) The cytokine responsive vascular smooth muscle cell enhancer of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Activation by nuclear factor- kappa B. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29541-29547
108. Zhang, X. O., Laubach, V. E., Alley, E. W., Edwards, K. A., Sherman, P. A., Russell, S. W., and Murphy, W. J. (1996) Transcriptional basis for hyporesponsiveness of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene to lipopolysaccharide/ interferon-gamma. J. Leukoc, Biol. 59, 575-585
109. Lekstrom-Himes, J., and Xanthopoulos, K. G. (1998) Biological role of the CCAAT enhancer-binding protein family of transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 28545-28548
110. Goldman, P. S., Tran, V. K., and Goodman, R. H. (1997) The multifunctional role of the co-activator CBP in transcriptional regulation. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 52, 103-120
111. Janknecht, R., and Hunter, T. (1996) Transcriptional control: Versatile molecular glue. Curr. Biol. 6, 951-954
112. Dendorfer, U., Oettgen, P., and Libermann, T. A. (1994) Multiple regulatory elements in the interleukin-6 gene mediate induction by prostaglandins, cyclic AMP, and lipopolysaccharide. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 4443-4454
113. Greenberg, S. S., Jie, O. Y., Zhao, X. F., Wang, J. F., and Giles, T. D. (1998) The potential mechanism of induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in alveolar macrophages by lipopolysaccharide and its suppression by ethanol, in vivo. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 22, 260S-265S
114. Lahdenpohja, N., Henttinen, T., and Hurme, M. (1996) Activation of the protein kinase A increases the DNA-binding and transcriptional activity of c-Rel in T cells. Scand. J. Immunol. 43, 640-645
115. Bakker, O., and Parker, M. G. (1991) CAAT enhancer binding protein is able to bind to ATF CRE elements. Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 1213-1217
116. Satriano, J. snd Schlondorff, D. (1994) Activation and attenuation of transcription factor NF-κB in mouse glomerular mesangial cells in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, immunoglobulin G, and adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate. Evidence for involvement of reactive oxygen species. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 1629-1636
117. Ghersa, P., Hooft van Huijsduijnen, R., Whelan, J., Cambet, Y., Pescini, R., and DeLamarter, J. F. (1994) Inhibition of E-selectin gene transcription through a cAMP- dependent protein kinase pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 29129-29137
118. Parry, G. C., and Mackman, N. (1997) Role of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein in cyclic AMP inhibition of NF-kappaB-mediated transcription. J. Immunol. 159, 5450-5456
119. Gerritsen, M. E., Williams, A. J., Neish, A. S., Moore, S., Shi, Y., and Collins, T. (1997) CREB-binding protein p300 are transcriptional coactivators of p65. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2927-2932