Pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of neurocardiogenic syncope

American Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 84, Issue 8 SUPPL. 1, 1999, Pages 3-9

  Grubb, Blair P ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BROMOCRIPTINE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; FLUOXETINE; GANGLION BLOCKING AGENT; GUANETHIDINE; HYDRALAZINE; NITRATE; OPIATE; PAROXETINE; PHENOTHIAZINE; PRAZOSIN; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ANAMNESIS; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STANDING; SYNCOPE;

EID: 0032752370     PISSN: 00029149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00691-8     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Benarroch E. The central autonomic network functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective . Mayo Clinic Proc. 68:1993;988-1001.
2. Wieling W., Lieshout J. Maintenance of postural normotension in humans. Low P.A. Clinical Autonomic Disorders. 1993;69-73 Little Brown & Co, Boston.
3. Grubb B.P. Neurocardiogenic syncope. Grubb B.P., Olshansky B. Syncope Mechanisms and Management . 1998;73-166 Futura Publishing, Armonk, NY.
4. Kosinski D., Grubb B.P., Temesy-Armos P. Pathophysiological aspects of neurocardiogenic syncope current concepts and new perspectives . PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 18:1995;716-724.
5. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. Neurology. 46:1996;1470.
6. Lewis T. Vasovagal syncope and the carotid sinus mechanism with comments on Gower′s and Nothangel′s syndrome. Br Med J. 1:1932;873-877.
7. Morita H., Vatner S.F. Effects of hemorrhage on renal nerve activity in conscious dogs. Circ Res. 57:1985;788-793.
8. Fitzpatrick A.P., Banner N., Cheng A., Yacoub M., Sutton R. Vasovagal reactions may occur after orthotopic heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 21:1993;1132-1137.
9. Scherrer U., Vissing S., Morgan B.J., Hanson P., Victor R.G. Vasovagal syncope after infusion of a vasodilator in a heart-transplant recipient. N Engl J Med. 322:1991;602-604.
10. Lofring V. Cardiovascular adjustments induced from the rostral cingulate gyrus with specific reference to sympatho-inhibiting mechanisms . Acta Physiol Scand. 51:(suppl 184):1961;5-82.
11. Gambardella A., Reutens D.C., Andermann F., Cendes F., Gloor P., Dubeau F., Olivier A. Late-onset drop attacks in temporal lobe epilepsy a reevaluation of the concept of temporal lobe syncope . Neurology. 44:1994;1074-1078.
12. Dietz N.M., Joyner M.J., Shepherd J.T. Vasovagal syncope and skeletal muscle vasodilatation the continuing conundrum . PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 20:1997;775-780.
13. Öberg B., Thorén P. Increased activity in left ventricular receptors during hemorrhage or occlusion of caval veins in the cat a possible cause of the vaso-vagal reaction . Acta Physiol Scand. 85:1972;164-173.
14. Wallin B.G., Sundlöf G. Sympathetic outflow to muscles during vasovagal syncope. J Auton Nerv Syst. 6:1982;287-291.
15. Sra J., Jazayeri M., Murthy V., Tchou P., Shen Y.-H., Troup P., Avitall B., Akhtar M. Sequential catecholamine changes during head upright tilt possible hormonal mechanisms responsible for pathogenesis of neurocardiogenic syncope . (Abstr.) J Am Coll Cardiol. 17:1991;216A.
16. Smith M.L., Carlson M.D., Thames M.D. Reflex control of the heart and circulation implications for cardiovascular electrophysiology . J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2:1991;441-449.
17. Rea R.F., Thames M.D. Neural control mechanisms and vasovagal syncope. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 4:1993;587-595.
18. Morita H., Nishida Y., Motochigawa H., Uemura N., Hosomi H., Vatner S.F. Opiate receptor-mediated decrease in renal nerve activity during hypotensive hemorrhage in conscious rabbits. Circ Res. 63:1988;165-172.
19. Evans R.G., Ludbrook J., Potocnik S.J. Intracisternal naloxone and cardiac nerve blockade prevent vasodilatation during simulated haemorrhage in awake rabbits. J Physiol (Lond). 409:1989;1-14.
20. Perna G.P., Ficola U., Salvatori M.P., Stanislao M., Vigna C., Villella A., Russo A., Fanelli R., Paleani Vettori P.G., Loperfido F. Increase of plasma β-endorphins in vasodepressor syncope. Am J Cardiol. 65:1990;929-930.
21. Foldager N., Bonde-Petersen F. Human cardiovascular reactions to simulated hypovolaemia, modified by the opiate receptor naloxone. Eur J Applied Physiol. 57:1988;507-513.
22. Smith M.L., Carlson M.D., Thames M.D. Naloxone does not prevent vasovagal syncope during simulated orthostasis in humans. J Auton Nerv Syst. 34:1993;1-9.
23. Grubb B.P., Kosinski D. Serotonin and syncope an emerging connection? Eur J Cardiac Pacing Electrophysiol. 5:1996;306-314.
24. Kuhn D.M., Wolf W.A., Lovenberg W. Review of the role of the central serotonergic neuronal system in blood pressure regulation. Hypertension. 2:1980;243-255.
