1,3-Butadiene

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans

Volumn 71 I, Issue , 1999, Pages 109-225

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,3 BUTADIENE;

CARCINOGENICITY; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; HUMAN; MELTING POINT; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT;

ANIMALS; BUTADIENES; CARCINOGENICITY TESTS; CARCINOGENS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; HUMANS; MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION; MICE; NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL; RATS; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 0032727767     PISSN: 02509555     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (348)

1. Adler, I.-D. & Anderson, D. (1994) Dominant lethal effects after inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res., 309, 295-297
2. Adler, I.-D. & Pacchierotti, F., eds (1998) Multi-endpoint analysis of genetic damage induced by 1,3-butadiene and its major metabolites. Mutat. Res., 397(1) (special issue)
3. Adler, I.-D., Cao, J., Filser, J.G., Gassner, P., Kessler, W., Kliesch, U., Neuhäuser-Klaus, A. & Nüsse, M. (1994) Mutagenicity of 1,3-butadiene inhalation in somatic and germinal cells of mice. Mutat. Res., 309, 307-314
4. Adler, I.-D., Filser, J.G., Gassner, P., Kessler, W., Schöneich, J. & Schriever-Schwemmer, G. (1995a) Heritable translocations induced by inhalation exposure of male mice to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res., 347, 121-127
5. Adler, I.-D., Kliesch, U., Tiveron, C. & Pacchierotti, F. (1995b) Clastogenicity of diepoxybutane in bone marrow cells and male germ cells of mice. Mutagenesis, 10, 535-541
6. Adler, I.-D., Kliesch, U., Nylund, L. & Peltonen, K. (1997) In vitro and in vivo mutagenicity of the butadiene metabolites butadiene diol epoxide, butadiene monoepoxide and diepoxybutane. Mutagenesis, 12, 339-345
7. Adler, I.-D., Filser, J., Gonda, H. & Schriever-Schwemmer, G. (1998) Dose-response study for 1,3-butadiene-induced dominant lethal mutations and heritable translocations in germ cells of male mice. Mutat. Res., 397, 85-92
8. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1992) Toxicological Profile for 1,3-Butadiene (Report No. TR-91/07), Atlanta, GA
9. Albrecht, O.E., Filser, J.G. & Neumann, H.-G. (1993) Biological monitoring of 1,3-butadiene: species differences in haemoglobin binding in rat and mouse. In: Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. & Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards (IARC Scientific Publications No. 127), Lyon, IARC, pp. 135-142
10. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (1997a) 7997 TLVs® and BEIs®, Cincinnati, OH, p. 15
11. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (1997b) Guide to Occupational Exposure Values - 1997, Cincinnati, OH, p. 2
12. 1 effects in mice exposed to 1,3-butadiene. In: Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. & Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards (IARC Scientific Publications No. 127), Lyon, IARC, pp. 171-181
13. Anderson, D., Dobrzynka, M.M., Jackson, L.I., Yu, T.W. & Brinkworth, M.H. (1997) Somatic and germ cell effects in rats and mice after treatment with 1,3-butadiene and its metabolites, 1,2-epoxybutene and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane. Mutat. Res., 391, 233-242
14. Anon. (1984) Butadiene imports weaken price/supply shortfalls in the late 1980's. Chem. Mark. Rep., 225, 3, 17
15. Anon. (1985) Facts and figures for the chemical industry. Chem. Eng. News, 63, 22-66
16. Anon. (1988) Facts and figures for the chemical industry. Chem. Eng. News, 66, 34-82
17. Anon. (1991) Facts and figures for the chemical industry. Chem. Eng. News, 69, 28-81
18. Anon. (1994) Facts and figures for the chemical industry. Chem. Eng. News, 72, 28-74
19. Anon. (1996a) Facts and figures for the chemical industry. Chem. Eng. News, 74, 38-79
20. Anon. (1996b) Markets and economics/product focus: butadiene. Chem. Wkly, 30, 32
21. Anon. (1997) Facts and figures for the chemical industry. Chem. Eng. News, 75, 38-79
22. Araki, A., Noguchi, T., Kato, F. & Matsushima, T. (1994) Improved method for mutagenicity testing of gaseous compounds by using a gas sampling bag. Mutat. Res., 307, 335-344
23. Arbetsmiljöfonden (Work Environment Fund) (1991) Development and Evaluation of Biological and Chemical Methods for Exposure Assessment of 1,3-Butadiene (Contract No. 88-0147), Helsinki, Institute of Occupational Health
24. Arce, G.T., Vincent, D.R., Cunningham, M.J., Choy, W.N. & Sarrif, A.M. (1990) In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of 1,3-butadiene and metabolites. Environ. Health Perspect., 86, 75-78
25. Au, W.W., Bechtold, W.E., Whorton, E.B., Jr & Legator, M.S. (1995) Chromosome aberrations and response to γ-ray challenge in lymphocytes of workers exposed to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res., 334, 125-130
26. Auerbach, A.D. & Wolman, S.R. (1976) Susceptibility of Fanconi's anaemia fibroblasts to chromosome damage by carcinogens. Nature, 261, 494-496
27. Autio, K., Renzi, L., Catalan, J., Albrecht, O.E. & Sorsa, M. (1994) Induction of micronuclei in peripheral blood and bone marrow erythrocytes of rats and mice exposed to 1,3-butadiene by inhalation. Mutat. Res., 309, 315-320
28. Batkina, I.P. (1966) Maximum permissible concentration of divinyl vapor in factory air. Hyg. Sanit., 31, 334-338
29. Bechtold, W.E., Strunk, M.R., Chang, I.-Y., Ward, J.B., Jr & Henderson, R.F. (1994) Species differences in urinary butadiene metabolites: comparisons of metabolite ratios between mice, rats and humans. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 127, 44-49
30. Bechtold, W.E., Strunk, M.R., Thornton-Manning, J.R. & Henderson, R.F. (1995) Analysis of butadiene, butadiene monoxide, and butadiene diepoxide in blood by gas chromatography/ gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 8, 182-187
31. Belanger, P.L. & Elesh, E. (1980) Health Hazard Evaluation Determination, Bell Helmets Inc., Norwalk, CA (Report No. 79-36-646), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
32. Bianchi, A., Boyle, B., Harrison, P., Lawrie, P., Le Lendu, T., Rocchi, P., Taalman, R. & Wieder, W (1997) A Review of Analytical Methods and their Significance to Subsequent Occupational Exposure Data Evaluation for 1,3-Butadiene (Analytical working report), Brussels, European Chemical Industry Council
33. Bird, M.J. & Fahmy, O.G. (1953) Cytogenetic analysis of the action of carcinogens and tumour inhibitors in Drosophila melanogaster. I. 1:2,3:4-diepoxybutane. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B biol. Sci., 140, 556-578
34. Bitzenhofer, U.N., Kessler, W., Kreuzer, P.E. & Filser, J.G. (1994) Kinetics of styrene and its metabolite styrene-7,8-oxide in the isolated perfused rat liver (Abstract No. 390). The Toxicologist, 14, 118
35. Bolt, H.M. (1996) Butadiene and isoprene: future studies and implications. Toxicology, 113, 356-360
36. Bolt, H.M. & Jelitto, B. (1996) Biological formation of the 1,3-butadiene DNA adducts 7-N-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)guanine, 7-N-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)guanine and 7-N-(2,3,4-tri-hydroxy-butyl)guanine. Toxicology, 113, 328-330
37. Bolt, H.M., Schmiedel, G., Filser, J.G., Rolzhäuser, H.P., Lieser, K., Wistuba, D. & Schurig, V. (1983) Biological activation of 1,3-butadiene to vinyl oxirane by rat liver microsomes and expiration of the reactive metabolite by exposed rats. J. Cancer Res. clin. Oncol., 106, 112-116
38. Bolt, H.M., Filser, J.G. & Störmer, F. (1984) Inhalation pharmacokinetics based on gas uptake studies. V. Comparative pharmacokinetics of ethylene and 1,3-butadiene in rats. Arch. Toxicol., 55, 213-218
39. Bond, J.A., Dahl, A.R., Henderson, R.F., Dutcher, J.S., Mauderly, J.L. & Birnbaum, L.S. (1986) Species differences in the disposition of inhaled butadiene. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 84, 617-627
40. Bond, G.G., Bodner, K.M., Olsen, G.W. & Cook, R.R. (1992) Mortality among workers engaged in the development manufacture of styrene-based products: an update. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 18, 145-54
41. Bond, J.A., Csanády, G.A., Gargas, M.L., Guengerich, F.P., Leavens, T., Medinsky, M.A. & Recio, L. (1994) 1,3-Butadiene: linking metabolism, dosimetry, and mutation induction. Environ. Health Perspect., 109 (Suppl. 9), 87-94
42. Boogaard, P.J. & Bond, J.A. (1996) The role of hydrolysis in the detoxification of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane by human, rat, and mouse liver and lung in vitro. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 141, 617-627
43. Boogaard, P.J., Sumner, S.C-J. & Bond, J.A. (1996) Glutathione conjugation of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane in human liver and rat and mouse liver and lung in vitro. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 136, 307-316
44. Brinkworth, M.H., Anderson, D., Hughes, J.A., Jackson, L.I., Yu, T.W. & Nieschlag, E. (1998) Genetic effects of 1,3-butadiene on the mouse testis. Mutat. Res., 397, 67-75
