Local heroes: Belgian refugees in Britain during the first World War

Immigrants and Minorities

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-28

  Kushner, Tony ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; REFUGEE; TWENTIETH CENTURY; WAR;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0032747048     PISSN: 02619288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02619288.1999.9974956     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Hugo Gryn to Refugee Council meeting quoted by Nick Hardwick, Chief Executive of the Refugee Council, Refugee Council AGM, 18 Nov. 1997, Refugee Council archives.
2. Michael Marrus, The Unwanted: European Refugees in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1985), pp.51-2.
3. Peter Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief in England during the Great War (New York, 1982), p.3; John Hope Simpson, The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey (London, 1939), p.1. Similarly, the Belgian exodus is not covered in Marrus, The Unwanted. On a more popular level, Francesca Wilson, They Came as Strangers: The Story of Refugees to Great Britain (London, 1959), pp.216-17 whilst ending in 1914, does include the Belgians in her epilogue though she also comments somewhat dismissively that these refugees 'were a passing episode'. There are passing references in Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914-18 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 158-9, 163, 166, 174, 402-3 and 643; John Berger, Keeping a Rendezvous (London, 1992), p.12.
4. Peter Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief in England during the Great War (New York, 1982), p.3; John Hope Simpson, The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey (London, 1939), p.1. Similarly, the Belgian exodus is not covered in Marrus, The Unwanted. On a more popular level, Francesca Wilson, They Came as Strangers: The Story of Refugees to Great Britain (London, 1959), pp.216-17 whilst ending in 1914, does include the Belgians in her epilogue though she also comments somewhat dismissively that these refugees 'were a passing episode'. There are passing references in Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914-18 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 158-9, 163, 166, 174, 402-3 and 643; John Berger, Keeping a Rendezvous (London, 1992), p.12.
5. Peter Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief in England during the Great War (New York, 1982), p.3; John Hope Simpson, The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey (London, 1939), p.1. Similarly, the Belgian exodus is not covered in Marrus, The Unwanted. On a more popular level, Francesca Wilson, They Came as Strangers: The Story of Refugees to Great Britain (London, 1959), pp.216-17 whilst ending in 1914, does include the Belgians in her epilogue though she also comments somewhat dismissively that these refugees 'were a passing episode'. There are passing references in Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914-18 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 158-9, 163, 166, 174, 402-3 and 643; John Berger, Keeping a Rendezvous (London, 1992), p.12.
6. Peter Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief in England during the Great War (New York, 1982), p.3; John Hope Simpson, The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey (London, 1939), p.1. Similarly, the Belgian exodus is not covered in Marrus, The Unwanted. On a more popular level, Francesca Wilson, They Came as Strangers: The Story of Refugees to Great Britain (London, 1959), pp.216-17 whilst ending in 1914, does include the Belgians in her epilogue though she also comments somewhat dismissively that these refugees 'were a passing episode'. There are passing references in Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914-18 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 158-9, 163, 166, 174, 402-3 and 643; John Berger, Keeping a Rendezvous (London, 1992), p.12.
7. Peter Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief in England during the Great War (New York, 1982), p.3; John Hope Simpson, The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey (London, 1939), p.1. Similarly, the Belgian exodus is not covered in Marrus, The Unwanted. On a more popular level, Francesca Wilson, They Came as Strangers: The Story of Refugees to Great Britain (London, 1959), pp.216-17 whilst ending in 1914, does include the Belgians in her epilogue though she also comments somewhat dismissively that these refugees 'were a passing episode'. There are passing references in Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914-18 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 158-9, 163, 166, 174, 402-3 and 643; John Berger, Keeping a Rendezvous (London, 1992), p.12.
8. Peter Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief in England during the Great War (New York, 1982), p.3; John Hope Simpson, The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey (London, 1939), p.1. Similarly, the Belgian exodus is not covered in Marrus, The Unwanted. On a more popular level, Francesca Wilson, They Came as Strangers: The Story of Refugees to Great Britain (London, 1959), pp.216-17 whilst ending in 1914, does include the Belgians in her epilogue though she also comments somewhat dismissively that these refugees 'were a passing episode'. There are passing references in Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914-18 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 158-9, 163, 166, 174, 402-3 and 643; John Berger, Keeping a Rendezvous (London, 1992), p.12.
9. Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, p.7.
10. 'Belgian or German?', Hampshire Telegraph, 18 Sept. 1914; Belgian Relief Fund Crumpsall Depot, leaflet in Manchester Central Reference Library.
11. Ivor Montagu, The Youngest Son: Autobiographical Chapters (London, 1970), pp.93-4.
12. R. Johansson, Small State in Boundary Conflict: Belgium and the Belgian-German Border, 1914-1919 (Lund, 1988); John Home and Alan Kramer, 'German "Atrocities" and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries', The Journal of Modern History Vol.66, No.1 (March 1994), pp.1-33 and esp. p.22; Trevor Wilson, 'Lord Bryce's Investigation into Alleged German Atrocities in Belgium, 1914-15', Journal of Contemporary History Vol.14 (1979), pp.369-83, esp. p.380. See also Ruth Harris, 'The "Child of the Barbarian": Rape, Race and Nationalism in France During the First World War', Past & Present No.141 (Nov. 1993), pp.170-206; on Belgian refugee movements at the start of the war see First Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed by the President of the Local Government Board To Consider and Report on Questions Arising in Connection with the Reception and Employment of the Belgian Refugees in this Country, Cmd. 7750 (London, 1914), p.4.
13. R. Johansson, Small State in Boundary Conflict: Belgium and the Belgian-German Border, 1914-1919 (Lund, 1988); John Home and Alan Kramer, 'German "Atrocities" and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries', The Journal of Modern History Vol.66, No.1 (March 1994), pp.1-33 and esp. p.22; Trevor Wilson, 'Lord Bryce's Investigation into Alleged German Atrocities in Belgium, 1914-15', Journal of Contemporary History Vol.14 (1979), pp.369-83, esp. p.380. See also Ruth Harris, 'The "Child of the Barbarian": Rape, Race and Nationalism in France During the First World War', Past & Present No.141 (Nov. 1993), pp.170-206; on Belgian refugee movements at the start of the war see First Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed by the President of the Local Government Board To Consider and Report on Questions Arising in Connection with the Reception and Employment of the Belgian Refugees in this Country, Cmd. 7750 (London, 1914), p.4.
14. R. Johansson, Small State in Boundary Conflict: Belgium and the Belgian-German Border, 1914-1919 (Lund, 1988); John Home and Alan Kramer, 'German "Atrocities" and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries', The Journal of Modern History Vol.66, No.1 (March 1994), pp.1-33 and esp. p.22; Trevor Wilson, 'Lord Bryce's Investigation into Alleged German Atrocities in Belgium, 1914-15', Journal of Contemporary History Vol.14 (1979), pp.369-83, esp. p.380. See also Ruth Harris, 'The "Child of the Barbarian": Rape, Race and Nationalism in France During the First World War', Past & Present No.141 (Nov. 1993), pp.170-206; on Belgian refugee movements at the start of the war see First Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed by the President of the Local Government Board To Consider and Report on Questions Arising in Connection with the Reception and Employment of the Belgian Refugees in this Country, Cmd. 7750 (London, 1914), p.4.
15. R. Johansson, Small State in Boundary Conflict: Belgium and the Belgian-German Border, 1914-1919 (Lund, 1988); John Home and Alan Kramer, 'German "Atrocities" and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries', The Journal of Modern History Vol.66, No.1 (March 1994), pp.1-33 and esp. p.22; Trevor Wilson, 'Lord Bryce's Investigation into Alleged German Atrocities in Belgium, 1914-15', Journal of Contemporary History Vol.14 (1979), pp.369-83, esp. p.380. See also Ruth Harris, 'The "Child of the Barbarian": Rape, Race and Nationalism in France During the First World War', Past & Present No.141 (Nov. 1993), pp.170-206; on Belgian refugee movements at the start of the war see First Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed by the President of the Local Government Board To Consider and Report on Questions Arising in Connection with the Reception and Employment of the Belgian Refugees in this Country, Cmd. 7750 (London, 1914), p.4.
