The brain is the master organ in sexual function: Central nervous system control of male and female sexual function

International Journal of Impotence Research

Volumn 11, Issue , 1999, Pages S48-S55

  McKenna, K ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; BRAIN; BRAIN STEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CONFERENCE PAPER; FEMALE; FOREBRAIN; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; MALE; NONHUMAN; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SEXUAL FUNCTION; SPINAL CORD; SYMPATHETIC NERVE;

BRAIN; BRAIN STEM; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMUS; MALE; PROSENCEPHALON; SENSATION; SEX; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 0032728030     PISSN: 09559930     EISSN: 14765489     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900484     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Barak Y et al. Sexual dysfunction in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging, clinical, and psychological correlates. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1996; 21: 255-258.
2. McKenna KE, Nadelhaft I. The organization of the pudendal nerve in the male and female rat. J Comp Neurol 1986; 248: 532-549.
3. Thor KB et al. Organization of afferent and efferent pathways in the pudendal nerve of the female cat. J Comp Neurol 1989; 288: 263-279.
4. Nadelhaft I, Booth AM. The location and morphology of preganglionic neurons and the distribution of visceral primary afferents from the rat pelvic nerve: A horseradish peroxidase study. J Comp Neurol 1983; 226: 238-245.
5. Morgan C, Nadelhaft I, de Groat WC. The distribution of visceral primary afferents from the pelvic nerve to Lissauer's tract and the spinal gray matter and its relationship to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. J Comp Neurol 1981; 201: 415-440.
6. Nadelhaft I, McKenna KE. Sexual dimorphism in sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the rat hypogastric nerve. J Comp Neurol 1987; 256: 308-315.
7. Fedirchuk B, Song L, Downie JW, Shefchyk SJ. Spinal distribution of extracellular field potentials generated by electrical stimulation of pudendal and perineal afferents in the cat. Exp Brain Res 1992; 89: 517-520.
8. Honda CN. Visceral and somatic afferent convergence onto neurons near the central canal in the sacral spinal cord of the cat. J Neurophysiol 1985; 11: 1059-1076.
9. Sagar SM, Sharp FR, Curran T. Expression of c-fos protein in brain: Metabolic mapping at the cellular level. Science 1988; 240: 1326-1332.
10. Birder LA et al. Electrical stimulation of visceral afferent pathways in the pelvic nerve increases c-fos in the rat lumbosacral spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 1991; 129: 193-196.
11. Lee JW, Erskine MS. Vaginocervical stimulation suppresses the expression of c-fos induced by mating in thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments of the female rat. Neuroscience 1996; 74: 237-249.
12. Rampin O, Bernabe J, Giuliano F, McKenna KE. Role of oxytocin in penile erection. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1997.
13. Rampin O, Gougis S, Giuliano F, Rousseau JP. Spinal Fos labeling and penile erection elicited by stimulation of dorsal nerve of the rat penis. Am J Physiol 1997; 272; R1425-R1431.
14. Kuypers HGJM, Ugolini G. Viruses as transneuronal tracers. TINS 1990; 13: 71-75.
15. Card JP et al. Pseudorabies virus infection of the rat central nervous system: Ultrastructural characterization of viral replication, transport, and pathogenesis. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 2515-2539.
16. Marson L, Platt KB, McKenna KE. CNS innervation of the penis as revealed by the transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus. Neuroscience 1993; 55: 263-280.
17. Marson L, McKenna KE. CNS cell groups involved in the control of the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles: A transneuronal tracing study using pseudorabies virus. J Comp Neurol 1996; 374: 161-179.
18. Papka RE et al. Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord involved in uterine innervation are cholinergic and nitric oxide-containing. Anat Rec 1995; 241: 554-562.
19. Marson L. Central nervous system neurons identified after injection of pseudorabies virus into the rat clitoris. Neurosci Lett 1995; 190: 41-44.
20. Rattner WH, Gerlaugh RL, Murphy JJ, Erdman WJ II. The bulbocavernosus reflex. I. Electromyographic study of normal patients. J Urol 1958; 80: 140-141.
