Chronic fatigue syndrome: Reviewing the research findings

Annals of Behavioral Medicine

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 258-271

  Johnson, Susan K ^a   DeLuca, John ^b   Natelson, Benjamin H ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SYMPTOMATOLOGY;

EID: 0032759602     PISSN: 08836612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02884843     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. Greenberg DB: Neurasthenia in the 1980s: Chronic mononucleosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and anxiety and depressive disorders. Psychosomatics. 1990, 31:129-137.
2. Sharpe MC, Archrd LC, Bantavala JE, et al: A report - Chronic fatigue syndrome: Guidelines for research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1991, 84:118-121.
3. Wessely S: Old wine and new bottles: Neurasthenia and 'ME'. Psychological Medicine. 1990, 20:35-53.
4. Wessely S: The history of chronic fatigue syndrome. In Straus SE (ed), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1994, 3-44.
5. Holmes GP, Kaplan JE, Gantz NM, et al: Chronic fatigue syndrome: A working case definition. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988, 108:387-389.
6. Schluederberg A, Straus SE, Peterson P, et al: Chronic fatigue syndrome research. Definition and medical outcome assessment. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992, 117:325-331.
7. Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, et al: The chronic fatigue syndrome: A comprehensive approach to its definition and study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994, 121:953-959.
8. Goldenberg DL: Fibromyalgia and its relation to chronic fatigue syndrome, viral illness and immune abnormalities. Journal of Rheumatology. 1989, 16:91-93.
9. Lloyd AR, Wakefield D, Boughton C, Dwyer J: Prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome in an Australian population. Medical Journal of Australia. 1990, 153:522-528.
10. Lewis G, Wessely S: The epidemiology of fatigue: More questions than answers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1992, 46:92-97.
11. Smets EMA, Garssen B, Bonke B, de Haes JCMJ: The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI): Psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1995, 39:315-319.
12. Ray C, Weir WRC, Phillips S, Cullen S: Development of a measure of symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome: The Profile of Fatigue-Related Symptoms. Psychology and Health. 1992, 7:27-43.
13. Komaroff AL: Clinical presentation and evaluation of fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. In Straus SE (ed), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1994, 61-84.
14. Shafran SD: The chronic fatigue syndrome. American Journal of Medicine. 1991, 90:730-739.
15. Euba R, Chadler T, Deale A, Wessely S: A comparison of the characteristics of chronic fatigue syndrome in primary and tertiary care. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996, 168:121-126.
16. Buchwald D, Umali P, Umali J, et al: Chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: Prevalence in a Pacific Northwest health care system. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1995, 123:81-88.
17. CDC surveillance summary for chronic fatigue syndrome - Four U.S. cities. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1997, 46(SS-2).
18. Bates DW, Schmitt W, Buchwald D, et al: Prevalence of fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome in a primary care practice. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1993, 153:2759.
19. Jason LA, Taylor R, Wagner L, et al: Estimating rates of chronic fatigue syndrome from a community-based sample: A pilot. American Journal of Community Psychiatry. 1995, 23:557-568.
20. Jason LA, Wagner L, Rosenthal S, et al: Estimating the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome among nurses. American Journal of Medicine. 1998, 105:91S-93S.
21. Steele L, Dobbins JG, Fukuda K, et al: The epidemiology of chronic fatigue in San Francisco. American Journal of Medicine. 1998, 105:83S-90S.
22. Reyes M, Nisenbaum R, Stewart G, Reeves WC: Update: Wichita population-based study of fatiguing illness. In Proceedings of the Fourth International AACFS Research Conference. Cambridge, MA, 1998.
23. McCluskey DR: Pharmacological approaches to the therapy of chronic fatigue syndrome. In Bock BR, Whelan J (eds), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Wiley, 1993, 280-297.
24. Vercoulen JHMM, Swanink CMA, Fennis JF, et al: Prognosis in chronic fatigue syndrome: A prospective study on the natural course. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996, 60:489-494.
25. Joyce J, Hotopf M, Wessely S: The prognosis of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic review. Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1997, 90:223-233.
26. Hedrick TE: Summary of risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome is misleading. [Letter to the Editor]. Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1997, 90:723-725.
