China's foreign relations: The long march, future uncertain

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 159, 1999, Pages 650-659

  Yahuda, Michael ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; TERRITORIAL DISPUTE;

CHINA;

EID: 0032732408     PISSN: 00094439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0305741000003404     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. For the enormous extent of Soviet assistance that also played a significant part in the victories of the communist armies in the decisive victories of the civil war, see Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993), and Michael M. Sheng, Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.)
2. For the enormous extent of Soviet assistance that also played a significant part in the victories of the communist armies in the decisive victories of the civil war, see Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993), and Michael M. Sheng, Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.)
3. Liang Liangxing (ed.), China's Foreign Relations: A Chronology of Events (1949-1988) (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1989), p. 17
4. For a critical assessment of China's status and achievement as a great power see Samuel S. Kim, "China as a great power," in Orville Schell and David Shambaugh (eds.), The China Reader (New York; Vintage Books, 1999), pp. 448-458.
5. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (London: Macmillan, 1977), p. 205.
6. I am indebted to Lucian Pye for this point.
7. Lucian W. Pye, "China: erratic state, frustrated society," Foreign Affairs (Fall 1990), p. 58.
8. For further elaboration see Michael Yahuda, "The changing faces of Chinese nationalism: dimensions of statehood," in Michael Leifer (ed.), Nationalism in Asia (London: Routledge, forthcoming, 1999).
9. For further discussion see Michael Yahuda "Deng Xiaoping: the statesman," The China Quarterly, No. 135 (September 1993), pp. 563-65.
10. Kim, "China as a great power," pp. 450-51.
11. See for example, the excerpts cited in "Education, media, and culture," in Schell and Shambaugh, The China Reader, pp. 215-296. See also Thomas Gold, "Go with your feelings: Hong Kong and Taiwan popular culture in Greater China," The China Quarterly, No 136 (December 1993), pp. 907-925.
12. See for example, the excerpts cited in "Education, media, and culture," in Schell and Shambaugh, The China Reader, pp. 215-296. See also Thomas Gold, "Go with your feelings: Hong Kong and Taiwan popular culture in Greater China," The China Quarterly, No 136 (December 1993), pp. 907-925.
13. Harold K. Jacobson and Michel Oksenberg, China's Participation in the IMF, the World Bank and the GATT: Toward Global Economic Order (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990).
14. For a full account, see Michael Leifer, The ASEAN Regional Forum (Adelphi Paper 302, London: IISS/Oxford University Press, 1996).
15. Xia Yishan, "Sino-Russian partnership marching into 21st century," Beijing Review, 5-11 May 1997, p. 9.
16. This version of the statement issued by ITAR-TASS news agency in BBC Monitoring Service: Asia-Pacific, 25 November 1998, differs slightly in wording from that issued by the Chinese side in Beijing Review, 14-20 December 1998, pp. 6-8. But as far as I can tell the differences are insignificant.
17. This version of the statement issued by ITAR-TASS news agency in BBC Monitoring Service: Asia-Pacific, 25 November 1998, differs slightly in wording from that issued by the Chinese side in Beijing Review, 14-20 December 1998, pp. 6-8. But as far as I can tell the differences are insignificant.
18. See Allen S. Whiting, "ASEAN eyes China: the security dimension," Asian Survey, Vol. 37, No. 4 (April 1997), pp. 299-322; and Renato Cruz De Castro, "The controversy in the Spratlys: exploring the limits to ASEAN's engagement policy," Issues and Studies, Vol. 34, No. 9 (September 1998), pp. 95-123.
19. See Allen S. Whiting, "ASEAN eyes China: the security dimension," Asian Survey, Vol. 37, No. 4 (April 1997), pp. 299-322; and Renato Cruz De Castro, "The controversy in the Spratlys: exploring the limits to ASEAN's engagement policy," Issues and Studies, Vol. 34, No. 9 (September 1998), pp. 95-123.
20. The idea that American alliances were a relic of the Cold War that should be set aside in favour of consultative processes was first formally put forward by officials of the PRC's Ministry of Foreign Affairs at an ARF meeting in Beijing in March 1997. For a report of Chi Haotian's speech see Michael Richardson, "Gently, China flexes strategic muscles in Asia," International Herald Tribune, 28 November 1998. The American report dated 23 November 1998 is entitled The United States Security Strategy for the East Asia-Pacific Region.
21. The idea that American alliances were a relic of the Cold War that should be set aside in favour of consultative processes was first formally put forward by officials of the PRC's Ministry of Foreign Affairs at an ARF meeting in Beijing in March 1997. For a report of Chi Haotian's speech see Michael Richardson, "Gently, China flexes strategic muscles in Asia," International Herald Tribune, 28 November 1998. The American report dated 23 November 1998 is entitled The United States Security Strategy for the East Asia-Pacific Region.
22. The phrase is drawn from Michael Leifer, "Chinese economic reform: the impact on policy in the South China Sea," in Gerald Segal and Richard Yang (eds.), Chinese Economic Reform: The Impact on Security (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 147.
23. Following evidence in October 1998 of construction activity by the Chinese on Mischief Reef (an islet within what the Philippines considers to be its territorial waters) Manila found that Beijing reacted coolly to its offer to develop the reef jointly, even though the PRC has long advocated that as a temporary way of handling the dispute. Meanwhile the ASEAN summit meeting in Hanoi, 15-16 December 1998, largely averted the issue. See "South China Sea: a weakened Asean is no match for China," Far Eastern Economic Review, 24 December 1998, pp. 18-20.
24. International Herald Tribune, 16-17 January 1999.
25. Charles Wolf Jr., K.C. Yeh, Anil Bannezai, Donald P. Henry and Michael Kennedy, Long Term Economic and Military Trends 1994-2015: The US & Asia (Santa Monica: Rand, 1995), pp. xvi-xvii.
26. See for example the argument of David Shambaugh in "The United States and China: cooperation or confrontation?" in Schell and Shambaugh, The China Reader, especially pp. 471-72.