21. Bors E and Blinn KA. Bulbocavernous reflex. J Urol 1959; 82: 128-130.
22. McKenna KE, Nadelhaft I. The pudendo-pudendal reflex in male and female rats. J Auton Nerv Sys 1989; 27: 67-77.
23. Vodusek DB. Pudendal SEP and bulbocavernosus reflex in women. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 77: 134-136.
24. Schmidt MH, Schmidt HS. The ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles in mammalian penile rigidity. Sleep 1993; 16: 171-183.
25. Erlandson BE, Fall M, Carlsson CA. The effect of intravaginal electrical stimulation on the feline urethra and urinary bladder. Electrical parameters. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1977; 44: 5-18.
26. Lindstrom S, Fall M, Carlsson CA, Erlandson BE. The neurophysiological basis of bladder inhibition in response to intravaginal electrical stimulation. J Urol 1983; 29: 405-410.
27. Steers WD, Mallory B, de Groat WC. Electrophysiological study of neural activity in penile nerve of the rat. Am J Physiol 1988; 254: R989-R1000.
28. Giliano F, Rampin O, Jardin A, Rousseau J-P. Electrophysiological study of relations between the dorsal nerve of the penis and the lumbar sympathetic chain in the rat. J Urol 1993; 150: 1960-1964.
29. BernabÉ J, Rampin O, Giuliano F, Benoit G. Intracavernous pressure changes during re¯exive penile erections in the rat. Physiol Behav 1995; 57: 837-841.
30. Park K et al. Vasculogenic female sexual dysfunction: the hemodynamic basis for vaginal engorgement insufficiency and clitoral erectile insufficiency. Int J Impot Res 1997; 9: 27-37.
31. Sipski ML, Alexander CJ, Rosen RC. Orgasm in women with spinal cord injuries: A laboratory-based assessment. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995; 76: 1097-1102.
32. Bors E, Comarr AE. Neurological disturbances of sexual function with special reference to 529 patients with spinal cord injury. Urol Survey 1960; 10: 191-222.
33. Brindley GS. Sexual and reproductive problems of paraplegic men. In: JR Clarke (ed.). Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1986, pp. 214-222.
34. McKenna KE, Chung SK, McVary KT. A model for the study of sexual function in anesthetized male and female rats. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: 1276-1285.
35. Campbell B. Neurophysiology of the clitoris. In: TP Lowry, TS Lowry (eds.), The Clitoris. Warren Green Inc, St. Louis, 1976.
36. Guerit JM, Opsomer RJ. Bit-mapped imaging of somatosensory evoked potentials after stimulation of the posterior tibial nerves and dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991; 80: 228-237.
37. Gerstenberg TC, Nordling J, Hald T. Evoked potentials from the lower urinary tract. II. The spino-cortical neuraxis. A methodological study. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1991; 138: 41-46.
38. Penfield W, Rasmussen AT. The Cerebral Cortex of Man: A Clinical Study of Localization of Function. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1950.
39. Bradley WE. Cerebrocortical innervation of the urinary bladder. Tohoku J Exp Med 1980; 131: 7-13.
40. Haldeman S, Bradley WE, Bhatia NN, Johnson BK. Pudendal evoked responses. Arch Neurol 1982; 39: 280-283.
41. Opsomer RJ, Guerit JM, Wese FX, Van Cangh PJ. Pudendal cortical somatosensory evoked potentials. J Urol 1986; 135: 1216-1218.
42. Perretti A, Savanelli A, Balbi P, De Bernardo G. Pudendal nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in paediatrics: maturation aspects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997; 104: 383-388.
43. Beach FA. Cerebral and hormonal control of reflexive mechanisms involved in copulatory behavior. Physiol Rev 1967; 47: 289-316.
44. Rose JD. Brainstem influences on sexual behavior. In: WR Klemm, RP Vertes (eds.), Brainstem Mechanisms of Behavior. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 407-463, 1990.