45. Bucher, J.R., Melnick, R.L. & Hildebrandt, P.K. (1993) Lack of carcinogenicity in mice exposed once to high concentrations of 1,3-butadiene. J. natl Cancer Inst., 85, 1866-1867
46. Budavari, S., ed. (1996) Merck Index, 12th Ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ, Merck, pp. 248-249
47. Burroughs, G.E. (1977) Health Hazard Evaluation Determination, Firestone Synthetic Rubber Company, Akron, OH (Report No. 77-1-426), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
48. Burroughs, G.E. (1979) Health Hazard Evaluation Determination, Piper Aircraft Corporation, Vero Beach, FL (Report No. 78-110-585), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
49. Carpenter, C.P., Shaffer, C.B., Weil, C.S. & Smyth, H.F., Jr (1944) Studies on the inhalation of 1:3-butadiene with a comparison of its narcotic effects with benzol, toluol, and styrene, and a note on the elimination of styrene by the human. J. ind. Hyg. Toxicol., 26, 69-78
50. Checkoway, H. & Williams, T.M. (1982) A hematology survey of workers at a styrene-butadiene synthetic rubber manufacturing plant. Am. ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 43, 164-169
51. Cheng, X. & Ruth, J.A. (1993) A simplified methodology for quantitation of butadiene metabolites. Application to the study of 1,3-butadiene metabolism by rat liver microsomes. Drug Metab. Disp., 21, 121-124
52. China National Chemical Information Centre (1993) World Chemical Industry Yearbook, China Chemical Industry - 1993, Beijing, p. 170
53. Christian, M.S. (1996) Review of reproductive and developmental toxicity of 1,3-butadiene. Toxicology, 113, 137-143
54. Citti, L., Gervasi, P.G., Turchi, G., Bellucci, G. & Bianchini, R. (1984) The reaction of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene with deoxyguanosine and DNA in vitro: synthesis and characterization of the main adducts. Carcinogenesis, 5, 47-52
55. Cochrane, J.E. & Skopek, T.R. (1993) Mutagenicity of 1,3-butadiene and its epoxide metabolite in human TK6 cells and in splenic T cells isolated from exposed B6C3F1 mice. In: Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. & Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards (IARC Scientific Publications No. 127), Lyon, IARC, pp. 195-204
56. Cochrane, J.E. & Skopek, T.R. (1994) Mutagenicity of butadiene and its epoxide metabolites: II. Mutational spectra of butadiene, 1,2-epoxybutene and diepoxybutane at the hprt locus in splenic T cells from exposed B6C3F1 mice. Carcinogenesis, 15, 719-723
57. Cohen, M.M., Fruchtman, C.E., Simpson, S.J. & Martin, A.O. (1982) The cytogenetic response of Fanconi's anemia lymphoblastoid cell lines to various clastogens. Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 34, 230-240
58. CONCAWE (1987) A Survey of Exposures to Gasoline Vapour (Report No. 4/87), The Hague, Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe
59. Conner, M.K., Luo, J.E. & de Gotera, O.G. (1983) Induction and rapid repair of sister-chromatid exchanges in multiple murine tissues in vivo by diepoxybutane. Mutat. Res., 108, 251-263
60. Costa, M., Zhitkovich, A., Harris, M., Paustenbach, D. & Gargas, M. (1997) DNA-protein crosslinks produced by various chemicals in cultured human lymphoma cells. J. Toxicol. environ. Health, 50, 433-449
61. Cowles, S.R., Tsai, S.P., Snyder, P.J. & Ross, C.E. (1994) Mortality, morbidity, and haematological results from a cohort of long-term workers involved in 1,3-butadiene monomer production. Occup. environ. Med., 51, 323-329
62. Crouch, C.N., Pullinger, D.H. & Gaunt, I.F. (1979) Inhalation toxicity studies with 1,3-butadiene. 2. 3-Month toxicity study in rats. Am. ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 40, 796-802
63. Csanády, G.A., Guengerich, F.P. & Bond, J.A. (1992) Comparison of the biotransformation of 1,3-butadiene and its metabolite, butadiene monoepoxide, by hepatic and pulmonary tissues from humans, rats and mice. Carcinogenesis, 13, 1143-1153
64. Csanády, G.A., Mendrala, A.L., Nolan, R.J. & Filser, J.G. (1994) A physiologic pharmacokinetic model for styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide in mouse, rat and man. Arch. Toxicol., 68, 143-157
65. Csanády, G.A., Kreuzer, P.E., Baur, C. & Filser, J.G. (1996) A physiological toxicokinetic model for 1,3-butadiene in rodents and man: blood concentrations of 1,3-butadiene, its metabolically formed epoxides, and of haemoglobin adducts - relevance of glutathione depletion. Toxicology, 113, 300-305
66. Cunningham, M.J., Choy, W.N., Arce, G.T., Rickard, L.B., Vlachos, D.A., Kinney, L.A. & Sarrif, A.M. (1986) In vivo sister chromatid exchange and micronucleus induction studies with 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Mutagenesis, 1, 449-452
67. Dahl, A.R., Sun, J.D., Birnbaum, L.S., Bond, J.A., Griffith, W.C., Jr, Mauderly, J.L. Muggenburg, B.A., Sabourin, P.J. & Henderson, R.F. (1991) Toxicokinetics of inhaled 1,3-butadiene in monkeys: comparison to toxicokinetics in rats and mice. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 110, 9-19
68. Dean, B.J. & Hodson-Walker, G. (1979) An in vitro chromosome assay using cultured rat-liver cells. Mutat. Res., 64, 329-337
69. Delzell, E., Sathiakumar, N., Hovinga, M., Macaluso, M., Julian, J., Larson, R., Cole, P. & Muir, D.C. (1996) A follow-up study of synthetic rubber workers. Toxicology, 113, 182-189
70. Denell, R.E., Lim, M.-C. & Auerbach, C. (1978) Diepoxybutane-induced male-transmissible X-autosome translocations in Drosphila melanogaster: a test of the supporting evidence for the Lifschytz-Lindsley model of spermatogenesis. Mutat. Res., 49, 219-224
71. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1998) List of MAK and BAT Values 1998 (Report No. 34), Weinheim, Wiley-VCH Publishers, pp. 31, 129
72. Deutschmann, S. & Laib, R.J. (1989) Concentration-dependent depletion of non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content in lung, heart and liver tissue of rats and mice after acute inhalation exposure to butadiene. Toxicol. Lett., 45, 175-183
73. Divine, B.J. (1990) An update on mortality among workers at a 1,3-butadiene facility - preliminary results. Environ. Health Perspect., 86, 119-128
74. Divine, B.J. & Hartman, C.M. (1996) Mortality update of butadiene production workers. Toxicology, 113, 169-181
75. Divine, B.J., Wendt, J.K, & Hartman, C.M. (1993) Cancer mortality among workers at a butadiene production facility. In: Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. & Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards (IARC Scientific Publications No. 127), Lyon, IARC, pp. 345-362
76. 1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology, 113, 128-136
77. Downs, T.D., Crane, M.M. & Kim, K.W. (1987) Mortality among workers at a butadiene facility. Am. J. ind. Med., 12, 311-329
78. Dubbeld, H. (1998) Follow-up Study on a Model for Control of Health Hazards Resulting from Exposure to Toxic Substances (Internal Report 1998-298), Environmental and Occupational Health Group, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
79. Duescher, R.J. & Elfarra, A.A. (1992) 1,3-Butadiene oxidation by human myeloperoxidase. Role of chloride ion catalysis of divergent pathways. J. biol. Chem., 267, 19859-19865
80. Duescher, R.J. & Elfarra, A.A. (1994) Human liver microsomes are efficient catalysts of 1,3-butadiene oxidation: evidence for major roles by cytochromes P450 2A6 and 2E1. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 311, 342-349
81. Dunkel, V.C., Zeiger, E., Brusick, D., McCoy, E., McGregor, D., Mortelmans, K., Rosenkranz, H.S. & Simmon, V.F. (1984) Reproducibility of microbial mutagenicity assays: I. Tests with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli using a standardized protocol. Environ. Mwtag., 6(Suppl. 2), 1-254
82. ECETOC (1997) 1,3-Butadiene OEL Criteria Document (Special Report No. 12), Brussels, European Centre of Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals
83. Ehrenberg, L. & Hussain, S. (1981) Genetic toxicity of some important epoxides. Mutat. Res., 86, 1-113
84. Elfarra, A.A., Duescher, R.J. & Pasch, C.M. (1991) Mechanism of 1,3-butadiene oxidations to butadiene monoxide and crotonaldehyde by mouse liver microsomes and chloroperoxidase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 286, 244-251
85. Elfarra, A.A., Sharer, J.E. & Duescher, R.J. (1995) Synthesis and characterization of N-acetyl-L-cysteine S-conjugates of butadiene monoxide and their detection and quantitation in urine of rats and mice given butadiene monoxide. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 8, 68-76
86. Eller, P.M., ed. (1994) NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (DHHS (NIOSH) Publ. No. 94-113), 4th Ed., Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [Method 1024]
87. Evelo, C.T.A., Oostendorp, J.G.M., Ten Berge, W.F. & Borm, P.J.A. (1993) Physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling of 1,3-butadiene lung metabolism in mice becomes more important at low doses. Environ. Health Perspect., 101, 496-502
88. Fahmy, O.G. & Fahmy, M.J. (1970) Gene elimination in carcinogenesis: reinterpretation of the somatic mutation theory. Cancer Res., 30, 195-205
