Succinylcholine: Adverse effects and alternatives in emergency medicine

American Journal of Emergency Medicine

Volumn 17, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 715-721

  Orebaugh, Steven L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Airway management; Mivacurium nondepolarazing neuromuscular blockade; Rapid sequence intubation; Rocuronium; Succinylcholine

Indexed keywords

MIVACURIUM; ROCURONIUM; SUXAMETHONIUM;

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; DRUG EFFECT; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION; FASCICULATION; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOXIA; MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION; MUSCLE RELAXATION; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0032726226     PISSN: 07356757     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90168-7     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Book WJ, Abel M, Eisenkraft JB: Adverse effects of depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents. Drug Safety 1994;10:331-349
2. DeGarmo BH, Dronen S: Pharmacology and clinical use of neuromuscular blocking agents. Am J Emerg Med 1983;12:48-55
3. Bevan Dr, Bevan JC, Donati F: "Succinylcholine." In Muscle Relaxants in Clinical Anesthesia. Chicago, IL, Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1988, pp 247-278
4. Savarese JJ, Miller RD, Lien C, et al: "Pharmacology of muscle relaxants and their antagonists." In Miller RD (ed): Anesthesia (ed 4). New York, NY, Churchill-Livingstone, 1994, p 422
5. Cook DR: Pharmokinetics of SCC. Clin Pharm Ther 1976;20: 493-497
6. Manufacturer's data: "Succinylcholine." In Physician's Desk Reference (ed 51). Montvale, NJ, Medical Economics Company, Inc, 1997, pp 1062-1063
7. Torda TA, Graham GG, Narwick NR, et al: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of suxamethonium. Anaesth Intensive Care 1997;25:272-278
8. Cook DR, Marcy DH: "Pediatric anesthetic pharmacology." In Cook DR, Marcy JH (eds): Neonatal Anesthesia. Pasadena, CA, Appleton-Davies, 1988, pp 107-112
9. Szalados JE: Effect of d-tubocurare pretreatment on Succinylcholine twitch augmentation and neuromuscular blockade. Anesth Analg 1990;71:55-59
10. Connelly NR, Silverman DG, Brull SJ: Temporal correlation of succinylcholine-induced fasciculations to loss of twitch response at different frequencies. J Clin Anesth 1992;4:190-193
11. Cooper R, Mirakhur RK, Clarke RSJ, et al: Comparison of intubating conditions after administration of organon 9426 and suxamethonium. Br J Anaesth 1992;69:269-273
12. Puhringer FK, Khuerl-Brady DS, Doller J, et al: Evaluation of the endotracheal intubating conditions of rocuronium and succinylcholine in outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 1992;75:37-40
13. Benumof JL, Dagg R, Benumof R: Critical hemoglobin desaturation will occur before return to an unparalyzed state after administration of 1 mg/kg of intravenous Succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 1997;87:979-985
14. Yentis SM: Suxamethonium and hyperkalemia. Anaesth Intensive Care 1992;18:92-101
15. Norman J: Succinylcholine. Curr Opin Anesth 1991;4:583-587
16. Paton WDM: Mode of action of neuromuscular blocking agents. Br J Anaesth 1956;28:470-480
17. Henning RD, Bush GH: Plasma potassium after halothanesuxamethonium induction in children. Anaesthesia 1982;37:802-805
18. List WF: Serum potassium changes during induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1967;39:478-480
19. Evers W, Racz GB, Levy AA: Changes in plasma potassium and calcium levels and in the electrocardiogram after a single dose of Succinylcholine preceded by d-tubocurarine. Can Anaesth Soc J 1976;23:383-390
20. Koller M-E, Breivik H, Greider P, et al: Synergistic effect of acidosis and succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in spinal cord transected rats. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1984;28:87-90