27. Bonner D, Ron M, Chalder T, Butler S, Wessely S: Chronic fatigue syndrome: A follow-up study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1994, 57:617-621.
28. Ray C, Jefferies S, Weir WR: Coping and other predictors of outcome in chronic fatigue syndrome: A 1-year follow-up. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1997, 43:405-415.
29. Levine PH, Snow PG, Ranum BA, Paul C, Holmes MJ: Epidemic neuromyasthenia and chronic fatigue syndrome in West Otago, New Zealand. A 10-year follow-up. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1997, 157:750-754.
30. Johnson H: Osler's Web: Inside the Labyrinth of the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Epidemic. New York: Crown Publishers, 1996.
31. Bates DW, Buchwald D, Lee J, et al: Clinical laboratory findings in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1995, 155:97-103.
32. Natelson BH, Ellis SP, O'Braonain PJ, DeLuca J, Tapp WN: Frequency of deviant immunological test values in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1995, 2:238-240.
33. Manu P, Lane TJ, Matthews DA: Chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: Clinical epidemiology and aetiological classification. In Bock GR, Whelan J (eds), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 1993, 23-42.
34. Stewart DE: Emotional disorders misdiagnosed as physical illness: Environmental hypersensivity, candidiasis hypersensitivity, and chronic fatigue syndrome. International Journal of Mental Health. 1990, 19:56-68.
35. David AS, Wessely S, Pelosi AJ: Postviral fatigue syndrome: Time for a new approach. British Medical Bulletin. 1988, 296:696-699.
36. Solomon GF: Psychoneuroimmunology and chronic fatigue syndrome: Toward new models of disease. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1995, 1:3-7.
37. Manu P, Affleck G, Tennen H, Morse PA, Escobar JI: Hypochondriasis influences quality of life outcomes in patients in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1996, 65:76-81.
38. Shorter E: From Paralysis to Fatigue: A History of Psychosomatic Illness in the Modern Era. New York: Free Press, 1992.
39. Manu P, Lane TJ, Matthews DA: The frequency of chronic fatigue syndrome in patients with symptoms of persistent fatigue. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988, 109:554-556.
40. Abbey SE, Garfinkle PE: Chronic fatigue syndrome and depression: Cause, effect, or covariate. Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1991, 18(Suppl. 1):S73-S83.
41. Lane TJ, Manu P, Matthews DA: Depression and somatization in the chronic fatigue syndrome. American Journal of Medicine. 1991, 91:335-344.
42. Taerk GS, Toner BB, Salit IE, Garfinkel PE, Oersky S: Depression in patients with neuromyasthenia (benign myalgic encephalomyelitis). International Journal of Psychiatry. 1987, 17:49-56.
43. Wessely S, Chadler T, Hirsch S, Wallace P, Wright D: Psychological symptoms, somatic symptoms, and psychiatric disorder in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: A prospective study in primary care. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996, 153:1050-1059.
44. Wells KB, Golding JM, Burnam MA: Chronic medical conditions in a sample of the general population with anxiety, affective, and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989, 146:1440-1446.
45. Rao SM, Huber SJ, Bornstein RA: Emotional changes with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1992, 60:369-377.
46. Johnson SK, DeLuca J, Natelson BH: Assessing somatization disorder in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1996, 58:50-57.
47. Katon W, Russo J: Somatic symptoms and depression. Journal of Family Practice. 1989, 29:65-69.
48. Kirmayer LJ, Robbins JM, Drorkird M, Yaffe MJ: Somatization and the recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993, 150:734-740.
49. Johnson SK, DeLuca J, Natelson BH: Depression in fatiguing illness: Comparing patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1996, 39:21-30.
50. Huber S, Freidenberg D, Paulson G, Shuttleworth E, Christy J: The pattern of depressive symptoms varies with progression of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1990, 53:275-278.
51. Stone AA, Broderick JE, Porter LS, et al: Fatigue and mood in chronic fatigue syndrome patients: Results of a momentary assessment protocol examining fatigue and mood levels and diurnal patterns. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 1994, 16(3):228-234.