16. R. Johansson, Small State in Boundary Conflict: Belgium and the Belgian-German Border, 1914-1919 (Lund, 1988); John Home and Alan Kramer, 'German "Atrocities" and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries', The Journal of Modern History Vol.66, No.1 (March 1994), pp.1-33 and esp. p.22; Trevor Wilson, 'Lord Bryce's Investigation into Alleged German Atrocities in Belgium, 1914-15', Journal of Contemporary History Vol.14 (1979), pp.369-83, esp. p.380. See also Ruth Harris, 'The "Child of the Barbarian": Rape, Race and Nationalism in France During the First World War', Past & Present No.141 (Nov. 1993), pp.170-206; on Belgian refugee movements at the start of the war see First Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed by the President of the Local Government Board To Consider and Report on Questions Arising in Connection with the Reception and Employment of the Belgian Refugees in this Country, Cmd. 7750 (London, 1914), p.4.
17. Herbert Samuel letter to the press, 7 Jan. 1915 in Ministry of Health, Report on the work undertaken by the British Government in the Reception and Care of the Belgian Refugees (London, 1920), pp.98-9.
18. Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.60, 72-3 for population figures and geographical and occupational details and for a detailed account of the relevant statistics, see T.T.S. de Jastrzebski, 'The Register of Belgian Refugees', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Vol.79 (March 1916), pp.133-53.
19. Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.60, 72-3 for population figures and geographical and occupational details and for a detailed account of the relevant statistics, see T.T.S. de Jastrzebski, 'The Register of Belgian Refugees', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Vol.79 (March 1916), pp.133-53.
20. Samuel in Hansard (HC) Vol.66 Col.558 (9 Sept. 1914).
21. Ibid.
22. Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.3-6 and First Report of the Departmental Committee, p.4 for the origins of the War Refugees Committee.
23. Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.3-6 and First Report of the Departmental Committee, p.4 for the origins of the War Refugees Committee.
24. Franscesca Wilson, In the Margins of Chaos: Recollections of Relief Work in and between Three Wars (London, 1944), pp.1-2.
25. Otto Schiff was one such individual who played a critical role in refugee work in the inter-war period - see letter of Joan Stiebel in Jewish Chronicle, 29 Aug. 1997. Robert Waley Cohen referred to the support given by the British government to the Belgians when the Jewish organizations were running out of money in November 1939; Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, pp.4-5.
26. Otto Schiff was one such individual who played a critical role in refugee work in the inter-war period - see letter of Joan Stiebel in Jewish Chronicle, 29 Aug. 1997. Robert Waley Cohen referred to the support given by the British government to the Belgians when the Jewish organizations were running out of money in November 1939; Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, pp.4-5.
27. Otto Schiff was one such individual who played a critical role in refugee work in the inter-war period - see letter of Joan Stiebel in Jewish Chronicle, 29 Aug. 1997. Robert Waley Cohen referred to the support given by the British government to the Belgians when the Jewish organizations were running out of money in November 1939; Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, pp.4-5.
28. First Report of the Departmental Committee, p.36 and Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, p.9 for the number of local committees and p.73 for a county-by-county analysis of settlement.
29. First Report of the Departmental Committee, p.36 and Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, p.9 for the number of local committees and p.73 for a county-by-county analysis of settlement.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Montagu, The Youngest Son, pp.88-9.
33. Colin Holmes in Immigrants and Minorities Vol.6 No.2 (July 1987), p.265.
34. Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, p.73.
35. Ibid, for local distribution of refugees; 'The Belgian Refugees: Winchester's Hospitality', Hampshire Chronicle, 24 Oct. 1914.
36. Ibid, for local distribution of refugees; 'The Belgian Refugees: Winchester's Hospitality', Hampshire Chronicle, 24 Oct. 1914.
37. 'Alresford: Belgian Refugees Invited', Hampshire Chronicle, 7 Nov. 1914.
