Transnationalizing democracy promotion: The role of western political foundations and think-tanks

Democratization

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 146-170

  Scott, James M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AT KEARNEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIZATION; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS;

EID: 0032740942     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510349908403625     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. James Rosenau, The Study of Global Interdependence: Essays on the Transnationalization of World Affairs (Boston, MA: Nichols Publishing, 1980), p.1.
2. Kathryn Sikkink, 'Human Rights, Principled Issue-networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America', International Organization, Vol.47, No.3 (1993), p.415.
3. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
4. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
5. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
6. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
7. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
8. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
9. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
10. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
11. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
12. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
13. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
14. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
15. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
16. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
17. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
18. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
19. On democratization see, for example, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2d edn. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); and Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). On democracy promotion, see Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (Washington, DC, 1995), and Laurence Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). On political foundations, see Sebastian Bartsch, 'The German Political Foundations' Foreign Policy: Of What Is It an Instance?' paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Toronto), 18-22 March 1997; Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their U.S. Counterparts', International Affairs, Vol.67, No.1 (1991), pp.33-64, and the same author's 'International Political Finance: the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Latin America', in L. Whitehead (ed.), International Dimensions of Democratization, pp.227-55, and 'The Rise of Political Aid', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating Third Wave Democracies, pp.295-324; Kevin Quigley, For Democracy's Sake: Foundations and Democracy assistance in Central Europe (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997). On think-tanks see James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers (New York: The Free Press, 1993); David M. Ricci, Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think-tanks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993); J. Telgasky and M. Ueno (eds.), Think Tanks in a Democratic Society: An Alternative Voice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1996); Diane Stone, 'From Old Guard to New Partisans: Think-tanks in Transition', Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 (1991), pp.197-215; Diane Stone, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett (eds.), Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, 'The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA', Review of International Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1994), pp.15-34; and Donald Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996).
20. The NED charter requires the foundation to promote democracy 'in a manner consistent both with the broad concerns of the US national interest and with the specific requirements of the democratic groups in other countries'. See http://www.ned.org/page_6/nedstmt.html.
21. Sweden, Australia, the Netherlands, France and several others already have or plan to establish their own political foundations. Some political parties have created their own foundations, including the Alfred Mozer Foundation, established by the Dutch Labour Party in 1990 and the Jean Jaures Foundation, established in 1992 by the French Socialist Party.
22. In 1989 the Rainbow (Regenbogen) Foundation, connected to the Greens Party, also began operating under German Federal government subsidy.
23. Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid', pp.34-5.
24. 'IRI Mission Statement' at http://www.iri.org/mission.html. IRI programmes stress 'individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and the entrepreneurial spirit that fosters economic development', and aid in party development, elections, civic education, legislative procedures, and other activities.
25. See 'National Democratic Institute for International Affairs' at http://www.ndi.org. NDI emphasizes party development, civic participation (civil society), elections, governance, and women's political participation.
26. Like the German political foundations, these 'labor institutes' - the Free Trade Union Institute, the American Institute for Free Labor Development (Latin America), the African-American Labor Center, and the Asian-American Free Labor Institute - have their own networks of field representatives. See Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid', p.52).
27. See http://www.cipe.org/obj.html.
28. See http://www.ichrdd.ca and Bruce Seymore II (ed.), International Affairs Directory of Organizations (Santa Barbara, CA: ABL-CLIO Press, 1992).
29. See Mary Lord and Bruce Seymore II (eds.), Foundations in International Affairs (Washington, DC: ACCESS, 1996), pp.49-50.
30. Relying on US think-tanks to illustrate this increasingly crowded arena of actors is an appropriate approach since US (and British) think-tanks evolved first and are therefore 'prototypes of policy institutes elsewhere'. See Higgott and Stone, 'The Limits of Influence', p.16.
31. See http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/homepage/whatis.html.
32. See http://ceip.org and Smith, Idea Brokers.
33. See http://www.csis.org; Smith, Strategic Calling (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1993); and Idea Brokers, op. cit.
34. See http://www.csis.org; Smith, Strategic Calling (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1993); and Idea Brokers, op. cit.
35. See http://www.emory/edu/CARTER_CENTER.
36. Grant information is derived from their web sites and the Democracy Grants Database at http://www.ned.org unless otherwise indicated.