52. Ray C, Weir WR, Cullen S, Phillips S: Illness perception and symptom components in chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1992, 36:243-256.
53. Powell R, Dolan R, Wessely S: Attributions and self-esteem in depression and chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1990, 21:665-673.
54. Bearn J, Wessely S: Neurobiological aspects of the chronic fatigue syndrome. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1994, 24:79-90.
55. David AS, Wessely S, Pelosi AJ: Postviral fatigue syndrome: Time for a new approach. British Medical Bulletin. 1988, 296:696-699.
56. Ray C: Chronic fatigue syndrome and depression: Conceptual and methodological ambiguities. Psychological Medicine. 1991, 21: 1-9.
57. Millon C, Salvato F, Blaney N, et al: A psychological assessment of chronic fatigue syndrome/chronic Epstein-Barr virus patients. Psychology and Health. 1989, 3:131-141.
58. Stricklin A, Sewell M, Austad C: Objective measurement of personality variables in epidemic neuromyasthenia patients. South African Medical Journal. 1988, 77:31-34.
59. Blakely AA, Howard RC, Sosich RM, et al: Psychiatric symptoms, personality, and ways of coping in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychological Medicine. 1991, 21:347-362.
60. Pepper CM, Krupp LB, Friedberg F, Doscher C, Coyle PK: A comparison of neuropsychiatric characteristics in chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and major depression. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1993, 5:200-205.
61. Johnson SK, DeLuca J, Natelson BH: Personality dimensions in the chronic fatigue syndrome: A comparison with multiple sclerosis and depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1996, 30:9-20.
62. Costa PT, McCare RR: Neuroticism, somatic complaints, and disease: Is the bark worse than the bite? Journal of Personality. 1987, 55:299-316.
63. David AS, Wessely S, Pelosi AJ: Chronic fatigue syndrome: Signs of a new approach. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 1991, 45:158-159.
64. Cope H, Mann A, Pelosi A, David A: Psychosocial risk factors for chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome following presumed viral illness: A case-control study. Psychological Medicine. 1996, 26:1197-1209.
65. Robins L, Helzer J, Cottler L, Goldring E: National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version Three Revised: DSM-III-R. St. Louis, MO: Washington University School of Medicine, 1989.
66. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M: Instruction Manual for the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1988.
67. Hickie I, Lloyd A, Wakefield D, Parker G: The psychiatric status of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1990, 156:534-540.
68. Taylor R, Jason LA: The effects of psychiatric instrumentation and scoring on psychiatric diagnoses for individuals with CFS. Psychology and Health: An International Journal. 1998, 13:1087-1104.
69. Ware NC, Kleinman A: Culture and somatic experience: The social course of illness in neurasthenia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1992, 54:546-560.
70. Van Houdenhove B, Onghena P, Neerinckx E, Hellin J: Does high 'action-proneness' make people more vulnerable to chronic fatigue syndrome? A controlled psychometric study. Journal of Psychsomatic Research. 1995, 39:633-640.
71. Magnusson AE, Nias DK, White PD: Is perfectionism associated with fatigue? Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1996, 41:377-383.
72. Surawy C, Hackman A, Hawton K, Sharpe M: Chronic fatigue syndrome: A cognitive approach. Behavioral Research Therapy. 1995, 33:535-544.
73. Cope H, David A, Pelosi A, Mann A: Predictors of chronic 'post viral' fatigue. Lancet. 1994, 344:864-868.
74. Shorter E: Sucker-punched again! Physicians meet the disease of the month syndrome. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1995, 39:115-118.
75. Schweitzer R, Robertson DL, Kelly B, Whiting J: Illness behavior of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1993, 38:41-49.
76. Lawrie SM, Manders DN, Geddes JR, Pelosi AJ: A population-based incidence study of chronic fatigue. Psychological Medicine. 1997, 27:343-353.
77. Natelson BH, Johnson SK, DeLuca J, et al: Reducing heterogeneity in chronic fatigue syndrome: A comparison with depression and multiple sclerosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1995, 21:1204-1210.
78. Deale A, Chalder T, Marks I, Wessely S: Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997, 154:408-414.
79. Buchwald D, Pearlman T, Umali J, Schmaling K, Katon W: Functional status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, other fatiguing illnesses, and healthy individuals. American Journal of Medicine. 1996, 101:364-370.