21. Cook JH: Effects of suxamethonium on introcular pressure. Anaesthesiology 1981;36:359-365
22. Abdulla WY, Flaifil HA: Intraocular pressure changes in response to endotracheal intubation facilitated by atracurium or succinylcholine with or without lidocaine. Acta Anaesth Belg 1992;43: 91-94
23. Kelly RE, Dinner M, Turner LS, et al: Succinylcholine increases intraocular pressure in the human eye with the extraocular muscles detached. Anesthesiology 1993;9:948-952
24. Libonati MM, Leahy JJ, Ellison N: Use of Succinylcholine in open eye surgery. Anesthesiology 1985;62:637-640
25. McGoldrick KE: The open globe: Is an alternative to succinylcholine necessary? J Clin Anesth 1993;5:1-4
26. Miller RD, Way WL: Inhibition of succinylcholine-induced increase in intragastric pressure. Anesthesiology 1971;34:185-187
27. Smith G, Dalling R, Williams TIR: Gastroesophageal pressure gradient changes produced by induction of anesthesia and suxamethonium. Br J Anaesth 1978;50:1137-1140
28. Artru AA: Muscle relaxation with Succinylcholine or vecuronium does not alter the rate of CSF production or resistance to reabsorption of CSF in dogs. Anesthesiology 1988;68:392-396
29. Cottrell JE, Hartung J, Griffin JP, et al: Intracranial and hemodynamic changes after Succinylcholine in cats. Anesth Analg 1983;62:1006-1009
30. Lam AM, Gelb AW: Succinylcholine and intracranial pressure: A cause for pause. Anesth Analg 1984;63:620
31. Lanier WL, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: Cerebral stimulation following Succinylcholine in dogs. Anesthesiology 1986;64:551-559
32. Kovarick WD, Mayberg TS, Lam AM, et al: Succinylcholine does not change intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow velocity or the electroencephalogram in patients with neurologic injury. Anesth Analg 1994;78:469-473
33. Brown MM, Parr MJ, Manara AR: The effect of suxamethonium on the intracranial pressure and the cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with severe head injury following blunt trauma. Eur J Anaesth 1996;13:474-477
34. Galindo AHF: Succinylcholine and cardiac excitability. Anesthesiology 1962;23:32-38
35. Hunter JM: Adverse effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs. Br J Anaesth 1987;59:46-60
36. Nigrovic V: Succinylcholine cholinoceptors and catecholamines. Can Anaesth Soc J 1984;31:382-394
37. Sherman EP, Lebowitz PW, Street WC: Bradycardia following sufentanil-succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 1987;66:106-110
38. Lerman J: The heart rate response to Succinylcholine in children: A comparison of atropine and glycopyrrolate. Can Anaesth Soc J 1984;31:382-394
39. Basta SJ: Modulation of histamine release by neuromuscular blocking drugs. Curr Opin Anesth 1992;5:572-577
40. Miller RD: Advantages of giving d-tubocurare before Succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 1972;37:568-569
41. Brodsky JB, Brock-Utne JC, Samuels SI: Pancuronium pretreatment and post-succinylcholine myalgias. Anesthesiology 1979; 51:259-261
42. Jansen EC, Hansen PH: Objective measurement of succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and the effects of pretreatment with pancuronium orgallamine. Anesthesiology 1979;51:159-160
43. Pace NL: Prevention of succinylcholine-induced myalgias. Anesth Analg 1990;70:77-81
44. Lee C: Succinylcholine update. Curr Opin Anesth 1993;6:709-714
45. Feldman JM: Cardiac arrest after Succinylcholine administration in a pregnant patient recovered from Guillain-Beret syndrome. Anesthesiology 1990;72:942-944
46. Frankville DD, Drummond JC: Hyperkalemia after Succinylcholine administration in a patient with closed head injury without paresis. Anesthesiology 1987;67:264-266
47. Walker DE, Barry JM, Hodges CV: Succinylcholine-induced ventricular fibrillation in the paralyzed urology patient. J Urol 1975;113: 111-112