25. Abboud F.M. Neurocardiogenic syncope. N Engl J Med. 328:1993;1117-1120.
26. Grubb B.P., Wolfe D.A., Samoil D., Temesy-Armos P., Hahn H., Elliott L. Usefulness of fluoxetine hydrochloride for prevention of resistant upright tilt induced syncope. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 16:1993;458-464.
27. Grubb B.P., Samoil D., Kosinski D., Kip K., Brewster P. Use of sertraline hydrochloride in the treatment of refractory neurocardiogenic syncope in children and adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 24:1994;490-494.
28. Di Girolamo E, Di Iorio C, Sabatini P., Leonzio L., Barbone C., Barsotti A. Effects of paroxetine hydrochloride, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on refractory vasovagal syncope a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study . J Am Coll Cardiol. 33:1999;1227-1230.
29. Sutton R., Petersen M.E. The clinical spectrum of neurocardiogenic syncope. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 6:1995;569-576.
30. Kosinski D. Miscellaneous causes of syncope. Grubb B.P., Olshansky B. Syncope Mechanisms and Management . 1998;Futura Publishing, Armonk, NY.
31. Mathias CJ. Orthostatic hypotension: causes, mechanisms, and influencing factors. Neurology 1995;45(4, suppl 5):S6-S11.
32. Bradbury S., Eggleston C. Postural hypotension a report of three cases . Am Heart J. 1:1925;73-86.
33. Freeman R. Pure autonomic failure. Robertson D., Biaggioni I. Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System. 1995;83-105 Harwood Academic Press, London.
34. Ziegler M.G., Lake C.R., Kopin I.J. The sympathetic-nervous-system defect in primary orthostatic hypotension. N Engl J Med. 296:1977;293-297.
35. Robertson D., Polinsky R. Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System. 1996;Academic Press, San Diego.
36. Freeman R. Pure autonomic failure. Robertson D., Biaggioni I. Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System. 1995;61-82 Harwood Academic Publishers, London.
37. Shy G.M., Drager G.A. A neurologic syndrome associated with orthostatic hypotension. Arch Neurol. 3:1960;511-527.
38. Mathias C.J. The classification and nomenclature of autonomic disorders - ending chaos, restoring conflict and hopefully achieving clarity. (Editorial.) Clin Auton Res. 5:1995;307-310.
39. Bannister R. Multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure. Low P.A. Clinical Autonomic Disorders. 1993;517-526 Little Brown & Co, Boston.
40. Grubb B.P., Kosinski D., Boehm K., Kip K. The postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome a neurocardiogenic variant identified during head up tilt table testing . PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 20:1997;2205-2212.
41. Streeten D.H., Anderson G.H. Jr, Richardson R., Thomas F.D. Abnormal orthostatic changes in blood pressure and heart rate in subjects with intact sympathetic nervous function evidence for excessive venous pooling . J Lab Clin Med. 111:1988;326-335.
42. Bou-Holaigah I., Rowe P.C., Kan J., Calkins H. The relationship between neurally mediated hypotension and the chronic fatigue syndrome. JAMA. 274:1995;961-967.
43. Grubb B.P., Kosinski D. Acute pandysautonomic syncope. Eur J Cardiac Pacing Electrophysiol. 7:1997;10-14.
44. Gentric A., Fouilhoux A., Caroff M., Mottier D., Jouquan J. Dopamine β-hydroxylase deficiency responsible for severe dysautonomic orthostatic hypotension in an elderly patient. J Am Geriatr Soc. 41:1993;550-551.
45. Robertson D., Goldberg M.R., Onrot J., Hollister A.S., Wiley R., Thompson J.G. Jr, Robertson R.M. Isolated failure of autonomic noradrenergic neurotransmission evidence for impaired beta-hydroxylation of dopamine . N Engl J Med. 314:1986;1494-1497.
46. Robertson D., Haile V., Perry S.E., Robertson R.M., Phillips J.A. III, Biaggioni I. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency a genetic disorder of cardiovascular regulation . Hypertension. 18:1991;1-8.
47. Passant U., Warkentin S., Karlson S., Nilsson K., Edvinsson L., Gustafson L. Orthostatic hypotension in organic dementia relationship between blood pressure, cortical blood flow and symptoms . Clin Auton Res. 6:1996;29-36.
48. Grubb B.P., Kosinski D. Tilt table testing concepts and limitations . PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 20:1997;781-787.
49. Bannister R., Mathias C. Autonomic Failure Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System . 1992;Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford, UK.
50. Grubb B.P., Olshansky B. Syncope Mechanisms and Management . 1998;Futura Publishing, Armonk, NY.
51. Grubb B.P., Karas B. Clinical disorders of the autonomic nervous system associated with orthostatic intolerance an overview of classification, clinical evaluation, and management . PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 22:1999;798-810.