80. Bombardier CH, Buchwald D: Chronic fatigue, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia. Disability and health care use. Medical Care. 1996, 34:924-930.
81. Petrie K, Moss-Morris R, Weinman J: The impact of catastrophic beliefs on functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1995, 39:31-37.
82. Cristodoulo C, DeLuca J, Lange G, Johnson SK, Natelson BH: Relationship between neuropsychological impairment and functional disability in patients with CFS. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1998, 64:431-434.
83. Komaroff AL: Clinical presentation and evaluation of fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. In Straus SE (ed), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1994, 61-84.
84. Altay HT, Toner BB, Brooker H, et al: The neuropsychological dimensions of post-infectious neuromyasthenia (chronic fatigue syndrome): A preliminary report. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1990, 20(2):141-149.
85. DeLuca J, Johnson SK, Beldowicz D, Natelson BH: Neuropsychological impairments in chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1995, 58:38-43.
86. Grafman J: Neuropsychological features of chronic fatigue syndrome. In Straus SE (ed), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1994, 263-283.
87. Smith AP, Behan PO, Bell W, Millar K, Bakheit M: Behavioral problems associated with the chronic fatigue syndrome. British Journal of Psychology. 1993, 84:411-423.
88. Riccio M, Thompson C, Wilson B, Morgan RD, Lant AF: Neuropsychological and psychiatric abnormalities in myalgic encephalomyelitis: A preliminary report. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1992, 31:111-120.
89. Sandman CA, Barron JL, Nackoul K, Goldstein J, Fidler F: Memory deficits associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. Biological Psychiatry. 1993, 33:618-623.
90. Grafman J, Schwartz V, Dale JK, et al: Analysis of neuropsychological functioning in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1993, 56:684-689.
91. Scheffers MK, Johnson R, Grafman J, Dale JK, Straus SE: Attention and short-term memory in chronic fatigue syndrome patients: An event-related potential analysis. Neurology. 1992, 42:1667-1675.
92. Smith AP: Cognitive changes in myalgic encephalomyelitis. In Jenkins R, Mowbray JF (eds), Post-Viral Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Wiley, 1991, 179-194.
93. DeLuca J, Johnson SK, Natelson BH: Information processing efficiency in chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology. 1993, 50:301-304.
94. Johnson SK, DeLuca J, Fiedler N, Natelson BH: Cognitive functioning in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1994, 18:S84-S85.
95. Krupp LB, Sliwinski M, Masur DM, Friedberg F, Coyle PK: Cognitive functioning and depression in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology. 1994, 51:705-710.
96. Ray C, Phillips L, Weir WR: Quality of attention in chronic fatigue syndrome: Subjective reports of everyday attention and cognitive difficulty, and performance on tasks of focused attention. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1993, 32:357-364.
97. Johnson SK, DeLuca J, Diamond BJ, Natelson BH: Selective impairment of auditory processing in chronic fatigue syndrome: A comparison with multiple sclerosis and healthy controls. Perceptual Motor Skills. 1996, 83:51-62.
98. Johnson SK, DeLuca J, Diamond BJ, Natelson B: Memory dysfunction in fatiguing illness: Interference and distraction in short-term memory. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 1998, 3:269-285.
99. Wearden A, Appleby L: Cognitive performance and complaints of cognitive impairment in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Psychological Medicine. 1997, 27:81-90.
100. DeLuca J, Johnson SK, Ellis SP, Natelson BH: Cognitive functioning is impaired in chronic fatigue syndrome patients devoid of psychiatric disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1997, 62:151-155.
101. McDonald E, Cope H, David A: Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic fatigue: A preliminary study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1993, 56:812-815.
102. Cope H, Pernet A, Kendall B, David A: Cognitive functioning and magnetic resonance imaging in chronic fatigue. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1995, 167:86-94.
103. Johnson SK, Lange G, DeLuca J, Korn L, Natelson BH: The effects of fatigue on neuropsychological performance in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and depression. Applied Neuropsychology. 1997, 4:145-153.