48. Iwatsuki N, Kuroda N, Amana K, et al: Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Anesthesiology 1980;53:64-67
49. Greenwalt JW III: Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia eight weeks after a brief paraplegic episode. Anesth Analg 1992;75:294-295
50. Gronert GA, Dotin LN, Ritchey CR, et al: Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in burned patients: II. Anesth Analg 1969;48: 958-963
51. Birch AA, Mitchell GD, Playford GA: Changes in serum potassium response to succinylcholine following trauma. JAMA 1969;210:490-495
52. Tobey RE, Jacobsen PM, Kahle CJ, et al: The serum potassium response to muscle relaxants in neural injury. Anesthesiology 1972;37:332-337
53. Stone WA, Beach TP, Hamelberg W: Succinylcholine: Danger in the spinal cord-injured patient. Anesthesiology 1970;32:168-169
54. Brooke MM, Donovan WH, Stolov WC: Paraplegia: Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1978;59:306-309
55. Tobey RE: Paraplegia, succinylcholine and cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 1970;32:359-364
56. Baker BB, Wagner JA, Hemenway WG: Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in neuromuscular disease. JAMA 1970;213: 1867-1871
57. Smith RB, Grenvik A: Cardiac arrest following succinylcholine in patients with central nervous system injury. Anesthesiology 1970; 33:558-559
58. Fergusson RJ, Wright DJ, Willey RF, et al: Suxamethonium is dangerous in polyneuropathy. Br Med J 1981;1:298-299
59. Nicholson MJ: Circulatory collapse following succinylcholine: Report of a patient with diffuse lower motor neuron disease. Anesth Analg 1971;50:431-437
60. Cooperman LH: Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. Arch Otolaryngol 1972;96:464-465
61. Mazze RI, Escue HM, Houston JB: Hyperkalemia and cardiovascular collapse following administration of succinylcholine to the traumatized patients. Anesthesiology 1969;31:540-547
62. George AC: Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia. Ann Intern Med 1987;66:720-723
63. Rosenberg H, Gronert GA: Intractable cardiac arrest in children given sucinylcholine. Anesthesiology 1992;77:1054
64. Delphin E, Jackson D, Rothstein P: Use of succinyicholine during elective pediatric anesthesia should be reevaluated. Anesth Analg 1987;66:1190-1192
65. Miller ED, Sanders DB, Rowlingson JC, et al: Anesthesiainduced rhabdomyolysis in a patient with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Anesthesiology 1978;48:146-148
66. Farrell PT: Anaesthesia-induced rhabdomyolysis causing cardiac arrest. Anaesth Intern Care 1994;22:597-581
67. Smith CE, Saddler JM, Bevan JC, et al: Pretreatment with nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents and suxamethoniuminduced increases in resting jaw tension in children. Br J Anaesth 1990;64:577-581
68. Littleford JA, Patel LR, Bose D, et al: Masseter muscle spasm in children. Anesth Analg 1991;72:151-160
69. Schwarz L, Rockoff MA, Koka BV: Masseter spasm with anesthesia: Incidence and implications. Anesthesiology 1984;61:772-775
70. Sims C: Masseter spasm after suxamethonium in children. Br J Hosp Med 1992;47:139-143
71. Marohn MC, Nagia AH: Masseter muscle rigidity after rapidsequence induction of anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 1992;77:205-207
72. Christian AS, Ellis FR, Halsall PJ: Is there a relationship between masseteric muscle spasm and malignant hyperthermia? Br J Anaesth 1989;62:540-544
73. Gronert GA: Management of patients in whom trismus occurs following succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 1987;68:653-654
74. Gronert GA: Malignant hyperthermia. Anesthesiology 1980;53: 395-423
75. MacLennan DH, Duff C, Zorzato F, et al: Ryanodine receptor gene is a candidate for predisposition to malignant hyperthermia. Nature 1990;343:559-560
