Cross-sectional morphology of the SK 82 and 97 proximal femora

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 109, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 509-521

  Ruff, Christopher B ^a   McHenry, Henry M ^b   Thackeray, J Francis ^c  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c Transvaal Museum   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Australopithecus; Biomechanics; Femur; Gait; Paranthropus

Indexed keywords

ANATOMICAL VARIATION; ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE ANATOMY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; FEMUR HEAD; FEMUR SHAFT; FOSSIL; GAIT; HUMAN; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN;

ANATOMY, CROSS-SECTIONAL; ANIMALS; FEMUR; FOSSILS; HOMINIDAE; HUMANS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 0032764140     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199908)109:4<509::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-X     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Abitbol M. 1995. Reconstruction of the STS 14 sacrum and pelvis: Australopithecus africanus. Am J Phys Anthropol 96:143-158.
2. Aiello LC. 1992. Allometry and the analysis of size and shape in human evolution. J Hum Evol 22:127-148.
3. Bauman JE. 1926. Observations on the strength of the chimpanzee and its implications. J Mammal 7:1-9.
4. Churchill SE, Formicola V. 1997. A case of marked bilateral asymmetry in the upper limbs of an Upper Palaeolithic male from Barma Grande (Liguria), Italy. Int J Osteoarch 7:18-38.
5. Day MH. 1969. Femoral fragment of a robust australopithecine from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Nature 221: 230-233.
6. Day MH. 1971. Postcranial remains of Homo erectus from Bed IV, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Nature 232: 383-387.
7. Day MH. 1973. Locomotor features of the lower limb in hominids. Symp Zool Soc Lond 33:29-51.
8. Day MH. 1976. Hominid postcranial remains from the East Rudolf succession: a review. In: Coppens Y, Howell FC, Issac GL, Leakey REF, editors. Earliest man and environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p 507-521.
9. Day MH, and Leakey REF. 1973. New evidence of the genus Homo from East Rudolf, Kenya I. Am J Phys Anthropol 39:341-354.
10. Day MH, and Leakey REF. 1974. New evidence of the genus Homo from East Rudolf, Kenya (III). Am J Phys Anthropol 41:367-380.
11. Day MH, Leakey REF, Walker AC, Wood BA. 1975. New hominids from East Rudolf, Kenya, I. Am J Phys Anthropol 42:461-476.
12. Day MH, Leakey REF, Walker AC, Wood BA. 1976. New hominids from East Turkana, Kenya. Am J Phys Anthropol 45:369-436.
13. Feibel CS, Brown FH, McDougall I. 1989. Stratigraphic context of fossil hominids from the Omo Group deposits: Northern Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia. Am J Phys Anthropol 78:595-622.
14. Franciscus RG, Holliday TW. 1992. Hindlimb skeletal allometry in Plio-Pleistocene hominids with special reference to A.L. 288-1 ("Lucy"). Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris 4:5-20.
15. Grausz HM, Leakey REF, Walker AC, Ward CV. 1988. Associated cranial and postcranial bones of Australopithecus boisei. In: Grine FE, editor. Evolutionary history of the "robust" australopithecines. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. p 127-132.
16. Grine FE. 1989. New hominid fossils from the Swartkrans Formation (1979-1986 excavations): Craniodental specimens. Am J Phys Anthropol 79:409-450.
17. Hartwig-Scherer S, Martin RD. 1991. Was "Lucy" more human than her "child"? Observations on early homi-nid postcranial skeletons. J Hum Evol 21:439-450.
18. Häusler M, Schmid P. 1995. Comparison of the pelves of Sts 14 and AL 288-1 : implications for birth and sexual dimorphism in australopithecines. J Hum Evol 29:363-383.
19. Hay RL. 1976. Geology of the Olduvai Gorge. Berkeley: University of California Press, p 1-203.
20. Jenkins, FA. 1972. Chimpanzee bipedalism: Cineradiographic analysis and implication for the evolution of gait. Science 178:877-879.
21. Johanson DC, Masao FT, Eck GG, White TD, Walter RC, Kimbel WH, Asfaw B, Manega P. 1987. New partial skeleton of Homo habilis from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Nature 327:205-209.
22. Kennedy GE. 1985. Bone thickness in Homo erectus. J Hum Evol 14:699-708.
23. Leakey REF, Walter AC. 1973. New australopithecines from East Rudolf, Kenya. Am J Phys Anthropol 39:205-222.
24. Leakey REF, Mungai JM, Walter AC. 1972. New australopithecines from East Rudolf, Kenya. Am J Phys Anthropol 36:235-252.
25. Lovejoy CO. 1982. Diaphyseal biomechanics of the locomotor skeleton of Tautavel man with comments on the evolution of skeletal changes in Late Pleistocene man. In: de Lumley H, editor. L'Homo erectus et la place de l'homme de Tautevel parmi les hominidés fossiles. Paris: C.N.R.S. p 447-470.
26. Lovejoy CO, Heiple KG. 1972. Proximal femoral anatomy of Australopithecus. Nature 235:175-176.
27. Lovejoy CO, Heiple KG, Burstein AH. 1973. The gait of Australopithecus. Am J Phys Anthropol 38:757-780.
28. Lovejoy CO, Burstein AH, Heiple KG. 1976. The biomechanical analysis of bone strength: a method and its application to platycnemia. Am J Phys Anthropol 44:489-506.
29. McHenry HM. 1975a. Biomechanical interpretation of the early hominid hip. J Hum Evol 4:343-355.