104. LaManca J, Sisto SA, DeLuca J, et al: The influence of exhaustive treadmill exercise on cognitive functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome. American Journal of Medicine. 1998, 105:59S-65S.
105. DeLuca J, Johnson SK, Natelson BH: Sudden vs. gradual onset of chronic fatigue syndrome differentiates individuals on cognitive and psychiatric measures. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1997, 31:83-90.
106. Lutgendorf S, Klimas NG, Antoni M, Brickman A, Fletcher MA: Relationships of cognitive difficulties to immune measures, depression, and illness burden in chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1995, 1:23-41.
107. Mawle AC, Steele L, Reyes M, Dobbins JG, Reeves WC: A Case-Control Study of Immunologic Parameters in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Patients. First Annual Meeting of the American Association for Chronic Fatigue. Miami, FL: 1994.
108. Mawle AC, Nisenbaum R, Dobbins JG, et al: Immune responses associated with chronic fatigue syndrome: A case control study. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997, 175:136-141.
109. Hickie I, Lloyd A, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, et al: Can chronic fatigue syndrome be defined by distinct clinical features? Psychological Medicine. 1995, 25:925-935.
110. Natelson BH, Ellis SP, O'Braonain PJ, DeLuca J, Tapp WN: Frequency of deviant immunological test values in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical and Diagnostic Lab Immunology. 1994, 2:238-240.
111. Hay J, Jenkins FJ: Human herpes viruses and chronic fatigue syndrome. In Straus SE (ed), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1994, 181-197.
112. Komaroff AL: Chronic fatigue syndromes: Relationship to chronic viral infections. Journal of Virology Research. 1988, 21:3-10.
113. Komaroff AL: Clinical presentation and evaluation of fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. In Straus SE (ed), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1994, 61-84.
114. Krueger G, Klueppelberg U, Hoffmann A, Ablashi DV: Clinical correlates of infection with human herpesvirus-6. In Vivo. 1994, 8:457-486.
115. Patnaik M, Komaroff AL, Conley E, Ojo-Amize EA, Peter JB: Prevalence of IgM antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 early antigen (p41/38) in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995, 172:1364-1367.
116. Fekety R: Infection and chronic fatigue syndrome. In Straus SE (ed), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1994, 101-179.
117. Mawle AC, Reyes M, Schmid DS: Is chronic fatigue syndrome an infectious disease? Infectious Agents and Disease. 1994, 2:333-341.
118. Mawle AC, Nisenbaum R, Dobbins JG, et al: Seroepidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome: A case-control study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1995, 21:1386-1389.
119. Hotopf M, Noah N, Wessely S: Chronic fatigue and minor psychiatric morbidity after viral meningitis: A controlled study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996, 60:504-509.
120. Wessely S, Chalder T, Hirsch S, et al: Postinfectious fatigue: Prospective cohort study in primary care. Lancet. 1995, 345:1333-1338.
121. Ayres JG, Flint N, Smith EG, et al: Post-infection fatigue syndrome following Q fever. Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1998, 91:105-123.
122. Suhadolnik RJ, Peterson DL, O'Brien K, et al: Biochemical evidence for a novel low molecular weight 2-5A-Dependent Rnase L in chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research. 1997, 17:377-385.
123. Suhadolnik RJ, Reichenbach NL, Hitzges P, et al: Changes in the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L antiviral pathway in a controlled clinical trial with Poly(I)-Poly(C12U) in chronic fatigue syndrome. In Vivo. 1994, 8:599-604.
124. Vojdani A, Ghoneum M, Choppa PC, Magtoto L, Lapp CW: Elevated apoptotic cell population in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: The pivotal role of protein kinase RNA. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1997, 242:465-478.
125. Bell DS: Chronic fatigue syndrome update. Postgraduate Medicine. 1994, 96:73-80.
126. Ablashi DV, Ablashi KL, Kramarsky B, et al: Viruses and chronic fatigue syndrome: Current status. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1995, 1:3-22.
127. Landay AL, Jessop C, Lenette ET, et al: Chronic fatigue syndrome: Clinical condition associated with immune activation. Lancet. 1991, 338:707-712.