89. Fajen, J.M. (1985a) Industrial Hygiene Walk-through Survey Report of Texaco Company, Port Neches, TX (Report No. 147.14), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
90. Fajen, J.M. (1985b) Industrial Hygiene Walk-through Survey Report of Mobil Chemical Company, Beaumont, TX (Report No. 147.11), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
91. Fajen, J.M. (1985c) Industrial Hygiene Walk-through Survey Report of ARCO Chemical Company, Channelview, TX (Report No. 147.12), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
92. Fajen, J.M. (1986a) Industrial Hygiene Walk-through Survey Report of E.I. duPont deNemours and Company, LaPlace, LA (Report No. 147.31), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
93. Fajen, J.M. (1986b) Industrial Hygiene Walk-through Survey Report of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Houston, TX (Report No. 147.34), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
94. Fajen, J.M. (1988) Extent of Exposure Study: 1,3-Butadiene Polymer Production Industry, Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
95. Fajen, J.M., Roberts, D.R., Ungers, L.J. & Krishnan, E.R. (1990) Occupational exposure of workers to 1,3-butadiene. Environ. Health Perspect., 86, 11-18
96. Filser, J.G. (1992) The closed chamber technique - uptake, endogenous production, excretion, steady-state kinetics and rates of metabolism of gases and vapours. Arch. Toxicol., 66, 1-10
97. Filser, J.G. & Bolt, H.M. (1984) Inhalation pharmacokinetics based on gas uptake studies VI. Comparative evaluation of ethylene oxide and butadiene monoxide as exhaled reactive metabolites of ethylene and 1,3-butadiene in rats. Arch. Toxicol., 55, 219-223
98. Filser, J.G., Altthaler, B., Welter, H.F. & Johanson, G. (1992) Metabolism of 1,3-butadiene in microsomes from livers of mouse, rat and man (Abstract No. 124). Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. Suppl., 345, R31
99. Filser, J.G., Johanson, G., Kessler, W., Kreuzer, P.E., Stei, P., Baur, C. & Csanády, G.A. (1993) A pharmacokinetic model to describe toxicokinetic interactions between 1,3-butadiene and styrene in rats: predictions for human exposure. In: Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. & Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards (IARC Scientific Publications No. 127), Lyon, IARC, pp. 65-78
100. Foureman, P., Mason, J.M., Valencia, R. & Zimmering, S. (1994) Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila. IX. Results of 50 coded compounds tested for the National Toxicology Program. Environ, mol. Mutag., 23, 51-63
101. Friedberg, T., Löllmann, B., Becker, R., Holler, R. & Oesch, F. (1994) The microsomal epoxide hydrolase has a single membrane signal anchor sequence which dispensable for the catalitic activity of this protein. Biochem. J., 303, 967-972
102. Center, M.B. & Recio, L. (1994) Absence of detectable P450 2E1 in bone marrow of B6C3F1 mice: relevance to butadiene-induced bone marrow toxicity. Fund. appl. Toxicol., 22, 469-473
103. Gervasi, P.G., Citti, L., Del Monte, M., Longo, V. & Benetti, D. (1985) Mutagenicity and chemical reactivity of epoxidic intermediates of the isoprene metabolism and other structurally related compounds. Mutat. Res., 156, 77-82
104. Glover, S.W. (1956) A comparative study of induced reversions in Escherichia coli. In: Genetic Studies with Bacteria (Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 612), Washington DC, Carnegie Institution, pp. 121-136
105. Goodrow, T.L., Nichols, W.W., Storer, R.D., Anderson, M.W. & Maronpot, R.R. (1994) Activation of H-ras is prevalent in 1,3-butadiene-induced and spontaneously occurring murine Harderian gland tumors. Carcinogenesis, 15, 2665-2667
106. Graf, U., Juon, H., Katz, A.J., Frei, H.J. & Wurgler, F.E. (1983) A pilot study on a new Drosophila spot test. Mutat. Res., 120, 233-239
107. Grasselli, J.G. & Ritchey, W.M., eds (1975) CRC Atlas of Spectral Data and Physical Constants for Organic Compounds, Vol. 2, Cleveland, OH, CRC Press, p. 565
108. Hackett, P.L., Sikov, M.R., Mast, T.J., Brown, M.G., Buschblom, R.L., Clark, M.L., Decker, J.R., Evanoff, J.J., Rommereim, R.L., Rowe, S.E. & Westerberg, R.B. (1987) Inhalation Developmental Toxicology Studies of 1,3-Butadiene in the Rat (Final Report No. NIH-401-ES-4013), Richland, WA, Pacific Northwest Laboratory
109. Hallberg, L.M., Bechtold, W.E., Grady, J., Legator, M.S. & Au, W.W. (1997) Abnormal DNA repair activities in lymphocytes of workers exposed to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res., 383, 213-221
110. Hayes, R.B., Xi, L., Bechtold, W.E., Rothman, N., Yao, M., Henderson, R., Zhang, L., Smith, M.T., Zhang, D., Wiemels, J., Dosemeci, M., Yin, S. & O'Neill, J.P. (1996) hprt-Mutation frequency among workers exposed to 1,3-butadiene in China. Toxicology, 113, 100-105
111. Heiden Associates (1987) Additional Industry Profile Data for Evaluating Compliance with Three Butadiene Workplace PEL Scenarios, Washington, DC
112. Heinemann, B. & Howard, A.J. (1964) Induction of lambda-bacteriophage in Escherichia coli as a screening test for potential antitumor agents. Appl. Microbiol., 12, 234-239
113. Hemminki, K., Falck, K. & Vainio, H. (1980) Comparison of alkylation rates and mutagenicity of directly acting industrial and laboratory chemicals. Epoxides, glycidyl ethers, methylating and ethylating agents, halogenated hydrocarbons, hydrazine derivatives, aldehydes, thiuram and dithiocarbamate derivatives. Arch. Toxicol., 46, 277-285
114. Himmelstein, M.W., Turner, M.J., Asgharian, B. & Bond, J.A. (1994) Comparison of blood concentrations of 1,3-butadiene and butadiene epoxides in mice and rats exposed to 1,3-butadiene by inhalation. Carcinogenesis, 15, 1479-1486
115. Himmelstein, M.W., Asgharian, B. & Bond, J.A. (1995) High concentrations of butadiene epoxides in livers and lungs of mice compared to rats exposed to 1,3-butadiene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 132, 281-288
116. Himmelstein, M.W., Acquavella, J.F., Recio, L., Medinsky, M.A. & Bond, J.A. (1997) Toxicology and epidemiology of 1,3-butadiene. CRC crit. Rev. Toxicol., 27, 1-108
117. 1 mice after 60 weeks of inhalation exposure. Science, 227, 548-549
118. IARC (1976) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 11, Cadmium, Nickel, some Epoxides, Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals and General Considerations on Volatile Anaesthetics, Lyon, pp. 115-123
119. IARC (1982) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 28, The Rubber Industry, Lyon
120. IARC (1986) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 39, Some Chemicals Used in Plastics and Elastomers, Lyon, pp. 155-179
121. IARC (1987a) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 42, Silica and Some Silicates, Lyon, p. 264
122. IARC (1987b) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Suppl. 7, Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, Lyon, pp. 136-137
123. IARC (1989) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 45, Occupational Exposures in Petroleum Refining; Crude Oil and Major Petroleum Fuels, Lyon, pp. 169-174
124. IARC (1992) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 54, Occupational Exposures to Mists and Vapours from Strong Inorganic Acids; and other Industrial Chemicals, Lyon, pp. 237-285
125. International Labour Office (1991) Occupational Exposure Limits for Airborne Toxic Substances, 3rd Ed. (Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 37), Geneva, pp. 58-59
126. Irons, R.D. (1990) Studies on the mechanism of 1,3-butadiene-induced leukemogenesis: the potential role for endogenous murine leukemia virus. Environ. Health Perspect., 86, 49-55
127. Irons, R.D. & Pyatt, D.W. (1998) Dithiocarbamates as potential confounders in butadiene epidemiology. Carcinogenesis, 19, 539-542
128. 1 mice following chronic exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Toxicol. appl Pharmacol., 83, 95-100
129. Irons, R.D., Smith, C.N., Stillman, W.S., Shah, R.S., Steinhagen, W.H. & Leiderman, L.J. (1986b) Macrocytic-megaloblastic anemia in male HIN Swiss mice following repeated exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 85, 450-455
130. Irons, R.D., Stillman, W.S. & Cloyd, M.W. (1987a) Selective activation of endogenous ecotropic retrovirus in hematopoietic tissues of B6C3F1 mice during the preleukemic phase of 1,3-butadiene exposure. Virology, 161, 457-462
131. Irons, R.D., Oshimura, M. & Barrett, J.C. (1987b) Chromosome aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells following in vivo exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Carcinogenesis, 8, 1711-1714
132. Irons, R.D., Cathro, H.P., Stillman, W.S., Steinhagen, W.H. & Shah, R.S. (1989) Susceptibility to 1,3-butadiene-induced leukemogenesis correlated with endogenous ecotropic retroviral back-ground in the mouse. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 101, 170-176
133. JACA Corp. (1987) Draft Final Report. Preliminary Economic Analysis of the Proposed Revision to the Standard for 1,3-Butadiene: Phase II, Fort Washington, PA
134. Jauhar, P.P., Henika, P.R., MacGregor, J.T., Wehr, C.M., Shelby, M.D., Murphy, S.A. & Margolin, B.H. (1988) 1,3-Butadiene: Induction of micronucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of B6C3F1 mice exposed by inhalation for 13 weeks. Mutat. Res., 209, 171-176
135. Jelitto, B., Vangala, R.R. & Laib, R.J. (1989) Species differences in DNA damage by butadiene: role of diepoxybutane. Arch. Toxicol., 13 (Suppl.), 246-249
136. Johanson, G. & Filser, J.G. (1993) A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for butadiene and its metabolite butadiene monoxide in rat and mouse and its significance for risk extrapolation. Arch. Toxicol., 67, 151-163
137. Johanson, G. & Filser, J.G. (1996) PBPK model for butadiene metabolism to epoxides: quantitative species differences in metabolism. Toxicology, 113, 40-47
138. Kauppinen, T., Toikkanen, J., Pedersen, D., Young, R., Kogevinas, M., Ahrens, W., Boffetta, P., Hansen, J., Kromhout, H., Maqueda Blasco, J., Mirabelli, D., de la Orden-Rivera, V., Plato, N., Pannett, B., Savela, A., Veulemans, H. & Vincent, R. (1998) Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens in the European Union in 1990-93, Carex (International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens), Helsinki, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
139. Kelsey, K.T., Wiencke, J.K., Ward, J., Bechtold, W. & Fajen, J. (1995) Sister-chromatid exchanges, glutathione S-transferase theta deletion and cytogenetic sensitivity to diepoxybutane in lymphocytes from butadiene monomer production workers. Mutat. Res., 335, 267-273
140. Kemper, R.A. & Elfarra, A.A. (1996) Oxidation of 3-butene-1,2-diol by alcohol dehydrogenase. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9, 1127-1134
141. Kirshenbaum, I. (1978) Butadiene. In: Mark, H.F., Othmer, D.F., Overberger, C.G. & Seaborg, G.T., eds, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Ed., Vol. 4, New York, John Wiley, pp. 313-337
142. Kligerman, A.D., Doerr, C.L., Milhollad, V.S. & Tennant, A.H. (1996) Cytogenetic effects of butadiene metabolites in rat and mouse splenocytes following in vitro exposures. Toxicology, 113, 336-340
143. Kohn, M.C. & Melnick, R.L. (1993) Species differences in the production and clearance of 1,3-butadiene metabolites: a mechanistic model indicates predominantly physiological not biochemical control. Carcinogenesis, 14, 619-628
144. Kohn, M.C. & Melnick, R.L. (1996) Effects of the structure of a toxicokinetic model of butadiene inhalation exposure on computed production of carcinogenic intermediates. Toxicology, 113, 31-39
145. 6-adenine adducts. Carcinogenesis, 16, 2999-3007
146. 32P-postlabeling and HPLC. Environ. Health Perspect., 104 (Suppl. 3), 655-657
147. 32P-Postlabelling/HPLC assay reveals an enantioselective adduct formation in N7 guanine residues in vivo after 1,3-butadiene inhalation exposure. Carcinogenesis, 18, 439-443
148. Koivisto, P., Adler, I.-D., Pacchierotti, F. & Peltonen, K. (1998) DNA adducts in mouse testis and lung after inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res., 397, 3-10
149. Kolmark, G. & Westergaard, M. (1953) Further studies on chemically induced reversions at the adenine locus of Neurospora. Hereditas, 39, 209-224
150. Kornbrust, D.J. & Barfknecht, T.R. (1984) Comparison of rat and hamster hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair assays. Environ. Mutag., 6, 1-11
151. Krause, R.J. & Elfarra, A.A. (1997) Oxidation of butadiene monoxide to meso-and (+-)-diepoxybutane by cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450s and by mouse, rat, and human liver microsomes: evidence for preferential hydration of meso-diepoxybutane in rat and human liver microsomes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 337, 176-184
152. Krause, R.J., Sharer, J.E. & Elfarra, A.A. (1997) Epoxide hydrolase-dependent metabolism of butadiene monoxide to 3-butene-1,2-diol in mouse, rat, and human liver. Drug Metab. Disp., 25, 1013-1015
153. Kreiling, R., Laib, R.J., Filser, J.G. & Bolt, H.M. (1986a) Species differences in butadiene metabolism between mice and rats evaluated by inhalation pharmacokinetics. Arch. Toxicol., 58, 235-238
154. 14C]1,3-butadiene. Toxicol. Lett., 30, 131-136
155. Kreiling, R., Laib, R.J., Filser, J.G. & Bolt, H.M. (1987) Inhalation pharmacokinetics of 1,2-epoxybutene-3 reveal species differences between rats and mice sensitive to butadiene-induced carcinogenesis. Arch. Toxicol., 61, 7-11
156. Kreiling, R., Laib, R.J. & Bolt, H.M. (1988) Depletion of hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl content during exposure of rats and mice to butadiene. Toxicol. Lett., 41, 209-214
157. Kreuzer, P.E., Kessler, W., Welter, H.F., Baur, C. & Filser, J.G. (1991) Enzyme specific kinetics of 1,2-epoxybutene-3 in microsomes and cytosol from livers of mouse, rat, and man. Arch. Toxicol., 65, 59-67
158. Krishnan, E.R., Ungers, L.J., Morelli-Schroth, P.A. & Fajen, J.M. (1987) Extent-of-exposure Study: 1,3-Butadiene Monomer Production Industry, Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
159. 32P-Postlabelling of diastereomeric 7-alkylguanine adducts of butadiene monoepoxide. Carcinogenesis, 17, 1297-1303
160. Kwekkeboom, J. (1996) A Model for Control of Health Hazards Resulting from Exposure to Toxic Substances (Report V-415), Wageningen, Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Air Quality (in Dutch)
161. Lahdetie, J. & Grawe, J. (1997) Flow cytometric analysis of micronucleus induction in rat bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes by 1,2;3,4-diepoxybutane, 3,4-epoxy-1-butène, and 1,2-epoxybutane-3,4-diol. Cytometry, 28, 228-235
162. Lahdetie, J., Peltonen, K. & Sjoblom, T. (1997) Germ cell mutagenicity of three metabolites of 1,3-butadiene in the rat: induction of spermatid micronuclei by butadiene mono-, di-, and diol-epoxides in vivo. Environ, mol. Mutag., 29, 230-239
163. Laib, R.J., Filser, J.G., Kreiling, R., Vangala, R.R. & Bolt, H.M. (1990) Inhalation pharmacokinetics of 1,3-butadiene and 1,2-epoxybutene-3 in rats and mice. Environ. Health Perspect., 86, 57-63
164. Laib, R.J., Tucholski, M., Filser, J.G. & Csanády, G.A. (1992) Pharmacokinetic interaction between 1,3-butadiene and styree in Sprague-Dawley rats. Arch. Toxicol., 66, 310-314
165. Landi, S., Ponzanelli, I. & Barale, R. (1995) Effect of red cells and plasma blood in determining individual lymphocytes sensitivity to diepoxybutene assessed by in vitro induced sister chromatid exchanges. Mutat. Res., 348, 117-123
166. Landi, S., Frenzilli, G., Sbrana, I. & Barale, R. (1996a) Modulating factors of individual sensitivity to diepoxybutane: sister chromatid exchanges induced in vitro in human lymphocytes. Mutat. Res., 357, 75-82
167. Landi, S., Ponzanelli, L., Hirvonen, A., Norppa, H. & Barale, R. (1996b) Repeated analysis of sister chromatid exchange induction by
168. Leavens, T.L. & Bond, J.A. (1996) Pharmacokinetic model describing the disposition of butadiene and styrene in mice. Toxicology, 113, 310-313
169. Leavens, T.L., Moss, O.R. & Bond, J.A. (1996a) Dynamic inhalation system for individual whole-body exposure of mice to volatile organic chemicals. Inhal. Toxicol., 8, 655-677
170. Leavens, T.L., Moss, O.R., Turner, M.J., Janszen, D.B. & Bond, J.A. (1996b) Metabolic interactions of 1,3-butadiene and styrene in male B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 141, 628-636
171. Leavens, T.L., Farris, G.M., James, R.A., Shah, R., Wong, V.A., Marshall, M.W. & Bond, J.A. (1997) Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in male B6C3F1 mice following exposure to mixtures of 1,3-butadiene and styrene. Environ. mol. Mutag., 29, 335-345
172. Legator, M.S., Au, W.W., Ammenheuser, M. & Ward, J.B., Jr (1993) Elevated somatic cell mutant frequencies and altered DNA repair responses in nonsmoking workers exposed to 1,3-butadiene. In: Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. & Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards (IARC Scientific Publications No. 127), Lyon, IARC, pp. 253-263
173. Lernen, R.A., Meinhardt, T.J., Crandall, M.S., Fajen, J.M. & Brown, D.P. (1990) Environmental epidemiological investigations in the styrene-butadiene rubber production industry. Environ. Health Perspect., 86, 103-106
174. 32P-postlabelling of an adenine adduct formed by diepoxybutane. In: Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. & Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards (IARC Scientific Publications No. 127), Lyon, IARC, pp. 143-150
175. 32P-postlabeling. Carcinogenesis, 15, 1903-1910
176. Lewis, R.J., Jr (1993) Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th Ed., New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, p. 177
177. Lewis, D.F.V., Bird, M.G. & Parke, D.V. (1997) Molecular modelling of CYP2E1 enzymes from rat, mouse and man: an explanation for species differences in butadiene metabolism and potential carcinogenicity, and rationalization of CYP2E substrate specificity. Toxicology, 118, 93-113
178. Lichtenberg, G., Nowak, C., Gleier, K., Meckert, C. & Richter-Reichhelm, H.-B. (1995) Anchorage independent colony growth of fetal hamster lung epithelial cells after treatment with diepoxybutane. Toxicol. Lett., 75, 193-199