45. Comarr AE. Sexual function among patients with spinal cord injury. Urol Int 1970; 25: 134-168.
46. Hart BL. Testosterone regulation of sexual reflexes in spinal male rats. Science 1967; 155: 1283-1284.
47. Marson L, McKenna KE. The identification of a brainstem site controlling spinal sexual reflexes in male rats. Brain Res 1990; 515: 303-308.
48. Marson L, McKenna KE. A role for 5-hydroxytryptamine in descending inhibition of spinal sexual reflexes. Exp Brain Res 1992; 88: 313-320.
49. Lane RM. A critical review of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-related sexual dysfunction: incidence, possible aetiology and implications for management. J Psychopharmacol 1997; 11: 72-82.
50. Modell JG, Katholi CR, Modell JD, DePalma RI. Comparative sexual side effects of bupropion, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and setraline. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1997; 61: 476-487.
51. Hubscher CH, Johnson RD. Responses of medullary reticular formation neurons to input from the male genitalia. J Neurophysiol 1996; 76: 2474-2482.
52. Holstege G, Kuypers HGJM, Boer RC. Anatomical evidence for direct brain stem projections to the somatic motoneutronal cell groups and autonomic preganglionic cell groups in cat spinal cord. Brain Res 1969; 171: 329-333.
53. Holstege JC. Brainstem projections to lumbar motoneurons in ratÐII. An ultrastructural study by means of the anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin coupled to horseradish peroxidase and using the tetramethyl benzidine reaction. Neuroscience 1987; 21: 369-376.
54. Du H-J. Medullary neurons with projections to lamina X of the rat as demonstrated by retrograde labeling after HRP microelectrophoresis. Brain Res 1989; 505: 135-140.
55. Loewy AD, McKellar S. Serotonergic projections from the ventral medulla to the intermediolateral cell column in the rat. Brain Res 1981; 211: 146-152.
56. Nygren LG, Olson L. A new major projection from locus ceruleus: The main source of noradrenergic nerve terminals in the ventral and dorsal columns of the spinal cord. Brain Res 1977; 132: 85-93.
57. Loewy AD, McKellar S, Saper CB. Direct projections from the A5 catecholamine cell group to the intermediolateral cell column. Brain Res 1979; 174: 309-314.
58. Kojima M, Sano Y. Sexual differences in the topographical distribution of serotonergic fibers in the anterior column of rat lumbar spinal cord. Anat Embryol 1984; 170: 117-121.
59. Kojima M et al. Characteristic distribution of noradrenergic terminals on the anterior horn motoneurons innervating the perineal striated muscles in the rat. Anat Embryol 1985; 171: 267-273.
60. Schroder HD, Skagerberg G. Catecholamine innervation of the caudal spinal cord in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1985; 242: 358-368.
61. Barrington FJF. The effects of lesions of the hind- and midbrain on micturition in the cat. Quart J Exp Physiol 1925; 15: 81-102.
62. Kuru M. Nervous control of micturition. Physiol Rev 1965; 45: 425-494.
63. Fukuda H, Fukai K. Location of the reflex centre for straining elicited by activation of pelvic afferent fibres of decerebrate dogs. Brain Res 1986; 380: 287-296.
64. Fukuda H, Fukai K. Ascending and descending pathways of reflex straining in the dog. Jap J Physiol 1986; 36: 905-920.
65. Fukuda H, Fukai K. Discharges of bulbar respiratory neurons during rhythmic straining evoked by activation of pelvic afferent fibers in dogs. Brain Res 1988; 449: 157-166.
66. Fukuda H, Fukai K, Yamane M, Okada H. Pontine reticular unit responses to pelvic nerve and colonic mechanical stimulation in the dog. Brain Res 1981; 207: 59-71.
67. Bandler R, Shipley MT. Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray: Modules for emotional expression? TINS 1994; 17: 379-389.
68. Behbehani MM. Functional characteristics of the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Prog Neurobiol 1995; 46: 574-605.
69. Papka RE et al. CNS location of uterine-related neurons revealed by trans-synaptic tracing with pseudorabies virus and their relation to estrogen receptor-immunoreactive neurons. Neuroscience 1998; 84: 935-952.