76. Heimann-Patterson TD: Halothane caffeine contraction testing in neuromuscular diseases. Muscle Nerve 1988;11:453-457
77. Tamisto T: The inhibitory effects of d-tubocurine on the increase in serum CK activity produced by intermittent succyinylcholine administration during halothane anesthesia. Acta Anaesth Scand 1967;11:333-340
78. Ryan JF, Kagen LJ, Hyman AI: Myoglobinemia after a single dose of succinylcholine. N Engl J Med 1971;285:824-827
79. Bowman WC: Nonrelaxant properties of neuromuscular blocking drugs. Br J Anaesth 1982;54:147-157
80. Bevan DR: Depolarizing agents. In Muscle Relaxants in Clinical Anesthesia. Chicago, IL, Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1988, pp 247-277
81. Laxenaire MC, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Widner S, et al: Substances anesthetiques responsables de chocs anaphylactiques. Annales Francaises d'Anesthesia et de Reanimacion 1990;9:501-506
82. Moss J: Muscle relaxants and histamine release. Acta Anaesth Scand 1995;106:7-12
83. Vervloet P, Nizankowska E, Arnaud A, et al: Adverse reactions to suxamethonium and other muscle relaxants under general anesthesia. J Clin Immunol 1983;71:552-558
84. Brahams D: Fatal reaction to suxamethonium: Case for screening by the radioallergosorbent test? Lancet 1989;1:1400-1401
85. Lockeridge O: Genetic variants of human serum cholinesterase influence metabolism of the muscle relaxant succinylcholine. Clin Pharm Ther 1990;47:35-60
86. Eisenkraft JB, Book WJ, Mann SM: Resistance to succinylcholine in myasthenia gravis: A dose response study. Anesthesiology 1988;69:760-763
87. Viby-Moganson J: Succinylcholine neuromuscular blockade in subjects heterozygous for abnormal plasma cholinesterase. Anesthesiology 1981;55:429-434
88. Viby-Moganson J: Succinylcholine neuromuscular blockade in subjects homozygous for abnormal plasma cholinesterase. Anesthesiology 1981;55:231-235
89. Zsigmond EK, Robins G: The effects of a series of anticancer drugs on plasma cholinesterase activity. Can Anaesth Soc J 1975;19: 75-82
90. Gestzes T: Prolonged apnea after succinylcholine administration. Br J Anaesth 1966;38:406-407
91. Pantuck EJ: Ecothiophate Iodide eyedrops and prolonged response to suxamethonium. Br J Anaesth 1966;38:406-408
92. Lee C: Succinylcholine: Its past, present and future. In Katz RC (ed): Muscle Relaxants. Orlando, FL, Grune and Stratton, 1984, pp 69-85
93. Hunter JM: New neuromuscular blocking drugs. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1691-1698
94. Cook DR, Freeman JA, Lai AA, et al: Pharmacokinetics of mivacurium in normal patients and in those with hepatic or renal failure. Br J Anaesth 1992;69:580-585
95. Wierda JM, Hommes FD, Nap HJ, et al: Time course of action and intubating conditions following vecuronium, rocuronium and mivacurium. Anaesthesia 1995;50:393-396
96. Savarese JJ, Lien CA, Belmont MR, et al: The clinical and basic pharmacology of mivacurium: A short-acting nondepolarizing benzylisoquinolinium diester neuromuscular blocking drug. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 1995;106:18-22
97. Savarese JJ, Ali HH, Basta SJ, et al: The clinical pharmacology of mivacurium chloride. Anesthesiology 1988;68:723-732
98. Tang J, Joshi GP, White PF: Comparison of rocuronium and mivacurium to succinylcholine during outpatient laparoscopic surgery. Anesth Analg 1996;82:994-998
99. Wiklund RA, Rosenbaum SH: Anesthesiology: First of two parts. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1132-1141
100. Caldwell JE, Heier T, Kitts JB, et al: Comparison of the neuromuscular block induced by mivacurium, suxamethonium and atracurium during nitrous oxide-fentanyl anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1989;63:393-399
101. Diffenbach C, Buzello W, Mellinghoff H: Mivacurium chloride: A comparative profile. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 1995;106: 23-25