179. Lide, D.R., ed. (1995) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 76th Ed., Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, p. 3-88
180. Lunsford, R.A., Gagnon, Y.T., Palassis, J., Fajen, J.M., Roberts, D.R. & Eller, P.M. (1990) Determination of 1,3-butadiene down to sub-part-per-million levels in air by collection on charcoal and high resolution gas chromatography. Appl. occup. environ. Hyg., 5, 310-320
181. Lwoff, A. (1953) Lysogeny. Bacter. Rev., 17, 269-337
182. 32P-Postlabeling of 1,3-butadiene and 4-vinyl-l-cyclohexene metabolite-DNA adducts: in vitro and in vivo applications. Toxicology, 113, 341-344
183. 32P-Postlabeling assay of DNA adducts from 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane, the most genotoxic metabolite of 1,3-butadiene: in vitro methodological studies and in vivo dosimetry. Mutat. Res., 371, 87-104
184. Macaluso, M., Larson, R., Delzell, E., Sathiakumar, N., Hovinga, M., Julian, J., Muir, D. & Cole, P. (1996) Leukemia and cumulative exposure to butadiene, styrene and benzene among workers in the synthetic rubber industry. Toxicology, 113, 190-202
185. Macaluso, M., Delzell, E., Sanders, M. & Larson, R. (1997) Historical Estimation of Exposure to Butadiene and Styrene among Synthetic Rubber Workers (Progress Report, 10/196-8/18/97), University of Alabama at Birmingham; report submitted to the International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers
186. Malvoisin, E., Lhoest, G., Poncelet, F., Roberfroid, M. & Mercier, M. (1979) Identification and quantitation of 1,2-epoxybutene-3 as the primary metabolite of 1,3-butadiene. J. Chromatog., 178, 419-425
187. Maniglier-Poulet, C., Cheng, X., Ruth, J.A. & Ross, D. (1995) Metabolism of 1,3-butadiene to buta-diene monoxide in mouse and human bone marrow cells. Chem.-biol. Interact., 97, 119-129
188. Marx, M.P., Smith, S., Heyns, A.P. & van Tonder, I.Z. (1983) Fanconi's anemia: a cytogenetic study on lymphocyte and bone marrow cultures utilizing 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 9, 51-60
189. Matanoski, G.M. & Schwartz, L. (1987) Mortality of workers in styrene-butadiene polymer pro-duction. J. occup. Med., 29, 675-680
190. Matanoski, G.M., Santos-Burgoa, C. & Schwartz, L. (1990a) Mortality of a cohort of workers in the styrene-butadiene polymer manufacturing industry (1943-1982). Environ. Health Perspect.,86, 107-117
191. Matanoski, G.M., Santos-Burgoa, C., Zeger, S.L. & Schwartz, L. (1990b) Epidemiological data related to health effects of 1,3-butadiene. In: Mohr, U., Bates, D.V., Dungworth, D.L., Lee, P.N., McClellan, R.O. & Roe, F.J.C., eds, Assessment of Inhalation Hazards (ILSI Monographs), New York, Springer-Verlag, pp. 201-214
192. Matanoski, G., Francis, M., Correa-Villasenor, A., Elliott, E., Santos-Burgoa, C. & Schwartz, L. (1993) Cancer epidemiology among styrene-butadiene rubber workers. In: Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. & Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards (IARC Scientific Publications No. 127), Lyon, IARC, pp. 363-374
193. McCann, J., Choi, E., Yamasaki, E. & Ames, B.N. (1975) Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA, 72, 5135-5139
194. McGregor, D., Brown, A.G., Cattanach, P., Edwards, I., McBride, D., Riach, C., Shepherd, W. & Caspary, W.J. (1991) Responses of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay: V. Gases and vapors. Environ, mol. Mutag., 17, 122-129
195. McGregor, D.B., Brown, A., Cattanach, P., Edwards, I., McBride, D. & Caspary, W.J. (1988) Responses of the L5178Y tk+/tk-mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay II: 18 coded chemicals. Environ, mol. Mutag., 11, 91-118
196. McMichael, A.J., Spirtas, R., Gamble, J.F. & Tousey, PM (1976) Mortality among rubber workers: relationship to specific jobs. J. occup. Medicine, 18, 178-185
197. Medinsky, M.A., Sabourin, P.J., Lucier, G., Birnbaum, L.S. &Henderson, R.F. (1989) A physio-logical model for simulation of benzene metabolism by rats and mice. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 99, 193-206
198. Medinsky, M.A., Leavens, T.L., Csanády, G.A., Gargas, M.L. & Bond, J.A. (1994) In vivo metabolism of butadiene by mice and rats: a comparison of physiological model predictions and experimental data. Carcinogenesis, 15, 1329-1340
199. de Meester, C., Poncelet, F., Roberfroid, M. & Mercier, M. (1978) Mutagenicity of butadiene and butadiene monoxide. Biochem. biophys. Res. Comm., 80, 298-305
200. de Meester, C., Poncelet, F., Roberfroid, M. & Mercier, M. (1980) The mutagenicity of butadiene towards Salmonella typhimurium. Toxicol. Lett., 6, 125-130
201. Meinhardt, T.J., Young, R.J. & Hartle, R.W. (1978) Epidemiologic investigations of styrenebutadiene rubber production and reinforced plastics. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 4 (Suppl. 2), 240-246
202. Meinhardt, T.J., Lemen, R.A., Crandall, M.S. & Young, R.J. (1982) Environmental epidemiologic investigation of the styrene-butadiene rubber industry. Mortality patterns with discussion of the hematopoietic and lymphatic malignancies. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 8, 250-259
203. Melnick, R.L. & Huff, J. (1992) 1,3-Butadiene: toxicity and carcinogenicity in laboratory animals and in humans. Rev. environ. Contam. Toxicol., 124, 111-145
204. 1 mice at low exposure concentrations. Cancer Res., 50, 6592-6599
205. Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (1998) Finnish Occupational Exposure Limits 1998, Helsinki
206. Morrissey, R.E., Schwetz, B.A., Hackett, P.L., Sikov, M.R., Hardin, B.D., McClanahan, B.J., Decker, J.R. & Mast, T.J. (1990) Overview of reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of 1,3-butadiene in rodents. Environ. Health Perspect., 86, 79-84
207. Müller, H.J. & Löser, E. (1985) Butadiene. In: Gerhartz, W. & Yamamoto, Y.S., eds, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th rev. Ed., Vol. A4, New York, VCH Publishers, pp. 431-446
208. Nakajima, T., Wang, R.S., Elovaara, E., Gonzalez, F.J., Gelboin, H.V., Vainio, H. & Aoyama, T. (1994) Cyp2C11 and Cyp2B1 are major cytochrome P459 forms involved in styrene oxidation in liver and lung microsomes from untreated rats, respectively. Biochem. Pharmacol., 48, 637-642
209. 13C]butadiene. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9, 764-773
210. Neagu, I., Koivisto, P., Neagu, C., Kostiainen, R., Stenby, K. & Peltonen, K. (1995) Butadiene monoxide and deoxyguanosine alkylation products at the N7-position. Carcinogenesis, 16, 1809-1813
211. Nelson, R.L. & Garry, V.F. (1983) Colony transformation in C3H 10T1/2 cells: stepwise development of neoplasic change in vitro. In Vitro, 19, 551-558
212. Nieusma, J.L., Claffey D.J., Maniglier-Poulet, C., Imiolczyk, T., Ross, D. & Ruth, J.A. (1997) Stereochemical aspects of 1,3-butadiene metabolism and toxicity in rat and mouse liver microsomes and freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 10, 450-456
213. NIH/EPA Chemical Information System (1983) Carbon-13 NMR Spectral Search System, Mass Spectral Search System, and Infrared Spectral Search System, Arlington, VA, Information Consultants
214. Nishi, Y., Hasegawa, M.M., Taketomi, M., Ohkawa, Y. & Inui, N. (1984) Comparison of 6-thio-guanine-resistant mutation and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster V79 cells with forty chemical and physical agents. Cancer Res., 44, 3270-3279
215. NOES (1997) National Occupational Exposure Survey 1981-83, Unpublished data as of November 1997, Cincinnati, OH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
216. Norppa, H., Hirvonen, A., Järventaus, H., Uusküla, M., Tasa, G., Ojajärvi, A. & Sorsa, M. (1995) Role of GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes in determining individual sensitivity to sister chromatid exchange induction by diepoxybutane in cultured human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis, 16, 1261-1264
217. Oesch, F. (1973) Mammalian epoxide hydrases: Inducible enzymes catalysing the inactivation of carcinogenic and cytotoxic metabolites derived from aromatic and olefmic compounds. Xenobiotica, 3, 305-340
218. Olsen, O.-A. & Green, M.M. (1982) The mutagenic effects of diepoxybutane in wild-type and mutagen-sensitive mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat. Res., 92, 107-115
219. Osterman-Golkar, S.M. & Bond, J.A. (1996) Biomonitoring of 1,3-butadiene and related compounds. Environ. Health Perspect., 104 (Suppl. 5), 907-915
220. Osterman-Golkar, S., Kautiainen, A., Bergmark, E., Hakansson, K. & Mäki-Paakkanen, J. (1991) Hemoglobin adducts and urinary mercapturic acids in rats as biological indicators of butadiene exposure. Chem. biol. Interact., 80, 291-302
221. Osterman-Golkar, S.M., Bond, J.A., Ward, J.B., Jr & Legator, M.S. (1993) Use of haemoglobin adducts for biomonitoring exposure to 1,3-butadiene. In: Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. & Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards (IARC Scientific Publications No. 127), Lyon, IARC, pp. 127-134
222. Osterman-Golkar, S., Peltonen, K., Anttinen-Klemetti, T., Landin, H. H., Zorcec, V. & Sorsa, M. (1996) Haemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Mutagenesis, 11, 145-149