70. Swanson LW. The hypothalamus. In: T HoÈ kfelt, A BjoÈrklund, LW Swanson (eds.), Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Integrated Systems. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Vol. 5, pp. 1-124, 1987.
71. Meisel RL, Sachs BD. The physiology of male sexual behavior. In: E Knobil and JD Neill (eds.), The Physiology of Reproduction. New York: Raven Press Ltd, 1994.
72. Simerly RB, Swanson LW. The organization of neural inputs to the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat. J Comp Neurol 1986; 246: 312-342.
73. Simerly RB, Swanson LW. Projections of the medial preoptic nucleus: Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1988; 270: 209-242.
74. Sar M, Stumpf WE. Distribution of androgen concentrating neurons in the rat brain. In: WE Stumpf and LD Grant (eds.), Anatomic Neuroendocrinology. Karger, Basel, pp. 120-133, 1975.
75. Davidson JM. Activation of male rat's sexual behavior by intracerebral implantation of androgen. Endocrinol 1966; 79: 783-794.
76. Liu YC, Salamone JD, Sachs BD. Lesions in medial preoptic area and bed nucleus of stria terminalis: differential effects on copulatory behavior and noncontact erection in male rats. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 5245-5253.
77. Slimp JC, Hart BL, Goy RW. Heterosexual, autosexual and social behavior of adult male rhesus monkeys with medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions. Brain Res 1975; 142: 105-122.
78. Everitt BJ, Stacey P. Studies of instrumental behavior with sexual reinforcement in male rats. II: Effects of preoptic lesions, castration and testosterone. J Comp Psychol 1987; 101: 407-419.
79. Whitney JF. Effect of medial preoptic lesions on sexual behavior of female rats is determined by test situation. Behav Neurosci 1986; 100: 230-235.
80. Pfaff DW, Schwartz-Giblin S. Cellular mechanisms of female reproductive behaviors. In: E Knobil and J Neill (eds.), The Physiology of Reproduction. New York: Raven Press, pp. 1487-1568, 1988.
81. Carmichael MS et al. Plasma oxytocin increases in the human sexual response. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 27-31.
82. Carmichael MS, Warburton VL, Dixen J, Davidson JM. Relationships among cardiovascular, muscular, and oxytocin responses during human sexual activity. Arch Sex Behav 1994; 23: 59-79.
83. Saper CB, Loewy AD, Swanson LW, Cowan WM. Direct hypothalamo-autonomic connections. Brain Res 1976; 117: 305-312.
84. Cechetto DF, Saper CB. Neurochemical organization of the hypothalamic projection to the spinal cord in the rat. J Comparative Neurology 1988; 272: 579-604.
85. Wagner CK, Clemens LG. Projections of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to the sexually dimorphic lumbosacral region of the spinal cord. Brain Res 1991; 539: 254-262.
86. Ackerman AE, Clemens LG. Oxytocin projections from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to lower lumbar spinal cord and distribution of oxytocin fibers in the region of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus in male and female rats. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1992; 152: 14.
87. Valiquette G et al. Extrahypothalamic neurohypophyseal peptides in the rat central nervous system. Brain Res 1985; 331: 176-179.
88. Flanagan-Cato LM, McEwen BS. Patterns of Fos and Jun expression in the female rat forebrain after sexual behavior. Brain Res 1995; 673: 53-60.
89. Yanagimoto M, Honda K, Goto Y, Negoro H. Afferents originating from the dorsal penile nerve excite oxytocin cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat. Brain Res 1996; 733: 292-296.
90. Chen KK, Chan SHH, Chang LS, Chan JYH. Participation of paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus in central regulation of penile erection in the rat. J Urol 1997; 158: 238-244.
91. McKenna KE, Giuliano F, Rampin O, Bernabe J. Electrical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) induces penile erection and ejaculation in the rat. Soc Neurosci Abstr 596.1 1997.
92. Argiolas A, Melis MR, Gessa GL. Oxytocin: an extremely potent inducer of penile erection and yawning in male rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1986; 130: 265-272.