30. McHenry HM. 1975b. A new pelvic fragment from Swartkrans and the relationship between the robust and gracile australopithecines. Am J Phys Anthropol 43:245-262.
31. McHenry HM. 1975c. Fossils and the mosaic nature of human evolution. Science 190:425-431.
32. McHenry HM. 1991. Petite bodies of the "robust" australopithecines. Am J Phys Anthropol 86:445-454.
33. McHenry HM. 1992. Body size and proportions in early hominids. Am J Phys Anthropol 87:407-431.
34. McHenry HM.1994. Early hominid postcrania. Phylogeny and function. In: Corruccini RS, Ciochon RL, editors. Integrative paths to the past (advances in human evolution series, volume 2). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, p 168-251.
35. McHenry HM, Corruccini RS. 1976. Fossil hominid femora and the evolution of walking. Nature 259:657-658.
36. McHenry HM, Corruccini RS. 1978. The femur in early human evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 49:473-488.
37. Moerman ML. 1981. A longitudinal study of growth in relation to body size and sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis. PhD thesis. University of Michigan Press, p 1-124.
38. Nagurka ML, Hayes WC. 1980. An interactive graphics package for calculating cross-sectional properties of complex shapes. J Biomech 13:59-64.
39. Napier JR. 1964. The evolution of bipedal walking in the hominids. Arch Biol [Suppl) 75:673-708.
40. Robinson JT. 1972. Early hominid posture and locomotion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p 1-361.
41. Ruff CB. 1987a. Sexual dimorphism in human lower limb bone structure: relationship to subsistence strategy and sexual division of labor. J Hum Evol 16:391-416.
42. Ruff CB. 1987b. Structural allometry of the femur and tibia in Hominoidea and Macaca. Folia Primatol (Basel) 48:9-49.
43. Ruff CB. 1988. Hindlimb articular surface allometry in Hominoidea and Macaca, with comparisons to diaphyseal scaling. J Hum Evol 17:687-714.
44. Ruff CB. 1989. New approaches to structural evolution of limb bones in primates. Folia Primatol (Basel) 53:142-159.
45. Ruff CB. 1991. Climate, body size and body shape in hominid evolution. J Hum Evol 21:81-105.
46. Ruff CB. 1995. Biomechanics of the hip and birth in early Homo. Am J Phys Anthropol 98:527-574.
47. Ruff CB. 1998. Evolution of the hominid hip. In: Strasser E, Rosenberger A, McHenry H, Fleagle J, editors primate locomotion: recent advances. Davis, CA: Plenum Press, p 449-469.
48. Ruff CB, Hayes WC. 1983. Cross-sectional geometry of Pecos Pueblo femora and tibiae-a biomechanical investigation. I. Method and general patterns of variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 60:359-381.
49. Ruff CB, Leo FP. 1986. Use of computed tomography in skeletal structure research. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 29:181-195.
50. Ruff CB, Runestad JA. 1992. Primate limb bone structural adaptations. 1992. Annu Rev Anthropol 21:407-433.
51. Ruff CB, Trinkaus E, Walker A, Larsen CS. 1993. Postcranial robusticity in Homo, I: temporal trends and mechanical interpretation. Am J Phys Anthropol 91:21-53.
52. Schaffler MB, Burr DB, Jungers WL, Ruff CB. 1985. Structural and mechanical indicators of limb specialization in primates. Folia Primatol (Basel) 45:61-75.
53. Skelton RR, McHenry HM. 1998. Trait list bias and a reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. J Hum Evol 34:109-113.
54. Strait DS, Grine FE, Moniz MA. 1997. A reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. J Hum Evol 32:17-82.
55. Susman RL. 1989. New hominid fossils from the Swartkrans Formation (1979-1986 excavations): Postcranial specimens. Am J Phys Anthropol 79:451-474.
56. Tague RG, Lovejoy CO. 1986. The obstetric pelvis of A.L. 288-1 (Lucy). J Hum Evol 15:237-255.
57. Trinkaus E, Ruff CB. 1989. Diaphyseal cross-sectional morphology and biomechanics of the Fond-de-Forêt 1 femur and the Spy 2 femur and tibia. Bull Soc R Belge Anthropol Prehist 100:33-42.
58. Trinkaus E, Churchill SE, Ruff CB. 1994. Postcranial robusticity in Homo, II: humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity. Am J Phys Antropol 93:1-34.
59. Vrba ES. 1985. Early hominids in southern Africa: updated observations on chronological and ecological background. In: Tobias PV, editor. Hominid evolution: past, present and future. New York: Liss. p 195-200.
60. Walker A. 1973. New Australopithecus femora from East Rudolf, Kenya. J Hum Evol 2:545-555.
61. Walker A, Zimmerman MR, Leakey REF. 1982. A possible case of hypervitaminosis A in Homo erectus. Nature 296:248-250.
62. Wood B. 1976. Remains attributable to Homo in East Rudolf succession. In: Coppens Y, Howell FC, Issac GL, Leakey REF, editors. Earliest man and environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p 490-506.
63. Wood BA. 1978. An analysis of early hominid fossil postcranial material: principles and methods. In: Jolly CJ, editor. Early hominids of Africa. New York: St. Martin's Press, p 347-359.
64. Wood BA. 1991. Koobi Fora research project, volume 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p 1-466.
65. Wood BA, Collard M. 1999. The human genus. Science 284:65-71.
66. Yoshioka Y, Cooke TDV. 1987. Femoral anteversion: assessment based on function axes. J Orthop Res 5:86-91.