102. Patel N, Kamath N, Smith CE, et al: Intubating conditions and neuromuscular block after divided dose mivacurium or single dose rocuronium. Can J Anaesth 1997;44:49-53
103. Naguib M, Samorkondi AH, Bakhamees HS, et al: Histamine release and hemodynamic changes produced by rocuronium, vecuronium, mivacurium, atracurium and tubocurarine. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75:588-592
104. Pino RM, Hassan HA, Denman WT, et al: A comparison of the intubation conditions between mivacurium and rocuronium during balanced anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1998;88:673-678
105. Wrigley SR, Jones RM, Harrop-Griffiths, et al: Mivacurium chloride: A study to evaluate its use during propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anaesthesiology 1992;47:653-657
106. Madineni VR, Mirakhur RK, McCoy EP, et al: Neuromuscular effects and intubating conditions following mivacurium. Anaesthesia 1993;48:940-945
107. Mangat PS, Evans DE, Harmer M, et al: A comparison between mivacurium and suxamethonium in children. Anaesthesia 1993;48:866-869
108. Manufacturer's data: Rocuronium. In Physician's Desk Reference (ed 5). Montvale, NJ, Medical Economics Company, 1997:1885-1889
109. McCulloch DA: "Muscle relaxants." In White PF (ed): Anesthesia Drug Manual. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, 1990, pp 299-300
110. Szenohradszky J, Fisher DM, Segredo V, et al: Pharmacokinetics of rocuronium bromide in patients with normal renal function and patients undergoing cadaveric renal transplantation. Anesthesiology 1992;77:899-904
111. Foldes FF, Nagashima H, Nguyer HD, et al: Neuromuscular effects of ORG9426 in patients receiving balanced anesthesia. Anesthesiology 75:191-196
112. Quill TJ, Begin M, Glass PSA, et al: Clinical responses to ORG9426 during isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1991;72:203-206
113. Bartkowski RR, Witkowski TA, Azad S, et al: Rocuronium onset of action: A comparison with atracurium and vecuronium. Anesth Analg 1993;77:574-578
114. Menginhoff H, Diefenbach Ch, Buzello W: Neuromuscular and cardiovascular properties of ORG9426. Anesthesiology 1991; 75:A806 (abstr)
115. Magorian T, Flannery KB, Miller RD: Comparison of rocuronium, succinylcholine and vecuronium for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia in adult patients. Anesthesiology 1993;79:913-918
116. Wright PMC, Caldwell JE, Miller RD: Onset and duration of rocuronium and succinylcholine at the adductor pollicus and laryngeal adductor muscles in anesthetized humans. Anesthesiology 1994;81:1110-1115
117. Huizinga ACT, Vandenbrom RHG, Wierda JMK, et al: Intubating conditions and onset of neuromuscular blockade of rocuronium: A comparison with suxamethonium. Acta Anaesth Scand 1992;36:463-468
118. Sparr HJ, Giesinger S, Ulmer H, et al: Influence of induction technique on intubating conditions after rocuronium in adults. Br J Anaesth 1996;77:339-342
119. Tryba M, Zorn A, Zenz M: Rapid sequence orotracheal intubation with rocuronium: A randomized, double-blind comparison with suxamethonium: Preliminary communication. Eur J Anaesth 1994;11:44-48
120. Naguib M: Different priming techniques, including mivacurium, accelerate the onset of rocuronium. Can J Anaesth 1994;41:902-907
121. Stevens JB, Shephered JM, Vories PA, et al: A mixture of mivacurium and rocuronium is comparable in clinical onset to succinylcholine. J Clin Anesth 1996;8:486-490
122. Hilgenberg JC: Comparison of the pharmacology of vecuronium and atracurium with that of other currently available muscle relaxants. Anesth Analg 1983;62:524-531
123. Cooper RA, Mirakhur RK, and Maddineni VR: Neuromuscuiar effects of rocuronium bromide during fentanyl and halothane anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1993;48:103-105
124. Tullock W, