Lead in rainwaters from intertropical Africa: Natural or anthropogenic origin?

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 104, Issue D13, 1999, Pages 16001-16008

  Freydier, R ^a,c   Dupre B ^a,d   Delmas, R ^b  

^a Environmental Research Observatory (ORE) HYBAM Centre IRD d'Ile de France   (France)

^b LABORATOIRE D AÉROLOGIE   (France)

^c CEREGE   (France)

^d CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; DUST; LEAD; RAINWATER; SAMPLING;

AFRICA;

EID: 0032761247     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900089     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Artaxo, P., H. Storms, F. Bruynseels, R. Van Grieken, and W. Maenhaut, Composition and sources of aerosols from the Amazon basin, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1605-1615, 1988.
2. Artaxo, P., W. Maenhaut, H. Storms, and R. Van Grieken, Aerosol characteristics and sources for the amazon basin during the wet season, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16971-16985, 1990.
3. Atteia, O., Major and trace elements in precipitation on western Switzerland, Atmos. Environ., 28, 3617-3624, 1994.
4. Beauford, W., J. Barber, and A.R. Barringer, Heavy metals release from plants into the atmosphere, Nature, 256, 35-37, 1975.
5. Chester, R., M. Nimmo, M. Alarcon, M. Saydam, C. Murphy, S. Sanders, and P. Corcoran, Defining the chemical character of aerosols from the atmosphere of the Mediterranean Sea and surrounding regions, Oceanol. Acta, 16, 231-246, 1993.
6. Church, T.M., A. Veron, C.C. Patterson, D. Settle, Y. Erel, H.R. Maring, and A.R. Flegal, Trace elements in the north atlantic troposphere: Shipboard results of precipitation and aerosols. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 4, 431-443, 1990.
7. Duce, R.A., G.L. Hoffman, and W.H. Zoller, Atmospheric trace metals at remote northern and southern hemisphere sites-pollution or natural?, Science, 187, 59-61, 1975.
8. Freydier, R., Chimie des précipitations en Afrique intertropicale: cations et anions majeurs, éléments traces et acides organiques, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, 1997.
9. Freydier, R., B. Dupré, and J.P. Lacaux, Precipitation chemistry in intertropical Africa, Atmos. Environ., 32, 749-765, 1998.
10. Gatz, D.F., and L.C. Chu, Metal solubility in atmospheric deposition, in Toxic Metal in the Atmosphere, edited by J.O. Nriagu and C.I. Davidson, pp. 355-391, John Wiley, New York, 1986.
11. Guieu, C., J.M. Martin, A.J. Thomas, and F. Elbaz-Poulichet, Atmospheric versus river inputs of metals to the Gulf of Lions: Total concentrations, partionning and fluxes, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 22, 176-183, 1991.
12. Guieu, C., N.W. Tindale, R.A. Duce, and R. Arimoto, Atmospheric input of trace metals to the ocean: Aerosol solubility; Results from in-vitro experiments, Eos Trans. AGU, 74, 110, 1993.
13. Hong, S., J.P. Candelone, C.C. Patterson, and C.F. Boutron, Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millenia ago by greek and romans civilizations, Science, 265, 1841-1843, 1994.
14. Lim, B., and T.D. Jickells, Dissolved, particulate and acid-leachable trace metal concentrations in north atlantic precipitation collected on the Global Change Expedition, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 4, 445-458, 1990.
15. Lim, B., T.D. Jickells, J.L. Colin and R. Losno, Solubilities of Al, Pb, Cu and Zn in rain sampled in the marine environment over the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean sea, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 349-362, 1994.
16. Muhlbaier Dasch, J., and T.J. Wolff, Trace inorganic species in precipitation and their potential use in source apportionment studies, Water Air Soil Pollut., 42, 401-412, 1989.
17. Patterson, C.C., and D.M. Settle, Review on data of aeolian fluxes of industrial and natural lead to the lands and seas in remote regions on a global scale, Mar. Chem., 22, 137-162, 1987.
18. Poissant, L., J.P. Schmitt, and P. Beron, Trace inorganic elements in rainfall in the Montreal Island, Atmos. Environ., 28, 339-346, 1994.
19. Rahn, K.A, The chemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol, technical report, 265 pp. Grad. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of R. I., Kingston, 1976.
20. Reimann, C., P. De Caritat, J.H. Halleraker, T. Volden, M. Äyräs, H. Niskavaara, A.V. Chekushin, and V.A. Pavlov, Rainwater composition in eight artic catchments in Northern Europe (Finland, Norway and Russia), Atmos. Environ., 31, 159-170, 1997.
21. Rosman, K.J.R., C.C. Patterson, and D.M. Settle, The distribution of lead between sea salt, dust, and leach-rich aerosols in the mid south pacific easterlies at american Samoa, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3687-3691, 1990.
22. Roy, S., Utilisation des isotopes du Pb et du Sr comme traceurs des apports anthropiques et naturels dans les précipitations et les rivières du bassin de Paris, Ph.D. thesis, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, 1996.
23. Savarino, J., C.F. Boutron, and J.L. Jaffrezo, Short term variations of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu in recent Greenland snow, Atmos. Environ. 28, 1731-1737, 1994.
24. Stumm, W., and R. Wollast, Coordination chemistry of weathering: Kinetics of the surface-controlled dissolution of oxide mineral, Rev. Geophys., 28, 53-69, 1990.
25. Taylor, S.R., and S.M. McLennan, The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1985.
26. Wolff, E.W., and D.A. Peel, Concentration of copper, lead and zinc in snow from near Dye 3 in South Greenland, Ann. Glaciog. 10, 193-197, 1988.