38. 'Belgian's Tribute to England', Hampshire Chronicle, 7 Nov. 1914.
39. 'Homes from Home: Refugees at Gosport', Hampshire Telegraph and Post, 18 Sept. 1914.
40. Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, pp.11, 58-9 for McKenna; Lucy Cohen, Lady de Rothschild and Her Daughters 1821-1931 (London, 1935), p.307 for Lady Battersea; Wilson, In the Margins, p.2.
41. Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, pp.11, 58-9 for McKenna; Lucy Cohen, Lady de Rothschild and Her Daughters 1821-1931 (London, 1935), p.307 for Lady Battersea; Wilson, In the Margins, p.2.
42. Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, pp.11, 58-9 for McKenna; Lucy Cohen, Lady de Rothschild and Her Daughters 1821-1931 (London, 1935), p.307 for Lady Battersea; Wilson, In the Margins, p.2.
43. Correspondence in PRO HO 45/10737/261921/1.
44. Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, p.59.
45. Biographical details of Ruth Dent from her daughter, Dionis McNair, September 1996; Eleanor Ruth Dent, 'The Chronicles of the Belgians' (unpublished diary in possession of Miss McNair). am extremely grateful to Miss McNair for the loan of this diary. Brief extracts are included in James O'Donald Mays (ed.), The New Forest Book: An Illustrated Anthology (Burley, 1989), pp.186-7. For her post-war work see Ian and Ruth McNair, The Adventures of Wong Wing Wu (Oxford, 1933).
46. Biographical details of Ruth Dent from her daughter, Dionis McNair, September 1996; Eleanor Ruth Dent, 'The Chronicles of the Belgians' (unpublished diary in possession of Miss McNair). am extremely grateful to Miss McNair for the loan of this diary. Brief extracts are included in James O'Donald Mays (ed.), The New Forest Book: An Illustrated Anthology (Burley, 1989), pp.186-7. For her post-war work see Ian and Ruth McNair, The Adventures of Wong Wing Wu (Oxford, 1933).
47. Biographical details of Ruth Dent from her daughter, Dionis McNair, September 1996; Eleanor Ruth Dent, 'The Chronicles of the Belgians' (unpublished diary in possession of Miss McNair). am extremely grateful to Miss McNair for the loan of this diary. Brief extracts are included in James O'Donald Mays (ed.), The New Forest Book: An Illustrated Anthology (Burley, 1989), pp.186-7. For her post-war work see Ian and Ruth McNair, The Adventures of Wong Wing Wu (Oxford, 1933).
48. Information from Miss McNair. Copies of The Pierrot are deposited at the Museum of Childhood in Edinburgh.
49. Eleanor Ruth Dent, 'The Chronicles of the Belgians'.
50. Ibid.
51. Colin Holmes, John Bull's Island: Immigration & British Society, 1871-1971 (Basingstoke, 1988), p.102; Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, p.259 for the Fulham disturbance; Report of the Work Undertaken, p.27 has details of the specific hostels 'providing hospitality for better class refugees, members of the aristocracy and those who had occupied superior positions in Belgium'. See also Report and Statement of the Lady Lugard Hospitality Committee for the Relief of Better-Class Belgian Refugees 1914-1915 (London, 1916).
52. Colin Holmes, John Bull's Island: Immigration & British Society, 1871-1971 (Basingstoke, 1988), p.102; Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, p.259 for the Fulham disturbance; Report of the Work Undertaken, p.27 has details of the specific hostels 'providing hospitality for better class refugees, members of the aristocracy and those who had occupied superior positions in Belgium'. See also Report and Statement of the Lady Lugard Hospitality Committee for the Relief of Better-Class Belgian Refugees 1914-1915 (London, 1916).
53. Colin Holmes, John Bull's Island: Immigration & British Society, 1871-1971 (Basingstoke, 1988), p.102; Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, p.259 for the Fulham disturbance; Report of the Work Undertaken, p.27 has details of the specific hostels 'providing hospitality for better class refugees, members of the aristocracy and those who had occupied superior positions in Belgium'. See also Report and Statement of the Lady Lugard Hospitality Committee for the Relief of Better-Class Belgian Refugees 1914-1915 (London, 1916).