37. On informal diplomacy, especially in the economic and security arenas, see Paul Evans, 'Building Security: The Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific', The Pacific Review, Vol.7, No.2 (1994), pp.125-39; and Lawrence T. Woods, 'Nongovernmental Organizations and Pacific Cooperation: Back to the Future?' The Pacific Review, Vol.4, No.4 (1991), pp.312-21.
38. On informal diplomacy, especially in the economic and security arenas, see Paul Evans, 'Building Security: The Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific', The Pacific Review, Vol.7, No.2 (1994), pp.125-39; and Lawrence T. Woods, 'Nongovernmental Organizations and Pacific Cooperation: Back to the Future?' The Pacific Review, Vol.4, No.4 (1991), pp.312-21.
39. Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid', p.34.
40. See Quigley, For Democracy's Sake. USAID's Democracy Initiative has also shifted, though later than the foundations. This may indicate influence by the democracy promotion network on state policy.
41. See Robert Dahl, 'Development and Democratic Culture', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp.34-9; Robert Putnam, 'Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital', Journal of Democracy, Vol.6, No.1 (1995), pp.65-78; Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992); Democracy and Civic Community (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1992); and Francis Fukayama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: The Free Press, 1995).
42. See Robert Dahl, 'Development and Democratic Culture', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp.34-9; Robert Putnam, 'Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital', Journal of Democracy, Vol.6, No.1 (1995), pp.65-78; Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992); Democracy and Civic Community (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1992); and Francis Fukayama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: The Free Press, 1995).
43. See Robert Dahl, 'Development and Democratic Culture', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp.34-9; Robert Putnam, 'Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital', Journal of Democracy, Vol.6, No.1 (1995), pp.65-78; Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992); Democracy and Civic Community (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1992); and Francis Fukayama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: The Free Press, 1995).
44. See Robert Dahl, 'Development and Democratic Culture', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp.34-9; Robert Putnam, 'Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital', Journal of Democracy, Vol.6, No.1 (1995), pp.65-78; Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992); Democracy and Civic Community (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1992); and Francis Fukayama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: The Free Press, 1995).
45. See Robert Dahl, 'Development and Democratic Culture', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp.34-9; Robert Putnam, 'Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital', Journal of Democracy, Vol.6, No.1 (1995), pp.65-78; Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992); Democracy and Civic Community (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1992); and Francis Fukayama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: The Free Press, 1995).
46. The foundations tend to have individual regional concentrations: the Adenauer Foundation typically provides more aid to Latin America than other regions; the Seidel Foundation generally directs more assistance to Africa; the Ebert and Naumann foundations devote about two-thirds of their funds to Asia and Latin America. Together they provide reasonably balanced coverage world-wide. See Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid', p.37.
47. Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid', pp.39-40.
48. See http://www-fes.gmd.de/interntl/bro_1.html and http://www-fes.gmd.de/interntl/ trade.html#four.
49. See, Quigley, For Democracy's Sake.
50. See 'Facts and Figures' at http://www-fes.gmd.de/intro_en.html and http://www.kas.de/ englisch/index.html.
51. See NED's annual reports (at http://www.ned.org/page_6/) and grants database at http://www.ned.org/page_5/wais.html.
52. See Lord and Seymore, Foundations, p.50; http://www.ned.org; and http://www.ichrdd.ca.
53. See http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/research/democracy.html
54. Carothers authored a book entitled Assessing Democracy Assistance: The Case of Romania (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1996) based on this project.
55. See the CSIS electronic archives at http://www.csis.org/html/research.html.
56. On the forum, directed by Marc F. Plattner and Larry Diamond, see http://www.ned.org/ page_1/forumbro.html.
57. See http://www.kas.de/englisch/international.html.
58. See the National Endowment for Democracy Act of 1983 (Public Law 98-164).
59. See http//www.csis.org/research.html.
60. See http://www.emory.edu/CARTER_CENTER/RLS97/wbank.htm. The first, held in Atlanta in February 1997, convened leaders from Guatemala and Liberia, development aid officials, and representatives of the United Nations. Development Programme, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, the United Nations Children's Fund, the US NGO CARE, and 50 participants from around the world.