223. Osterman-Golkar, S.M., Moss, O., James, A., Bryant, M.S., Turner, M. & Bond, J.A. (1998) Epoxybutene-hemoglobin adducts in rats and mice: dose response for formation and persistence during and following long-term low-level exposure to butadiene. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol, 150, 166-173
224. Owen, P.E. & Glaister, J.R. (1990) Inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene in Sprague-Dawley rats. Environ. Health Perspect., 86, 19-25
225. Owen, P.E., Glaister, J.R., Gaunt, I.F. & Pullinger, D.H. (1987) Inhalation toxicity studies with 1,3-butadiene. 3. Two year toxicity/carcinogenicity study in rats. Am. ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 48, 407-413
226. Pacchierotti, F., Adler, I.-D., Anderson, D., Brinkworth, M., Demopoulos, N.A., Lahdetie, J., Osterman-Golkar, S., Peltonen, K., Russo, A., Tales, A. & Waters, R. (1998) Genetic effects of 1,3-butadiene and associated risk for heritable damage. Mutat. Res., 397, 93-115
227. Parsons, T.B. & Wilkins, G.E. (1976) Biological Effects and Environmental Aspects of 1,3-Butadiene (Summary of the Published Literature) (EPA-560/2-76-004), Washington DC, US Environmental Protection Agency
228. Pelin, K., Hirvonen, A. & Norppa, H. (1996) Influence of erythrocyte glutatnione S-transferase Tl on sister chromatid exchanges induced by diepoxybutane in cultured human lymphocytes. Mutagenesis, 11, 213-215
229. Penn, A. & Snyder, C.A. (1996) 1,3-Butadiene, a vapor phase component of environmental tobacco smoke, accelerates arteriosclerotic plaque development. Circulation, 93, 552-557
230. Pérez, H.L., Lähdetie, J., Landin, H.H., Kilpeläinen, I., Koivisto, P., Peltonen, K. & Osterman-Golkar, S. (1997) Haemoglobin adducts of epoxybutanediol from exposure to 1,3-butadiene or butadiene epoxides. Chem.-biol. Interact., 105, 181-198
231. Perry, P. & Evans, H.J. (1975) Cytological detection of mutagen-carcinogen exposure by sister chromatid exchange. Nature, 258, 121-125
232. Polakowska, R. & Putrament, A. (1979) Mitochondrial mutagenesis in Sacchawmyces cerevisiae H. Methyl methanesulphonate and diepoxybutane. Mutat. Res., 61, 207-213
233. Pope, S., Baker, J.M. & Parish, J.H. (1984) Assay of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of alkylating agents by using Neurospora spheroplasts. Mutat. Res., 125, 43-53
234. Porfirio, B., Dallapiccola, B., Mokini, V., Alimena, G. & Gandini, E. (1983) Failure of diepoxybutane to enhance sister chromatid exchange levels in Fanconi's anemia patients and heterozygotes. Hum. Genet., 63, 117-120
235. Ramsey, J.C. & Andersen, M.E. (1984) A physiologically based description of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of styrene in rats and humans. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 73, 159-175
236. Rappaport, S.M., Ting, D., Jin, Z., Yeowell-O'Connell, K., Waidyanatha, S. & McDonald, T. (1993) Application of Raney Nickel to measure adducts of styrene oxide with hemoglobine and albumin. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 6, 238-244
237. Recio, L. & Meyer, K.G. (1995) Increased frequency of mutations at A:T base pairs in the bone marrow of B6C3F1 lac1 transgenic mice exposed to 1,3-butadiene. Environ. mol. Mutag., 26, 1-8
238. Recio, L., Osterman-Golkar, S., Csanady, G.A., Turner, M.J., Myhr, B., Moss, O. & Bond, J.A. (1992) Determination of mutagenicity in tissues of transgenic mice following exposure to 1,3-butadiene and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 117, 58-64
239. R): A review of mutational spectrum and lacI mutant frequency after a 5-day 625 ppm 1,3-butadiene exposure. Environ. mol. Mutag., 28, 424-429
240. Recio, L., Pluta, L.J. & Meyer, K.G. (1998) The in vivo mutagenicity and mutational spectrum at the lacI transgene recovered from the spleens of B6C3F1 lacI transgenic mice following a 4-week inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res., 401, 99-110
241. Richardson, K.A., Megens, H.J.J.J., Webb, J.D. & Van Sittert, N.J. (1996) Biological monitoring of butadiene exposure by measurement of haemoglobin adducts. Toxicology, 113, 112-118
242. Rinsky, R.A., Ott, G., Ward, E., Greenberg, H., Halperin, W. & Leet, T. (1988) Study of mortality among chemical workers in the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia. Am. J. ind. Med., 13, 429-138
243. Ristau, C., Deutschmann, S., Laib, R.J. & Ottenwalder, H. (1990) Detection of diepoxybutane-induced DNA-DNA crosslinks by cesium trifluoracetate (CsTFA) density-gradient centrifugation. Arch. Toxicol., 64, 343-344
244. Roberts, D.R. (1986) Industrial Hygiene Walk-through Survey Report of Copolymer Rubber and Chemical Corporation, Baton Rouge, LA (Rep. No. 147.22), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
245. Ropert, C.P., Jr (1976) Health Hazard Evaluation Determination, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Gadsden, AL (Report No. 74-120-260), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
246. Rosenkranz, H.S. & Poirier, L.A. (1979) Evaluation of the mutagenicity and DNA-modifying activity of carcinogens and noncarcinogens in microbial systems. J. natl Cancer Inst., 62, 873-892
247. Ross, A.M., Pohl, T.M., Piazza K., Thomas, M., Fox, B. & Whalen, D.L. (1982) Vinyl epoxide hydrolysis reactions. J. Am. chem. Soc., 104, 1658-1665
248. Rubber Manufacturers' Association (1984) Requests for Information Regarding 1,3-Butadiene, 49 Fed. Reg. 844 and 845 (Jan. 5 1984), Washington, DC
249. Ruhe, R.L. & Jannerfeldt, E.R. (1980) Health Hazard Evaluation, Metamora Products Corporation, Elkland, PA (Report No. HE-80-188-797), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
250. Russo, A., Nogara, C., Renzi, L. & Tommasi, A.M. (1997) Micronucleus induction in germ and somatic cells of the mouse after exposure to the butadiene metabolites diepoxybutane and epoxybutene. Mutat. Res., 390, 129-139
251. Rydberg, P., Magnusson, A.-L., Zorcec, V., Granath, F. & Törnqvist, M. (1996) Adducts to N-terminal valines in hemoglobin from butadiene metabolites. Chem.-biol. Interact., 101, 193-205
252. Sabourin, P.J., Burka, L.T., Bechtold, W.E., Dahl, A.R., Hoover, M.D., Chang I.Y. & Henderson, R.F. (1992) Species differences in urinary butadiene metabolites; identification of 1,2-di-hydroxy-4-(N-acetylcysteinyl)butane, a novel metabolite of butadiene. Carcinogenesis, 13, 1633-1638
253. Sadtler Research Laboratories (1995) The Sadtler Standard Spectra, Cumulative Index, Philadelphia, PA
254. Saltzman, B.E. & Harman, J.N. (1989) Direct reading colorimetric indicators. In: Lodge, J.P., Jr, ed., Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, Chelsea, MI, Lewis Publishers, pp. 171-187
255. Sandhu, S.S., Waters, M.D., Mortelmans, K.E., Evans, E.L., Jotz, M.M., Mitchell, A.D. & Kasica, V. (1984) Evaluation of diallate and triallate herbicides for genotoxic effects in a battery of in vitro and short-term in vivo tests. Mutat. Res., 136, 173-183
256. Sankaranarayanan, K., Ferro, W. & Zijlstra, J.A. (1983) Studies on mutagen-sensitive strains of Drosophila melanogaster III. A comparison of the mutagenic sensitivities of the ebony (UV and X-ray sensitive) and Canton-S (wild-type) strains to MMS, ENU, DEB, DEN and 2,4,6-C13-PDMT. Mutat. Res., 110, 59-70
257. Santos-Burgoa, C., Matanoski, G.M., Zeger, S. & Schwartz, L. (1992) Lymphohematopoietic cancer in styrene-butadiene polymerization workers. Am. J. Epidemiol., 136, 843-854
258. R Rat2 lacI transgenic cell line. Environ. mol. Mutag., 31, 32-40
259. Sasiadek, M., Jarventaus, H. & Sorsa, M. (1991a) Sister-chromatid exchanges induced by 1,3-butadiene and its epoxides in CHO cells. Mutat. Res., 263, 47-50
260. Sasiadek, M., Norppa, H. & Sorsa, M. (1991b) 1,3-Butadiene and its epoxides induce sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes in vitro. Mutat. Res., 261, 117-121
261. Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., Hovinga, M., Macaluso, M., Julian, J.A., Larson, R., Cole, P. & Muir, D.C.F. (1998) Mortality from cancer and other causes of death among synthetic rubber workers. Occup. environ. Med., 55, 230-235
262. Schmidt, L. & Loeser, E. (1985) Species differences in the formation of butadiene monoepoxide from 1,3-butadiene. Arch. Toxicol., 57, 222-225
263. Seaton, M.J., Follansbee, M.H. & Bond, J.A. (1995) Oxidation of 1,2-epoxy-3-butene to 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane by cDNA-expressed human cytochromes P450 2E1 and 3A4 and human, mouse and rat liver microsomes. Carcinogenesis, 16, 2287-2293
264. Seaton, M.J., Plopper, C.G. & Bond, J.A. (1996) 1,3-Butadiene metabolism by lung airways isolated from mice and rats. Toxicology, 113, 314-317
265. 2-, and N7-guanosine adducts of butadiene monoxide. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9, 126-132
266. 1-inosine adducts formed by the reaction of butadiene monoxide with adenosine: evidence for the Nadenosine adducts as major initial products. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9, 875-881
267. Selzer, R.R. & Elfarra, A.A. (1997a) Characterization of four N-3-thymidine adducts formed in vitro by the reaction of thymidine and butadiene monoxide. Carcinogenesis, 18, 1993-1998