54. Colin Holmes, John Bull's Island: Immigration & British Society, 1871-1971 (Basingstoke, 1988), p.102; Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, p.259 for the Fulham disturbance; Report of the Work Undertaken, p.27 has details of the specific hostels 'providing hospitality for better class refugees, members of the aristocracy and those who had occupied superior positions in Belgium'. See also Report and Statement of the Lady Lugard Hospitality Committee for the Relief of Better-Class Belgian Refugees 1914-1915 (London, 1916).
55. C.W. Hawkins, The Story of Alton (Alton, Hants, 1973), pp.64-5; Dent, 'The Chronicles of the Belgians'.
56. C.W. Hawkins, The Story of Alton (Alton, Hants, 1973), pp.64-5; Dent, 'The Chronicles of the Belgians'.
57. Translation of letter from Mr and Mrs Stroobants to Mrs Dent, 24 Oct. 1915 in the possession of Miss McNair.
58. Monument to the Belgian soldiers in Southampton Cemetery. Twenty-three soldiers are listed alongside the inscription 'In Memorium Militum Belgic orum Qui Mortem Pro Patria oppetierunt'; 'Honouring the Brave: Belgian Minister Unveils Local Memorial', Southampton Times, 27 May 1916.
59. Monument to the Belgian soldiers in Southampton Cemetery. Twenty-three soldiers are listed alongside the inscription 'In Memorium Militum Belgic orum Qui Mortem Pro Patria oppetierunt'; 'Honouring the Brave: Belgian Minister Unveils Local Memorial', Southampton Times, 27 May 1916.
60. 'Homes from Home', Hampshire Telegraph and Post, 18 Sept. 1914.
61. Information about Devon from Dr Mark Stoyle, interview with Tony Kushner, Southampton, 5 Dec. 1996; Montagu, The Youngest Son, p.204. For a typical account of the leaving of Belgian refugees, see the Souvenir of The Farewell Gathering of the Belgian Refugees who have been Befriended by the Belgian Protestant Relief Committee 1914 to 1918 (London, 1918).
62. Information about Devon from Dr Mark Stoyle, interview with Tony Kushner, Southampton, 5 Dec. 1996; Montagu, The Youngest Son, p.204. For a typical account of the leaving of Belgian refugees, see the Souvenir of The Farewell Gathering of the Belgian Refugees who have been Befriended by the Belgian Protestant Relief Committee 1914 to 1918 (London, 1918).
63. 'Belgians in Britain: Why the Clogs Have Gone: Successful Battle With Adversity', Hampshire Telegraph, 26 May 1916.
64. Holmes, John Bull's Island, p.91; A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1965), pp. 19-20, note 5; First Report of the Departmental Committee, pp.43-4; Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, p.8 for the Earl's Court Camp.
65. Holmes, John Bull's Island, p.91; A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1965), pp. 19-20, note 5; First Report of the Departmental Committee, pp.43-4; Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, p.8 for the Earl's Court Camp.
66. Holmes, John Bull's Island, p.91; A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1965), pp. 19-20, note 5; First Report of the Departmental Committee, pp.43-4; Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, p.8 for the Earl's Court Camp.
67. Holmes, John Bull's Island, p.91; A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1965), pp. 19-20, note 5; First Report of the Departmental Committee, pp.43-4; Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, p.8 for the Earl's Court Camp.
68. Cahalan, Belgian Refugee Relief, pp.8, 42, 58, 67;
69. Scotland's Debt to Belgium: Belgian Refugees (Edinburgh, 1915), pp.4-7 account of a meeting in City Chambers, 5 March 1915.
