The European Union and NATO enlargement debates in comparative perspective: A case of incremental linkage?

West European Politics

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 22-40

  Smith, Martin A ^a,b   Timmins, Graham ^c  

^a Sandhurst   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HUDDERSFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EUROPEAN UNION; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; NATO; REGIONAL POLITICS;

EUROPE;

EID: 0032756444     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402389908425314     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Twelve States are current recipients of PHARE assistance: Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Albania, Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia and Macedonia.
2. Together in Europe, No.99 (1 Dec. 1996).
3. Of the existing literature touching on this topic, see Michael Rühle and Nicholas Williams, 'NATO Enlargement and the European Union', World Today 51/5 (1995); Grabbe and Hughes, Eastward Enlargement of the European Union (London: R. Inst. of Int. Affairs, 1997); William Wallace, 'On the Move - Destination Unknown', World Today 53/4 (1997) and James Sperling and Emil Kirchner. Recasting the European Order: Security Architectures and Economic Cooperation (Manchester UP 1997).
4. Of the existing literature touching on this topic, see Michael Rühle and Nicholas Williams, 'NATO Enlargement and the European Union', World Today 51/5 (1995); Grabbe and Hughes, Eastward Enlargement of the European Union (London: R. Inst. of Int. Affairs, 1997); William Wallace, 'On the Move - Destination Unknown', World Today 53/4 (1997) and James Sperling and Emil Kirchner. Recasting the European Order: Security Architectures and Economic Cooperation (Manchester UP 1997).
5. Of the existing literature touching on this topic, see Michael Rühle and Nicholas Williams, 'NATO Enlargement and the European Union', World Today 51/5 (1995); Grabbe and Hughes, Eastward Enlargement of the European Union (London: R. Inst. of Int. Affairs, 1997); William Wallace, 'On the Move - Destination Unknown', World Today 53/4 (1997) and James Sperling and Emil Kirchner. Recasting the European Order: Security Architectures and Economic Cooperation (Manchester UP 1997).
6. Of the existing literature touching on this topic, see Michael Rühle and Nicholas Williams, 'NATO Enlargement and the European Union', World Today 51/5 (1995); Grabbe and Hughes, Eastward Enlargement of the European Union (London: R. Inst. of Int. Affairs, 1997); William Wallace, 'On the Move - Destination Unknown', World Today 53/4 (1997) and James Sperling and Emil Kirchner. Recasting the European Order: Security Architectures and Economic Cooperation (Manchester UP 1997).
7. See Alan Mayhew, Recreating Europe: The European Union's Policy towards Central and Eastern Europe (Cambridge: CUP 1998), for a detailed discussion of the Europe Agreements. Graham Avery and Fraser Cameron, The Enlargement of the European Union (Sheffield UP 1998) is also of use.
8. See Alan Mayhew, Recreating Europe: The European Union's Policy towards Central and Eastern Europe (Cambridge: CUP 1998), for a detailed discussion of the Europe Agreements. Graham Avery and Fraser Cameron, The Enlargement of the European Union (Sheffield UP 1998) is also of use.
9. RFE/RL Report on Eastern Europe 2/1 (1993) p.35.
10. An English-language text was released as Declaration on European Security and Defence by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office on 4 Oct. 1991.
11. Independent 22 July 1992.
12. The AHG report was published as Press Release M-NACC-1(93)40 (Brussels: NATO 1993).
13. Bulletin of the European Communities 26/6 (1993) p.13.
14. Partnership for Peace Invitation (Brussels: NATO 1994) p. 1.
15. Wallace (note 3) pp.100-1.
16. Martin A. Smith, On Rocky Foundations: NATO, the UN and Peace Operations in the Post-Cold War Era (Peace Research Report No.37) (U. of Bradford: Dept. of Peace Studies 1996) pp.44-6; and 'The NATO Factor: The Spanner in the Works of EU Enlargement' in Karen Henderson (ed.) Back to Europe: Central and Eastern Europe and the European Union (London: UCL Press 1998).
17. Martin A. Smith, On Rocky Foundations: NATO, the UN and Peace Operations in the Post-Cold War Era (Peace Research Report No.37) (U. of Bradford: Dept. of Peace Studies 1996) pp.44-6; and 'The NATO Factor: The Spanner in the Works of EU Enlargement' in Karen Henderson (ed.) Back to Europe: Central and Eastern Europe and the European Union (London: UCL Press 1998).
18. The Europe Agreements and Beyond: A Strategy to Prepare the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe for Accession, Com(94) 320, European Commission, Brussels (13 July 1994) and Preparation of the Associated Countries of Central and Eastern Europe for Integration into the Internal Market of the Union', European Commission White Paper, Brussels (2 May 1995).