268. 2-deoxycytidine and N3-deoxyuridine adducts of butadiene monoxide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 343, 63-72
269. Sharer, J.E. & Elfarra, A.A. (1992) S-(2-Hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)glutathione and S-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)glutathione are in vivo metabolites of butadiene monoxide: detection and quantitation in bile. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 5, 787-790
270. Sharer, J.E., Duescher, R.J. & Elfarra, A.A. (1991) Formation, stability and rearrangements of the glutathione conjugates of butadiene monoepoxide: evidence for the formation of stable sulfurane intermediates. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 4, 430-436
271. Sharer, J.E., Duescher, R.J. & Elfarra, A.A. (1992) Species and tissue differences in the microsomal oxidation of 1,3-butadiene and glutathione conjugation of butadiene monoxide in mice and rats. Drug Metab. Disp., 20, 658-664
272. Sharief, Y., Brown, A.M., Backer, L.C., Campbell, J.A., Westbrook-Collins, B., Stead, A.G. & Allen J.W. (1986) Sister chromatid exchange and chromosome aberration analyses in mice after in vivo exposure to acrylonitrile, styrene, or butadiene monoxide. Environ. Mutag., 8, 439-448
273. Shimkin, M.B., Weisburger, J.H., Weisburger, E.K., Gubareff, N. & Suntzeff, V. (1966) Bioassay of 29 alkylating chemicals by the pulmonary-tumor response in strain A mice. J. natl Cancer Inst., 36, 915-93 5
274. Shugaev, B.B. (1969) Concentrations of hydrocarbons in tissues as a measure of toxicity. Arch. environ. Health, 18, 878-8 82
275. Siematycki, J., ed. (1991) Risk Factors for Cancer in the Workplace, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press
276. Simmon, V.F. (1979) In vitro assays for recombinogenic activity of chemical carcinogens and related compounds with Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3. J. natl Cancer Inst., 62, 901-909
277. Simmon, V.F., Rosenkranz, H.S., Zeiger, E. & Poirier, L.A. (1979) Mutagenic activity of chemical carcinogens and related compounds in the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay. J. natl Cancer Inst., 62, 911-918
278. Sisk, S.C., Pluta, L.J., Bond, J.A. & Recio, L. (1994) Molecular analysis of lacI mutants from bone marrow of B6C3F1 transgenic mice following inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Carcinogenesis, 15, 471-4-77
279. Van Sittert, N.J. & Van Vliet, E.W.N. (1994) Occupational exposure to some industrial chemicals by determining hemoglobin adducts. Clin. Chem., 40, 1472-1475
280. Sjoblom, T. & Lahdetie, J. (1996) Micronuclei are induced in rat spermatids in vitro by 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane but not by 1,2-epoxy-3-butene and 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxybutane. Mutagenesis, 11, 525-528
281. Sorsa, M., Autio, K., Demopoulos, N.A., Jarventaus, H., Rossner, P., Sram, R.J., Stephanou, G. & Vlachodimitropoulos, D. (1994) Human cytogenetic biomonitoring of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res., 309, 321-326
282. Sorsa, M., Osterman-Golkar, S., Peltonen, K., Saarikoski, S.T. & Šram, R. (1996a) Assessment of exposure to butadiene in the process industry. Toxicology, 113, 77-83
283. Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Anderson, D., Demopoulos, N.A. & Neumann, H.-G. & Osterman-Golkar, S. (1996b) Assessment of environmental and occupational exposures to butadiene as a model for risk estimation of petrochemical emissions. Mutagenesis, 11, 9-17
284. Spano, M., Bartoleschi, C., Cordelli, E., Leter, G. & Segre, L. (1996) Flow cytometric and histological assessment of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane toxicity on mouse spermatogenesis. J. Toxicol. environ. Health, 47, 423-441
285. Spasovski, M., Dimitrova, M., Ginčeva, N., Hristeva, V., Muhtarova, M., Benčev, I., Bajnova, A., Hinkova, L., Halkova, Z., Nosko, M., Handžieva, M., Pernov, K., Nikolov, C. & Katjtaska, M. (1986) New data on the epidemiological study in divinyl production. Probl. Khig., 11, 81-89 (in Bulgarian)
286. Startin, J.R. & Gilbert, J. (1984) Single ion monitoring of butadiene in plastics and foods by coupled mass-spectrometry-automatic headspace gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 294, 427-430
287. Steen, A.-M., Meyer, K.G. & Recio, L. (1997a) Analysis of hprt mutations occurring in human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells following exposure to 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane. Mutagenesis, 12, 61-67
288. Steen, A.M., Meyer, K.G. & Recio, L. (1997b) Characterization of hprt mutations following 1,2-epoxy-3-butene exposure of human TK6 cells. Mutagenesis, 12, 359-36 4
289. Stephanou, G., Russo, A., Vlastos, D., Andrianopoulos, C. & Demopoulos, N.A. (1998) Micronucleus induction in somatic cells of mice as evaluated after 1,3-butadiene inhalation. Mutat. Res., 397, 11-20
290. Sun, H.N. & Wristers, J.P. (1992) Butadiene. In: Kroschwitz, J.I. & Howe-Grant, M., eds, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th. Ed., Vol. 4, New York, John Wiley, pp. 663-689
291. Sweeney, L.M., Himmelstein, M.W., Schlosser, P.M. & Medinsky, M.A. (1996) Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of blood and tissue epoxide measurements for butadiene. Toxicology, 113, 318-321
292. Sweeney, L.M., Schlosser, P.M., Medinsky, M.A. & Bond, J.A. (1997) Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of 1,3-butadiene, 1,2-epoxybutene, and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane toxicokinetics in mice and rats. Carcinogenesis, 18, 611-625
293. Tates, A.D., Van Dam, F.J., de Zwart, F.A., Van Teylingen, C.M.M. & Natarajan, A.T. (1994) Development of a cloning assay with high cloning efficiency to detect induction of 6-thio-guanine-resistant lymphocytes in spleen of adult mice following in vivo inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res., 309, 299-306
294. Tates, A.D., Van Dam, F.J., De Zwart, F.A., Darroudi, F., Natarajan, A.T., Rossner, P., Peterkova, K., Peltonen, K., Demopoulos, N.A., Stephanou, G., Vlachodimitropoulos, D. & Šrárn, R.J. (1996) Biological effect monitoring in industrial workers from the Czech Republic exposed to low levels of butadiene. Toxicology, 113, 91-99
295. Tates, A.D., Van Dam, F.J., Van Teylingen, C.M., De Zwart, F.A. & Zwinderman, A.H. (1998) Comparison of induction of hprt mutations by 1,3-butadiene and/or its metabolites 1,2-epoxybulene and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane in lymphocytes from spleen of adult male mice and rats in vivo. Mutat. Res., 397, 21-36
296. Thielmann, H.W. & Gersbach, H. (1978) Carcinogen-induced DNA repair in nucleolide-permeable Escherichia coli cells. Z. Krebsforsch., 92, 157-176
297. Thier, R., Muller, M., Taylor, J.B., Penible, S.E., Kellerer, B. & Guengerich, F.P. (1995) Enhancemenl of bacterial mulagenicity of bifunctional alkylating agents by expression of mammalian glutathione S-transferase. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 8, 465-472
298. Thier, R., Pemble, S.E., Kramer, H., Taylor, J.B., Guengerich, F.P. & Ketterer, B. (1996) Human glutathione S-transferase T1-1 enhances mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane, dibromomethane and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane in Salmonella typhimurium. Carcinogenesis, 17, 163-166
299. Thornton-Manning, J.R., Dahl, A.R., Bechtold, W.E., Griffith, W.C., Jr & Henderson, R.F. (1995a) Disposition of butadiene monoepoxide and butadiene diepoxide in various tissues of rats and mice following a low-level inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Carcinogenesis, 16, 1723-1731
300. Thornton-Manning, J.R., Dahl, A.R., Bechtold, W.E., Griffith, W.C., Jr, Pei, L. & Henderson, R.F. (1995b) Gender differences in the metabolism of 1,3-butadiene in Sprague-Dawley rats following a low level inhalation exposure. Carcinogenesis, 16, 2875-2878
301. Thornton-Manning, J.R., Dahl, A.R., Bechtold, W.E., Griffith, W.C., Jr & Henderson R.F. (1997) Comparison of the disposition of butadiene epoxides in Sprague-Dawley rats and B6C3F1 mice following a single and repeated exposures to 1,3-butadiene via inhalation. Toxicology, 123, 125-134
302. Thurmond, L.M., Lauer, L.D., House, R.V., Stillman, W.S., Irons, R.D., Steinhagen, W.H. & Dean, J.H. (1986) Effect of short-term inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene on murine immune functions. Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol., 86, 170-179
303. Tice, R.R., Boucher, R., Luke, C.A. & Shelby, M.D. (1987) Comparative cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow damage induced in male B6C3F1 mice by multiple exposures to gaseous 1,3-butadiene. Environ. Mutag., 9, 235-250
304. Tommasi, A.M., de Conti, S., Dobrzynska, M.M. & Russo, A. (1998) Evaluation and characterization of micronuclei in early spermatids of mice exposed to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res., 397, 45-54
305. Tretyakova, N.Y., Lin, Y.P., Upton, P.B., Sangaiah, R. & Swenberg, J.A. (1996) Macromolecular adducts of butadiene. Toxicology, 113, 70-76