70. For anti-Germanism see Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain During the First World War (Oxford, 1991), Chp.8; i dem, 'Anti-German Riots in London during the First World War', German History Vol.7 No.2 (1989), pp. 184-203; 'Anti-German Riots in Britain during the First World War' in idem (ed.), Racial Violence in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London, 1996), pp.65-91 and The Lancashire Anti-German Riots of May 1915', Manchester Region History Review Vol.2 (1988), pp.3-11; J.C. Bird, 'Control of Enemy Alien Civilians in Great Britain 1914-1918' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of London, 1981) and Stella Yarrow, 'The Impact of Hostility on Germans in Britain, 1914-1918', in Tony Kushner and Kenneth Lunn (eds.), The Politics of Marginality: Race, the Radical Right and Minorities in Twentieth Century Britain (London, 1990), pp.97-112;
71. For anti-Germanism see Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain During the First World War (Oxford, 1991), Chp.8; i dem, 'Anti-German Riots in London during the First World War', German History Vol.7 No.2 (1989), pp. 184-203; 'Anti-German Riots in Britain during the First World War' in idem (ed.), Racial Violence in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London, 1996), pp.65-91 and The Lancashire Anti-German Riots of May 1915', Manchester Region History Review Vol.2 (1988), pp.3-11; J.C. Bird, 'Control of Enemy Alien Civilians in Great Britain 1914-1918' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of London, 1981) and Stella Yarrow, 'The Impact of Hostility on Germans in Britain, 1914-1918', in Tony Kushner and Kenneth Lunn (eds.), The Politics of Marginality: Race, the Radical Right and Minorities in Twentieth Century Britain (London, 1990), pp.97-112;
72. For anti-Germanism see Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain During the First World War (Oxford, 1991), Chp.8; i dem, 'Anti-German Riots in London during the First World War', German History Vol.7 No.2 (1989), pp. 184-203; 'Anti-German Riots in Britain during the First World War' in idem (ed.), Racial Violence in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London, 1996), pp.65-91 and The Lancashire Anti-German Riots of May 1915', Manchester Region History Review Vol.2 (1988), pp.3-11; J.C. Bird, 'Control of Enemy Alien Civilians in Great Britain 1914-1918' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of London, 1981) and Stella Yarrow, 'The Impact of Hostility on Germans in Britain, 1914-1918', in Tony Kushner and Kenneth Lunn (eds.), The Politics of Marginality: Race, the Radical Right and Minorities in Twentieth Century Britain (London, 1990), pp.97-112;
73. For anti-Germanism see Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain During the First World War (Oxford, 1991), Chp.8; i dem, 'Anti-German Riots in London during the First World War', German History Vol.7 No.2 (1989), pp. 184-203; 'Anti-German Riots in Britain during the First World War' in idem (ed.), Racial Violence in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London, 1996), pp.65-91 and The Lancashire Anti-German Riots of May 1915', Manchester Region History Review Vol.2 (1988), pp.3-11; J.C. Bird, 'Control of Enemy Alien Civilians in Great Britain 1914-1918' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of London, 1981) and Stella Yarrow, 'The Impact of Hostility on Germans in Britain, 1914-1918', in Tony Kushner and Kenneth Lunn (eds.), The Politics of Marginality: Race, the Radical Right and Minorities in Twentieth Century Britain (London, 1990), pp.97-112;
74. For anti-Germanism see Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain During the First World War (Oxford, 1991), Chp.8; i dem, 'Anti-German Riots in London during the First World War', German History Vol.7 No.2 (1989), pp. 184-203; 'Anti-German Riots in Britain during the First World War' in idem (ed.), Racial Violence in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London, 1996), pp.65-91 and The Lancashire Anti-German Riots of May 1915', Manchester Region History Review Vol.2 (1988), pp.3-11; J.C. Bird, 'Control of Enemy Alien Civilians in Great Britain 1914-1918' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of London, 1981) and Stella Yarrow, 'The Impact of Hostility on Germans in Britain, 1914-1918', in Tony Kushner and Kenneth Lunn (eds.), The Politics of Marginality: Race, the Radical Right and Minorities in Twentieth Century Britain (London, 1990), pp.97-112;
