Mutagenicity of malachite green and leucomalachite green in in vitro tests

Journal of Applied Toxicology

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 421-430

  Fessard, V ^a   Godard, T ^a   Huet, S ^a   Mourot, A ^a   Poul, J M ^a,b  

^a Healthy Pigs Production and Experimentation Section   (France)

^b Lab des Medicaments Veterinaires   (France)

Author keywords

Comet assay; DNA damage; In vitro tests; Leucomalachite green; Malachite green; Mutagenicity

Indexed keywords

CLASTOGEN; FUNGICIDE; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; LEUCO MALACHITE GREEN; MALACHITE GREEN; TIOGUANINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AMES TEST; ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM; CELL VIABILITY; CHO CELL; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOTOXICITY; CYTOTOXICITY TEST; DNA DAMAGE; FISH; GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; GENOTOXICITY; IN VITRO STUDY; MAMMAL CELL; METABOLIC ACTIVATION; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; MUTAGENICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM;

ANILINE COMPOUNDS; ANIMALS; BENZO(A)PYRENE; CELL LINE; CHO CELLS; COLORING AGENTS; COMET ASSAY; CRICETINAE; DNA DAMAGE; MUTAGENICITY TESTS; MUTAGENS; POINT MUTATION; ROSANILINE DYES; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); MAMMALIA; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; SIPROETA STELENES; TYPHIMURIUM;

EID: 0032742108     PISSN: 0260437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199911/12)19:6<421::AID-JAT595>3.0.CO;2-6     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. V. K. Bauer, H. Dangschat, H.O. Knöppler and J. Neudegger, Aufnahme und Ausscheidung von Malachitgrün bei Regenbogenforellen. Arch, für Lebensmitt. 39, 97-102 (1988).
2. L. G. Rushing and E. B. Hansen, Confirmation of malachite green, gentian violet and their leuco analogs in catfish and trout tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing electrochemistry with ultraviolet-visible diode array detection and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 700, 223-231 (1997).
3. S. M. Plakas, K. R. el Said KR, G. R. Stehly and J. E. Roybal, Optimization of a liquid chromatographic method for determination of malachite green and its metabolites in fish tissues. Journal of AOAC International 78, 1388-1394 (1995).
4. W. E. Poe and R. P. Wilson, Absorption of malachite green by channel catfish. Prog. Fish Cult. 45, 228-229 (1983).
5. J. J. McDonald and C. E. Cerniglia, Biotransformations of gentian violet to leucogentian violet by human, rat and chicken intestinal microflora. Drug Metab. Dispos. 12, 330-336 (1984).
6. A. L. Henderson, T. C. Schmitt, T. M. Heinze and C. E. Cerniglia, Reduction of malachite green to leucomalachite green by intestinal bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 4099-4101 (1997).
7. S. Singh, M. Das and S. K. Khanna, Biodegradation of malachite green and rhodamine B by caecal microflora of rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200, 1544-1550 (1994).
8. D. J. Alderman, Malachite green: a review. J. Fish Dis. 8, 289-298 (1985).
9. S. D. Glanville and A. G. Clark, Inhibition of human glutathione S-transferases by basic triphenylmethane dyes. Life Sci. 60, 1535-1544 (1997).
10. P. Debnam, S. Glanville and A.G. Clark, Inhibition of glutathione S-transferases from rat liver by basic triphenylmethane dyes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45, 1227-1233 (1993).
11. T. Zahn and T. Braunbeck, Cytotoxic effects of sublethal concentrations of malachite green in isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicol in Vitro 9, 729-741 (1995).
12. K.V.K. Rao, Comparative cytotoxic effects of the non-permitted food colouring agents metanil yellow, orange II, rhodamine B and malachite green on hamster dermal and C3H/10 T1/2 fibroblasts. Bombay Hosp. J. 32, 61-65 (1990).
13. A. Panandiker, C. Fernandes and K. V. K. Rao, The cytotoxic properties of malachite green are associated with the increased demethylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of Syrian hamster embryo cells. Cancer Lett. 67, 93-101 (1992).
14. A. Panandiker, C. Fernandes, T. K. G. Rao and K. V. K. Rao, Morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells in primary culture by malachite green correlates well with the evidence for formation of reactive free radicals. Cancer Lett. 74, 31-36 (1993).
15. A. Panandiker, G.B. Maru and K.V.K. Rao, Dose-response effects of malachite green on free radical formation, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in Syrian hamster embryo cells and their modulation by antioxidants. Carcinogenesis 15, 2445-2448 (1994).
16. S. Clemmensen, J.C. Jensen, N.J. Jensen, O. Meyer, P. Olsen and G. Würtzen, Toxicological studies on malachite green: a triphenylmethane dye. Arch. Toxicol. 56, 43-45 (1984).
17. F.P. Meyer and T.A. Jorgenson, Teratological and other effects of malachite green on development of rainbow trout and rabbits. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112, 818-824 (1983).
18. C. Fernandes, V.S. Lalitha and K.V.K. Rao, Enhancing effect of malachite green on the development of hepatic preneoplastic lesions induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine in rats. Carcinogenesis 12, 839-845 (1991).
19. V. G. Werth and A. Boiteux, Zur biologischen wirkung von malachitgrün. 6. Mitteilung die entgiftung des malachitgrün im organismus durch die bildung von leucomalachitgrün. Arzneim. Forsch. 18, 39-42 (1968).
20. D. R. Doerge, H. C. Chang, R. L. Divi and M. I. Churchwell, Mechanism for inhibition of thyroid peroxidase by leucomalachite green. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11, 1098-1104 (1998).
21. V. J. McKelvey-Martin, M. H. L. Green, P. Schmezer, B. L. Pool-Zobel, M. P. De Méo and A. Collins, The single cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay): a European review. Mutat. Res. 288, 47-63 (1993).
22. D. W. Fairbairn, P. L. Olive and K. L. O'Neill, The Comet assay: a comprehensive review. Mutat. Res. 339, 37-59 (1995).
23. D. M. Maron and B. N. Ames, Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat. Res. 113, 173-215 (1983).
24. C. Vigreux, J. M. Poul, E. Deslandes, P. Lebailly, T. Godard, F. Sichel, M. Henry-Amar M and P. Gauduchon, DNA damaging effects of pesticides measured by the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) and the chromosomal aberration test in CHO K1 cells. Mutat. Res. 419, 79-90 (1998).