128. Klimas NG, Salvato FR, Morgan R, et al: Immunologic abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1990, 28:1403-1410.
129. Caligiuri M, Murray C, Buchwald D: Phenotypic and functional deficiency of natural killer cells in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Immunology. 1987, 139:3306-3313.
130. Cannon JG, Angel JB, Abad LW, et al: Interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, and soluble interleukin-1 receptor type II secretion in chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Clinical Immunology. 1997, 17:253-261.
131. Natelson BH, LeManca J, Denny T, et al: Immunological parameters in chronic fatigue syndrome, major depression, and multiple sclerosis. American Journal of Medicine. 1998, 105:43S-49S.
132. Buchwald D, Wener MH, Pearlman T, Kith P: Markers of inflammation and immune activation in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Rheumatology. 1997, 24:372-376.
133. Strober W: Immunological functioning chronic fatigue syndrome. In Straus SE (ed), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1994, 207-237.
134. Buchwald D, Ashley RL, Pearlman T, Kith P, Komaroff AL: Viral serologies in patients with chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Medical Virology. 1996, 50:25-30.
135. Natelson BH, Cohen JM, Brassloff I, Lee HJA: Controlled study of brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with fatiguing illnesses. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1993, 120:213-217.
136. Buchwald DPR, Cheney DI, Peterson B, et al: A chronic illness characterized by fatigue, neurologic and immunologic disorders, and active human herpesvirus Type 6 infection. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992, 116:103-113.
137. Schwartz RB, Garada BM, Komaroff AL, et al: Detection of intracranial abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: Comparison of MR imaging and SPECT. American Journal of Radiology. 1994, 162:935-941.
138. Cope H, David AS: Neuroimaging in chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996, 60:471-477.
139. Lange G, DeLuca J, Lee HJ, Maldjian JA, Natelson BH: Cerebral abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome. Society for Neuroscience Conference. Washington, DC: 1997.
140. m-HMPAO SPECT in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1992, 13:767-772.
141. Schwartz RB, Komaroff AL, Garada BM, et al: SPECT imaging of the brain: Comparison of findings in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, AIDS dementia complex, and major unipolar depression. American Journal of Radiology. 1994, 162:943-951.
142. Costa DC, Tannock C, Brostoff J: Brainstem profusion is impaired in chronic fatigue syndrome. Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1995, 88:767-773.
143. Prasher D, Smith A, Findley L: Sensory and cognitive event related potentials in myalgic encephalomyelitis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1990, 53:247-253.
144. Sisto SA, Tapp W, Drastal S, Bergen M: Vagal tone is reduced during paced breathing in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical Autonomic Research. 1995, 5:139-143.
145. Cordero DL, Sisto SA, Tapp WN, et al: Decreased vagal power during treadmill walking in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical Autonomic Research. 1996, 6:329-333.
146. Bou-Holaigah I, Rowe PC, Kan J, Calkins H: The relationship between neurally mediated hypotension and the chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995, 274:961-967.
147. LaManca J, Peckerman A, Walker J, et al: Neurally mediated hypotension and cardiovascular response during head-up tilt in chronic fatigue syndrome. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1998, 30:S160.
148. Streeten DHP, Bell DS: Circulating blood volume in chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1998, 4:3-11.
149. Boda WL, Natelson BH, Sisto SA, Tapp WN: Gait abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1995, 131:156-161.
150. McCully KK, Sisto SA, Natelson BH: Use of exercise for treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. Sports Medicine. 1996, 21:35-48.
151. Rosen SD, King JC, Wilkinson JB, Nixon PG: Is chronic fatigue syndrome synonymous with effort syndrome? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1990, 83:761-764.
152. Lawrie SM, MacHale SM, Power MJ, Goodwin GM: Is chronic fatigue syndrome best understood as a primary disturbance of the sense of effort? Psychological Medicine. 1997, 27:995-999.
153. Demitrack MA, Dale JK, Straus SE, et al: Evidence for impaired activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1991, 73:1-11.
154. Demitrack MA: Neuroendocrine aspects of chronic fatigue syndrome. In Straus SE (ed), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1994, 285-308.