75. For anti-Germanism see Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain During the First World War (Oxford, 1991), Chp.8; i dem, 'Anti-German Riots in London during the First World War', German History Vol.7 No.2 (1989), pp. 184-203; 'Anti-German Riots in Britain during the First World War' in idem (ed.), Racial Violence in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London, 1996), pp.65-91 and The Lancashire Anti-German Riots of May 1915', Manchester Region History Review Vol.2 (1988), pp.3-11; J.C. Bird, 'Control of Enemy Alien Civilians in Great Britain 1914-1918' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of London, 1981) and Stella Yarrow, 'The Impact of Hostility on Germans in Britain, 1914-1918', in Tony Kushner and Kenneth Lunn (eds.), The Politics of Marginality: Race, the Radical Right and Minorities in Twentieth Century Britain (London, 1990), pp.97-112;
76. For anti-Germanism see Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain During the First World War (Oxford, 1991), Chp.8; i dem, 'Anti-German Riots in London during the First World War', German History Vol.7 No.2 (1989), pp. 184-203; 'Anti-German Riots in Britain during the First World War' in idem (ed.), Racial Violence in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London, 1996), pp.65-91 and The Lancashire Anti-German Riots of May 1915', Manchester Region History Review Vol.2 (1988), pp.3-11; J.C. Bird, 'Control of Enemy Alien Civilians in Great Britain 1914-1918' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of London, 1981) and Stella Yarrow, 'The Impact of Hostility on Germans in Britain, 1914-1918', in Tony Kushner and Kenneth Lunn (eds.), The Politics of Marginality: Race, the Radical Right and Minorities in Twentieth Century Britain (London, 1990), pp.97-112;
77. Hawkins, The Story of Alton, p.65.
78. Holmes, John Bull's Island, p.101 and Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.36-7, 48 on the decision to repatriate taken in 1916; Census of England and Wales, 1911: County of Hampshire (London, 1914), table 31 and Census of England and Wales, 1921: Hampshire and the Isle of Wight (London, 1923), Table 22 and p.xxxix.
79. Holmes, John Bull's Island, p.101 and Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.36-7, 48 on the decision to repatriate taken in 1916; Census of England and Wales, 1911: County of Hampshire (London, 1914), table 31 and Census of England and Wales, 1921: Hampshire and the Isle of Wight (London, 1923), Table 22 and p.xxxix.
80. Holmes, John Bull's Island, p.101 and Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.36-7, 48 on the decision to repatriate taken in 1916; Census of England and Wales, 1911: County of Hampshire (London, 1914), table 31 and Census of England and Wales, 1921: Hampshire and the Isle of Wight (London, 1923), Table 22 and p.xxxix.
81. Holmes, John Bull's Island, p.101 and Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.36-7, 48 on the decision to repatriate taken in 1916; Census of England and Wales, 1911: County of Hampshire (London, 1914), table 31 and Census of England and Wales, 1921: Hampshire and the Isle of Wight (London, 1923), Table 22 and p.xxxix.
82. First Report of the Departmental Committee, p.44; Scotland's Debt to Belgium, p.8 on support given on the assumption of a speedy and complete return of the Belgians; Hampshire Telegraph, 26 May 1916; Norman Gardiner, The University of Southampton as a War Hospital (Southampton, 1983), pp.6-7; Parliamentary Debates (Commons), Vol.110 Col.3176 (18 Nov. 1918), questions by Denman and Butcher and ibid., Vol.122 Cols.421-2 (3 Dec. 1919), question by Stanier; Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.47-8 for the Liverpool Committee and p.80 for the high percentage of Flemish refugees amongst those remaining in Britain after the war.
83. First Report of the Departmental Committee, p.44; Scotland's Debt to Belgium, p.8 on support given on the assumption of a speedy and complete return of the Belgians; Hampshire Telegraph, 26 May 1916; Norman Gardiner, The University of Southampton as a War Hospital (Southampton, 1983), pp.6-7; Parliamentary Debates (Commons), Vol.110 Col.3176 (18 Nov. 1918), questions by Denman and Butcher and ibid., Vol.122 Cols.421-2 (3 Dec. 1919), question by Stanier; Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.47-8 for the Liverpool Committee and p.80 for the high percentage of Flemish refugees amongst those remaining in Britain after the war.