93. Bernabe J, Rampin O, McKenna KE, Giuliano F. Spinal regulation of erection by oxytocin: A pharmacological approach in the rat. Soc Neurosci Abstr 596.2 1997.
94. Tetel MJ, Getzinger MJ, Blaustein JD. Fos expression in the rat brain following vaginal-cervical stimulation by mating and manual probing. J Neuroendocrinol 1993; 5: 397-404.
95. Erskine MS. Mating-induced increases in FOS protein in preoptic area and medial amygdala of cycling female rats. Brain Res Bull 1993; 32: 447-451.
96. Veening JG, Coolen LM. Neural activation following sexual behavior in the male and female rat brain. Behav Brain Res 1998; 92: 181-193.
97. Coolen LM, Peters HJ, Veening JG. Fos immunoreactivity in the rat brain following consummatory elements of sexual behavior: a sex comparison. Brain Res 1996; 738: 67-82.
98. Everitt BJ, Cador M, Robbins TW. Interactions between the amygdala and ventral striatum in stimulus-reward associations: Studies using a second-order schedule of sexual reinforcement. Neurosci 1989; 30: 63-75.
99. Kluver H, Bucy PC. Preliminary analysis of the functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. Arch Neurol Psychiat 1939; 42: 979-1000.
100. MacLean PD. Brain mechanisms of primal sexual function. In: M Sandler, GL Gessa (eds.), Sexual Behavior, Pharmacology and Biochemistry. New York: Raven Press, 1975.
101. Chen KK et al. Elicitation of penile erection following activation of the hippocampal formation in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1992; 141: 218-222.
102. MacLean PD, Ploog DW. Cerebral representation of penile erection. J Neurophysiology 1962; 25: 29-55.
103. Heath RG. Pleasure and brain activity in man. J Nerv Mental Dis 1972; 154: 3-18.
104. Stoleru S et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of visually evoked sexual arousal in human males. Arch Sex Behav 1999; 28: 1-21.
105. Baum MJ, Everitt BJ. Increased expression of c-fos in the medial preoptic area after mating in male rats: Role of afferent inputs from the medial amygdala and midbrain central tegmental field. Neurosci 1992; 50: 627-646.
106. Fall M, Erlandson BE, Carlsson CA, Sundin T. Effects of electrical intravaginal stimulation on bladder volume: an experimental and clinical study. Urol Int 1978; 33: 440-442.
107. Giuliano F et al. Stimulation of the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus in the rat elicits increases in intracavernous pressure. Neurosci Lett 1996; 209: 1-4.
108. GreÂco B, Edwards DA, Michael RP, Clancy AN. Androgen receptor immunoreactivity and mating-induced Fos expression in forebrain and midbrain structures in the male rat. Neuroscience 1996; 75: 161-171.
109. Holstege G, Griffiths D, De Wall H, Dalm E. Anatomical and physiological observations on supraspinal control of bladder and urethral sphincter muscles in the cat. J Comp Neurol 1986; 250: 449-461.
110. Kara H et al. The efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of premature ejaculation: A double-blind placebo controlled study. J Urol 1996; 156: 1631-1632.
111. Kawatani M, Nagel J, de Groat WC. Identification of neuropeptides in pelvic and pudendal nerve afferent pathways to the sacral spinal cord of the cat. J Comp Neurol 1986; 249: 117-132.
112. Kawatani M, Takeshige C, de Groat WC. Central distribution of afferent pathways from the uterus of the cat. J Comp Neurol 1990; 302: 294-304.
113. Kawatani M, Tanowitz M, de Groat WC. Morphological and electrophysiological analysis of the peripheral and central afferent pathways from the clitoris of the cat. Brain Res 1994; 646: 26-36.
114. Loewy AD, Wallach JH, McKellar S. Efferent connections of the ventral medulla oblongata in the rat. Brain Res Rev 1981; 3: 63-80.
115. Malsbury CW. Facilitation of male rat copulatory behavior by electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area. Physiology and Behavior 1971; 7: 797-805.
116. Marson L, McKenna KE. Serotonergic neurotoxic lesions facilitate male sexual reflexes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994; 47: 883-888.