155. Bakheit AMO, Behan PO, Dinan TG, Gray CE, O'Keane V: Possible upregulation of hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in patients with postviral fatigue syndrome. British Medical Journal. 1992, 304:1010-1012.
156. Cleare AJ, Bearn J, McGregor A, et al: Contrasting neuroendocrine responses in depression and chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1995, 34:283-289.
157. Sharpe M, Hawton K, Clements A, Cowen PJ: Increased brain serotonin function in men with chronic fatigue syndrome. British Medical Journal. 1997, 315:164-165.
158. Yatham LN, Morehouse RL, Chisholm BT, et al: Neuroendocrine assessment of serotonin (5-HT) function in chronic fatigue syndrome. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1995, 40:93-96.
159. Ottenweller JE, LaManca JL, Sisto SA, Guo W, Natelson BH: Endocrine hyporesponsiveness to exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Integrative Physiological Behavioral Science. 1997, 32:189.
160. Vercoulen JHMM, Swanink CMA, Zitman FG, et al: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet. 1996, 347:858-861.
161. Zubieta JK, Demitrack MA, Shipley JE, et al: Sleep EEG in chronic fatigue syndrome: Comparison with major depression. Biological Psychiatry. 1993, 33:74A.
162. Thase ME, Frank E, Kupfer DJ: Biological processes in major depression. In Beckham EE, Leber WR (eds), Handbook of Depression: Treatment, Assessment, and Research. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1985, 816-819.
163. Blondel-Hill E, Shafran SD: Treatment of the chronic fatigue syndrome. Drugs. 1993, 46:639-651.
164. 12U), in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1994, 18(Suppl. 1):S88-S95.
165. Butler S, Chalder T, Ron M, Wessely S: Cognitive-behavior therapy in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1991, 54:153-158.
166. Lloyd A, Hickie I, Brockman A, et al: Immunological and psychologic therapy for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. American Journal of Medicine. 1993, 94:197-203.
167. Freidberg F, Krupp LB: A comparison of cognitive behavioral treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome and primary depression. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1994, 18(Suppl. 1):S105-S110.
168. Friedberg F: Chronic fatigue syndrome: A new clinical application. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 1996, 27:487-494.
169. Sharpe M, Wessely S: Putting the rest cure to rest - again. British Medical Journal. 1998, 316:796-800.
170. Sharpe M, Hawton K, Simkin S, et al: Cognitive-behaviour therapy for the chronic fatigue syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. British Medical Journal. 1996, 312:22-26.
171. Fulcher KY, White PD: Randomised controlled trial of graded exercise in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. British Medical Journal. 1997, 314:1647-1652.
172. Jason LA, Richman JA, Freidberg F, et al: Politics, science, and the emergence of a new disease: The case of chronic fatigue syndrome. American Psychologist. 1997, 9:973-983.
173. Nixon PGF: Exhaustion: Cardiac rehabilitation's starting point. In Maes S, Speilberger CD, Defares PB, Sarason IG (eds), Topics in Health Psychology. Chicester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1988, 129-139.
174. Wessely S, David A, Butler S, Chalder T: Management of chronic (postviral) fatigue syndrome. Journal of the Royal College of General Practice. 1989, 39:26-29.
175. Maclean G, Wessely S: Professional and popular views of chronic fatigue syndrome. British Medical Journal. 1994, 308:776-777.
176. Jason LA, Ropacki MT, Santoro NB, et al: A screening scale for chronic fatigue syndrome: Reliability and validity. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1997, 3:39-59.
177. Hickie I, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Ricci C: Reviving the diagnosis of neurasthenia. Psychological Medicine. 1997, 27:989-994.
178. Wessely S: Chronic fatigue syndrome. Summary of a report of a joint committee of the Royal Colleges of Physicians, Psychiatrists, and General Practitioners. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians. 1996, 30(6):497-504.
179. Webster R: Why Freud Was Wrong. New York: Basic Books, 1995.
180. Slater E, Glithero E: A follow-up of patients diagnosed as suffering from "hysteria." Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1965, 9:9-13.
181. Mace CJ, Trimble MR: Ten-year prognosis of conversion disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996, 169:282-288.
182. Showalter E: Histories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.