84. First Report of the Departmental Committee, p.44; Scotland's Debt to Belgium, p.8 on support given on the assumption of a speedy and complete return of the Belgians; Hampshire Telegraph, 26 May 1916; Norman Gardiner, The University of Southampton as a War Hospital (Southampton, 1983), pp.6-7; Parliamentary Debates (Commons), Vol.110 Col.3176 (18 Nov. 1918), questions by Denman and Butcher and ibid., Vol.122 Cols.421-2 (3 Dec. 1919), question by Stanier; Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.47-8 for the Liverpool Committee and p.80 for the high percentage of Flemish refugees amongst those remaining in Britain after the war.
85. First Report of the Departmental Committee, p.44; Scotland's Debt to Belgium, p.8 on support given on the assumption of a speedy and complete return of the Belgians; Hampshire Telegraph, 26 May 1916; Norman Gardiner, The University of Southampton as a War Hospital (Southampton, 1983), pp.6-7; Parliamentary Debates (Commons), Vol.110 Col.3176 (18 Nov. 1918), questions by Denman and Butcher and ibid., Vol.122 Cols.421-2 (3 Dec. 1919), question by Stanier; Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.47-8 for the Liverpool Committee and p.80 for the high percentage of Flemish refugees amongst those remaining in Britain after the war.
86. First Report of the Departmental Committee, p.44; Scotland's Debt to Belgium, p.8 on support given on the assumption of a speedy and complete return of the Belgians; Hampshire Telegraph, 26 May 1916; Norman Gardiner, The University of Southampton as a War Hospital (Southampton, 1983), pp.6-7; Parliamentary Debates (Commons), Vol.110 Col.3176 (18 Nov. 1918), questions by Denman and Butcher and ibid., Vol.122 Cols.421-2 (3 Dec. 1919), question by Stanier; Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.47-8 for the Liverpool Committee and p.80 for the high percentage of Flemish refugees amongst those remaining in Britain after the war.
87. First Report of the Departmental Committee, p.44; Scotland's Debt to Belgium, p.8 on support given on the assumption of a speedy and complete return of the Belgians; Hampshire Telegraph, 26 May 1916; Norman Gardiner, The University of Southampton as a War Hospital (Southampton, 1983), pp.6-7; Parliamentary Debates (Commons), Vol.110 Col.3176 (18 Nov. 1918), questions by Denman and Butcher and ibid., Vol.122 Cols.421-2 (3 Dec. 1919), question by Stanier; Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.47-8 for the Liverpool Committee and p.80 for the high percentage of Flemish refugees amongst those remaining in Britain after the war.
88. First Report of the Departmental Committee, p.44; Scotland's Debt to Belgium, p.8 on support given on the assumption of a speedy and complete return of the Belgians; Hampshire Telegraph, 26 May 1916; Norman Gardiner, The University of Southampton as a War Hospital (Southampton, 1983), pp.6-7; Parliamentary Debates (Commons), Vol.110 Col.3176 (18 Nov. 1918), questions by Denman and Butcher and ibid., Vol.122 Cols.421-2 (3 Dec. 1919), question by Stanier; Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, pp.47-8 for the Liverpool Committee and p.80 for the high percentage of Flemish refugees amongst those remaining in Britain after the war.
89. Lloyd George letter of May 1919 in Report on the Work Undertaken by the British Government, p.113.
90. Jastrzebski, 'The Register of Belgian Refugees', p.158; Jewish Chronicle, 29 Aug. 1997, letter from Joan Stiebel on the work of Otto Schiff with Belgian refugees in the First World War. Schiff played a controversial role in the 1920s and during the Nazi era with regard to Jewish refugees from eastern and central Europe.
91. Jastrzebski, 'The Register of Belgian Refugees', p.158; Jewish Chronicle, 29 Aug. 1997, letter from Joan Stiebel on the work of Otto Schiff with Belgian refugees in the First World War. Schiff played a controversial role in the 1920s and during the Nazi era with regard to Jewish refugees from eastern and central Europe.