117. Marson L, McKenna KE. Stimulation of the hypothalamus initiates the urethrogenital reflex in male rats. Brain Res 1994; 638: 103-108.
118. Marson L, List MS, McKenna KE. Lesions of the nucleus paragigantocellularis alter ex copula penile reflexes. Brain Res 1992; 592: 187-192.
119. Merari A, Ginton A. Characteristics of exaggerated sexual behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area in male rats. Brain Res 1975; 86: 97-108.
120. Opsomer RJ et al. Neurophysiological evaluation of centralperipheral sensory and motor pudendal fibres. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989; 74: 260-270.
121. Pescatori ES et al. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal nerve of the penis evokes reflex tonic erections of the penile body and reflex ejaculatory responses in the spinal rat. J Urol 1993; 149: 627-632.
122. Peshori KR, Erichsen JT, Collins WF. Differences in the connectivity of rat pudendal motor nuclei as revealed by retrograde transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin. J Comp Neurol 1995; 353: 119-128.
123. Roppolo JR, Nadelhaft I, de Groat WC. The organization of pudendal motoneurons and primary afferent projections in the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey revealed by horseradish peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 1985; 234: 475-488.
124. Rose JD. Response properties and anatomical organization of pontine and medullary units responsive to vaginal stimulation in the cat. Brain Research 1975; 97: 79-93.
125. Sachs BD. Volatile odors from inaccessible estrous females are necessary and sufficient to activate a species-typical sexual response in male rats. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996; 22: 1823.
126. Sachs BD et al. Noncontact stimulation from estrous females evokes penile erection in rats. Physiol Behav 1994; 55: 1073-1079.
127. Schramm LP, Strack AM, Platt KB, Loewy AD. Peripheral and central pathways regulating the kidney: A study using pseudorabies virus. Brain Res 1993; 616: 251-262.
128. Shimura T, Shimokochi M. Modification of male rat copulatory behavior by lateral midbrain stimulation. Physiol Behav 1991; 50: 989-994.
129. Standish A, Enquist LW, Escardo JA, Schwaber JS. Central neuronal circuit innervating the rat heart defined by transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 1998-2012.
130. Strack AM, Loewy AD. Pseudorabies virus: A highly specific transneuronal cell body marker in the sympathetic nervous system. J Neurosci 1990; 10: 2139-2147.
131. Strack AM, Sawyer WB, Platt KB, Loewy AD. CNS cell groups regulating the sympathetic outflow to adrenal gland as revealed by transneuronal cell body labeling with pseudorabies virus. Brain Res 1989; 491: 274-296.
132. Strack AM, Sawyer WB, Marubio LM, Loewy AD. Spinal origin of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat. Brain Res 1988; 455: 187-191.
133. Tiihonen J et al. Increase in cerebral blood flow of right prefrontal cortex in man during orgasm. Neurosci Lett 1994; 170: 241-243.
134. Van Bockstaele EJ, Pieribone VA, Aston-Jones G. Diverse afferents converge on the nucleus paragigantocellularis in the rat ventrolateral medulla: retrograde and anterograde tracing studies. J Comp Neurol 1989; 290: 561-584.
135. Van Dis H, Larsson K. Seminal discharge following intracranial electrical stimulation. Brain Res 1970; 23: 381-386.
136. Waldinger MD, Hengeveld MW, Zwinderman AH. Paroxetine treatment of premature ejaculation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1377-1379.
137. Wallen K. Desire and ability: hormones and the regulation of female sexual behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1990; 14: 233-241.
138. Wesslingh SL, Li Y-W, Blessing WW. PNMT-containing neurons in the rostral medulla oblongata (C1, C3 groups) are transneuronally labelled after injection of herpes simplex virus type 1 into the adrenal gland. Neurosci Lett 1989; 106: 99-104.
139. Yells DP, Hendricks SE, Prendergast MA. Lesions of the nucleus paragigantocellularis: Effects on mating behavior in male rats. Brain Res 1992; 596: 73-79.