61. See http://www.emory.edu/CARTER_CENTER/RLS97/lacpstmt.htm. Its major 1997 conference in Atlanta on 'The Agenda for the Americas for the 21st Century' discussed relations in the western hemisphere and problems involving democratization, peace, illegal drug trafficking, free trade, and others.
62. Pinto-Duschinsky, 'Foreign Political Aid', pp.39-40.
63. See the NED annual reports (note ).
64. See http://www.ned.org/page_5/wais.html for Westminster Foundation grants.
65. See http://www-fes.gmd.de/interntl/bro_1.html; and http://www-fes.gmd.de/interntl/ trade.html#four.
66. See http://www.asiandevbank.org/law/mongolia/gergovt.html.
67. See NDI's statement, part III, section B at http://www.ndi.org/mission.htm.
68. See http//www.csis.org/research.html.
69. See http://www.emory.edu/CARTER_CENTER/demo.htm.
70. See http://www.emory.edu/CARTER_CENTER/CCN-F94/hrcouncl.htm.
71. See http://www.emory.edu/CARTER_CENTER/PUBS/montelim.htm.
72. For example, see Jessica T. Mathews, 'Power Shift', Foreign Affairs, Vol.76, No.1 (1997), p.63; Lynton Keith Caldwell, International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 1984), p.264; Diamond, Promoting Democracy, Ch.3; and Quigley, For Democracy's Sake, Ch.8.
73. For example, see Jessica T. Mathews, 'Power Shift', Foreign Affairs, Vol.76, No.1 (1997), p.63; Lynton Keith Caldwell, International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 1984), p.264; Diamond, Promoting Democracy, Ch.3; and Quigley, For Democracy's Sake, Ch.8.
74. For example, see Jessica T. Mathews, 'Power Shift', Foreign Affairs, Vol.76, No.1 (1997), p.63; Lynton Keith Caldwell, International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 1984), p.264; Diamond, Promoting Democracy, Ch.3; and Quigley, For Democracy's Sake, Ch.8.
75. For example, see Jessica T. Mathews, 'Power Shift', Foreign Affairs, Vol.76, No.1 (1997), p.63; Lynton Keith Caldwell, International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 1984), p.264; Diamond, Promoting Democracy, Ch.3; and Quigley, For Democracy's Sake, Ch.8.
76. On epistemic communities - 'a network of professionals with ... an authoritative claim to policy relevant knowledge within that domain or issue-area' - see Peter M. Haas, 'Do Regimes Matter? Epistemic Communities and Mediterranean Pollution Control', International Organization, Vol.43, No.3 (1989), pp.377-403 and the ensuing special issue of International Organization, Vol.46, No.1 (1992), edited by Haas. The definition comes from the special issue, p.3. The way foundations and think-tanks pool knowledge and provide advice has important parallels and offers a potential avenue for further research.
77. On epistemic communities - 'a network of professionals with ... an authoritative claim to policy relevant knowledge within that domain or issue-area' - see Peter M. Haas, 'Do Regimes Matter? Epistemic Communities and Mediterranean Pollution Control', International Organization, Vol.43, No.3 (1989), pp.377-403 and the ensuing special issue of International Organization, Vol.46, No.1 (1992), edited by Haas. The definition comes from the special issue, p.3. The way foundations and think-tanks pool knowledge and provide advice has important parallels and offers a potential avenue for further research.
78. For example, IRI involvement in electoral activities in China is notable. Would China's rulers so accommodate an 'official' US government presence?
79. See, for example, Sikkink, 'Human Rights' and Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).
80. See, for example, Sikkink, 'Human Rights' and Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).
81. On ideas and international relations, see Judith Goldstein and Robert Keohane (eds.), Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993).
82. See Joseph, S. Nye, 'The Changing Nature of World Power', Political Science Quarterly, Vol.105, No.2 (1990), pp.177-92, and Seyom Brown, New Forces, Old Forces, and the Future of World Politics, Post Cold War Edition (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), pp.157-63.
83. See Joseph, S. Nye, 'The Changing Nature of World Power', Political Science Quarterly, Vol.105, No.2 (1990), pp.177-92, and Seyom Brown, New Forces, Old Forces, and the Future of World Politics, Post Cold War Edition (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), pp.157-63.
84. Diamond, Promoting Democracy, p.5 (electronic pagination at http://www.ccpdc.org/pubs/ diamond/).