306. Tretyakova, N., Lin, Y.P., Sangaiah, R., Upton, P.B. & Swenberg, J.A. (1997a) Identification and quantitation of DNA adducts from calf thymus DNA exposed to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene. Carcinogenesis, 18, 137-147
307. Tretyakova, N., Sangaiah, R., Yen, T.Y., Gold, A. & Swenberg, J.A. (1997b) Adenine adducts with diepoxybutane: isolation and analysis in exposed calf thymus DNA. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 10, 1171-1179
308. Tretyakova, N.Y, Sangaiah, R., Yen, T.Y. & Swenberg, J.A. (1997c) Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro quantitation of N7-guanine adducts of diepoxybutane. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 10, 779-785
309. United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (1992) Methods for the determination of hazardous substances (MDHS) 53 - Pumped, Molecular Sieve, London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office
310. United States Environmental Protection Agency (1990) Cancer Risk from Outdoor Exposure to Air Toxics, Vol. II, Appendices (EPA-450/l-90-004b), Washington, DC
311. United States Food and Drug Administration (1987) 1,3-Butadiene. In: Fazio, T. & Sherma, J., eds, Food Additives Analytical Manual, Vol. II, A Collection of Analytical Methods for Selected Food Additives, Arlington, VA, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, pp. 58-68
312. United States Food and Drug Administration (1997) Food and drags. US Code Fed. Regul., Title 21, Parts 175.125, 175.300, 177.2600, pp. 153, 156-172, 321-326
313. United States National Library of Medicine (1997) Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI87, TRI90, TRI95) Databases, Bethesda, MD
314. United States National Toxicology Program (1984) Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1,3-Butadiene (CAS No. 106-99-0) in B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 288; NIH Publication No. 84-2544), Research Triangle Park, NC
315. United States National Toxicology Program (1992) Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1,3-Butadiene in B6C3F1 Mice (Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 434; NIH Publication 93-3165), Research Triangle Park, NC, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health
316. United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1990a) OSHA Analytical Methods Manual, Part 1: Organic Substances, Volume 3: Methods 55-80, Salt Lake City, UT, [Method 56]
317. United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1990b) Occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Fed. Regist., 55, 32736-32826
318. United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1996) Labor. US Code Fed. Regul., Title 29, Part 1910.1000
319. Uuskula, M., Jarventaus, H., Hirvonen, A., Sorsa, M. & Norppa, H. (1995) Influence of GSTM1 genotype on sister chromatid exchange induction by styrene-7,8-oxide and 1,2-epoxy-3-butene in cultured human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis, 16, 947-950
320. Valentine, J.L., Boogaard, P.J., Sweeney, L.M., Turner, M.J., Bond, J.A. & Medinsky, M.A. (1997) Disposition of butadiene epoxides in Sprague-Dawley rats. Chem.-biol. Interact., 104, 103-115
321. Van Duuren, B.L., Nelson, N., Orris, L., Palmes, E.D. & Schmitt, F.L. (1963) Carcinogenicity of epoxides, lactones, and peroxy compounds. J. natl Cancer Inst., 31, 41-55
322. Van Duuren, B.L., Langseth, L., Orris, L., Teebor, G., Nelson, N. & Kuschner, M. (1966) Carcinogenicity of epoxides, lactones, and peroxy compounds. IV. Tumor response in epithelial and connective tissue in mice and rats. J. natl Cancer Inst., 37, 825-838
323. Van Duuren, B.L., Orris, L. & Nelson, N. (1965) Carcinogenicity of epoxides, lactones, and peroxy compounds. Part II. J. natl Cancer Inst., 35, 707-717
324. Vangala, R.R., Laib, R.J. & Bolt, H.M. (1993) Evaluation of DNA damage by alkaline elution technique after inhalation exposure of rats and mice to 1,3-butadiene. Arch. Toxicol., 67, 34-38
325. Verschueren, K. (1996) Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 3rd Ed., New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 347-348
326. Victorin, K., Busk, L., Cederberg, H. & Magnusson, J. (1990) Genotoxic activity of 1,3-butadiene and nitrogen dioxide and their photochemical reaction products in Drosophila and in mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Mutat. Res., 228, 203-209
327. Vlachodimitropoulos, D., Norppa, H., Autio, K., Catalán, J., Hirvonen, A., Tasa, G., Uuskula, M., Demopoulos, N.A. & Sorsa, M. (1997) GSTT1-dependent induction of centromere-negative and -positive micronuclei by 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane in cultured human lymphocytes. Muta-genesis, 12, 397-403
328. Vogt, H. (1988) Reliability of analytical methods for verifying migration data. Food Addit. Contam., 5 (Suppl. 1), 455-465
329. Volkova, Z.A. & Bagdinov, Z.M. (1969) Problems of labor hygiene in rubber vulcanization. Hyg. Sanit., 34, 326-333
330. Voogd, C.E., Van Der Stel, J.J. & Jacobs, J.J.A.A. (1981) The mutagenic action of aliphatic epoxides. Mutat. Res., 89, 269-282
331. Walk, R.A., Jenderny, J., Rohrborn, G. & Hackenberg, U. (1987) Chromosomal abnormalities and sister-chromatid exchange in bone marrow cells of mice and Chinese hamsters after inhalation and intraperitoneal administration: I. Diepoxybutane. Mutat. Res., 182, 333-342
332. Walles, S.A.S., Victorin, K. & Lundborg, M. (1995) DNA damage in lung cells in vivo and in vitro by 1,3-butadiene and nitrogen dioxide and their photochemical reaction products. Mutat. Res., 328, 11-19
333. Ward, J.B., Jr, Ammenheuser, M.M., Bechtold, WE., Whorton, E.B., Jr & Legator, M.S. (1994) hprt Mutant lymphocyte frequencies in workers at a 1,3-butadiene production plant. Environ. Health Perspect., 102 (Suppl. 9), 79-85
334. Ward, E.M., Fajen, J.M., Ruder, A.M., Rinsky, R.A., Halperin, W.E. & Fessler-Flesch, C.A. (1995) Mortality study of workers in 1,3-butadiene production units identified from a chemical workers cohort. Environ. Health Perspect., 103, 598-603
335. Ward, J.B., Ammenheuser, M.M., Whorton, E.B., Jr, Bechtold, W.E., Kelsey, K.T. & Legator, M.S. (1996a) Biological monitoring for mutagenic effects of occupational exposure to butadiene. Toxicology, 113, 84-90
336. Ward, E.M., Fajen, J.M., Ruder, A.M., Rinsky, R.A., Halperin, W.E. & Fessler-Flesch, C.A. (1996b) Mortality study of workers employed in 1,3-butadiene production units identified from a large chemical workers cohort. Toxicology, 113, 157-168
337. Wiencke, J.K. & Kelsey, K.T. (1993) Susceptibility to induction of chromosomal damage by metabolites of 1,3-butadiene and its relationship to 'spontaneous' sister chromatid exchange frequencies in human lymphocytes. In: Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. & Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards (IARC Scientific Publication No. 127), Lyon, IARC, pp. 265-273
338. Wiencke, J.K., Vosika, J., Johnson, P., Wang, N. & Garry, V.F. (1982) Differential induction of sister chromatid exchange by chemical carcinogens in lymphocytes cultured from patients with solid tumors. Pharmacology, 24, 67-73
339. Wiencke, J.K., Christiani, D.C. & Kelsey, K.T. (1991) Bimodal distribution of sensitivity to SCE induction by diepoxybutane in human lymphocytes. I. Correlation with chromosomal aberrations. Mutat. Res., 248, 17-26
340. Wiencke, J.K., Pemble, S., Ketterer, B. & Kelsey, K.T. (1995) Gene deletion of glutathione S-transferase theta: correlation with induced genetic damage and potential role in endogenous mutagenesis. Cancer Epidem. Biomarkers Prev., 4, 253-259
341. Wilson, R.H., Hough, G.V. & McCormic, W.E. (1948) Medical problems encountered in the manufacture of American-made rubber. Ind. Med., 17, 199-207
342. Wistuba, D., Nowotny, H.P., Träger, O. & Schurig, V. (1989) Cytochrome P-450 catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of simple prochiral and chiral aliphatic alkenes. Species dependence and effect of enzyme induction on enantioselective oxirane formation. Chirality, 1, 127-136
343. Xiao, Y. & Tales, A.D. (1995) Clastogenic effects of 1,3-butadiene and its metabolites 1,2-epoxybutene and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane in splenocytes and germ cells of rats and mice in vivo. Environ. Health Perspect., 26, 97-108
344. Zeiger, E. & Pagano, D.A. (1989) Mutagenicity of the human carcinogen treosulphan in Salmonella. Environ. Health Perspect., 13, 343-346
345. Zhu, S. & Zeiger, E. (1993) Mutagenicity of the human carcinogen treosulphan, and its hydrolysis product, d1-1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane in mammalian cells. Environ. Health Perspect., 21, 95-99
346. Zhuang, S.-M., Cochran, C., Goodrow, T., Wiseman, R.W. & Soderkvist, P. (1997) Genetic alterations of p53 and ras genes in 1,3-butadiene-and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine-induced lymphomas. Cancer Res., 57, 2710-2714
347. Zimmermann, F.K. (1971) Induction of mitotic gene conversion by mutagens. Mutat. Res., 11, 327-337
348. Zimmermann, F.K. & Vig, B.K. (1975) Mutagen specificity in the induction of mitotic crossingover in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol.. gen. Genet., 139, 255-268