19. The Europe Agreements and Beyond: A Strategy to Prepare the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe for Accession, Com(94) 320, European Commission, Brussels (13 July 1994) and Preparation of the Associated Countries of Central and Eastern Europe for Integration into the Internal Market of the Union', European Commission White Paper, Brussels (2 May 1995).
20. Clinton speech: Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton -1994 (Book 1). (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office 1995) p. 1210. Christopher remarks: BBC Summary of World Broadcasts EE/2043 (9 July 1994).
21. Clinton speech: Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton - 1994 (Book 1). (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office 1995) p. 1210. Christopher remarks: BBC Summary of World Broadcasts EE/2043 (9 July 1994).
22. An English-language translation of the leaked memo was published as 'Cracks are Appearing in the Alliance', Financial Times, 2 Dec. 1994.
23. Timothy Garton Ash, 'Germany's Choice', Foreign Affairs 73/4 (July/Aug. 1994) pp.65-81. See also Roger Morgan, 'Germany in the New Europe' in Colin Crouch and David Marquand (eds.) Towards Greater Europe? A Continent without an Iron Curtain (Oxford: Blackwell 1992).
24. Timothy Garton Ash, 'Germany's Choice', Foreign Affairs 73/4 (July/Aug. 1994) pp.65-81. See also Roger Morgan, 'Germany in the New Europe' in Colin Crouch and David Marquand (eds.) Towards Greater Europe? A Continent without an Iron Curtain (Oxford: Blackwell 1992).
25. Study on NATO Enlargement (Brussels: NATO 1995).
26. Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council (Press Communiqué M-NAC-2(96)165) (Brussels: NATO 1996) p.3.
27. Quoted in 'Tricky NATO gamble pays off for US', Financial Times, 15 May 1997.
28. Marc-André Gaudissart and Adinda Sinnaeve, 'The Role of the White Paper in the Preparation of the Eastern Enlargement' in Marc Maresceau (ed.) Enlarging the European Union: Relations between the EU and Central and Eastern Europe (London: Longman 1997) p.66.
29. See Together in Europe, No.82 (1 Feb. 1996).
30. This reference is taken from an exchange at the workshop hosted at the Univ. of Leicester in Feb. 1997. See Henderson (note 12).
31. NATO governments agreed in 1997 to hold the next NATO summit at that time to mark the 50th anniversary of the signing of the NATO treaty. They accepted the invitation of the Clinton administration to host this meeting in Washington.
32. Agenda 2000: For a Stronger and Wider Union (Brussels: European Commission 1997).
33. Financial Times, 23 Oct. 1995.
34. Richard E. Baldwin, Towards an Integrated Europe (London: Centre for Economic Policy Research 1994) p.xvii.
35. See Mick Hillyard and Christopher Barclay, 'EU Enlargement: The Financial Consequences', House of Commons Library Research Papers 98/56 (1998).
36. Costs, Benefits, Burdensharing and Military Implications of NATO Enlargement, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Washington DC (1997).
37. Report to the Congress on the Enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Rationale, Benefits, Costs and Implications (Washington DC: US State Dept. 1997).
38. Karl Lamers, A German Agenda for the European Union (London: Federal Trust for Education and Research/Konrad Adenauer Fdn 1994).
39. In Oct. 1991, for example, Wörer said that: The transatlantic relationship, which has over time developed into a community of destiny, and the integrated military structure ... are the lifeblood of our Alliance. In the same way that the EC speaks of an "acquis communautaire", I believe we can speak of an "acquis atlantique". The key criterion of NATO's transformation is that the changes we make must enhance this "acquis atlantique", not dilute it.' Wörner's speech to the North Atlantic Assembly in Madrid on 21 Oct. 1991, text released by the NATO Press and Information Service.
40. This is a key concern for Rühle and Williams (note 3). See also Ronald Asmus and Stephen Larrabee, 'NATO and the Have-Nots: Reassurance after Enlargement' Foreign Affairs 75/6 (Nov./Dec. 1996) pp.14-15.
41. On this see Jenonne Walker, 'Keeping America in Europe'. Foreign Policy 83 (Summer 1991) p.129.
42. See Smith and Timmins, Building a Bigger Europe: EU and NATO Enlargement in Comparative Perspective (Aldershot: Ashgate 1999) for discussion of the impact of enlargement on EU institutions and policy-making processes.
43. Heinz Kramer, 'The European Community's Response to the New Eastern Europe', Journal of Common Market Studies 31/2 (June 1993).
44. Wallace (note 3) p.99.
45. Václav Havel, Address to the General Assembly of the Council of Europe, (Vienna, 8 Oct. 1993).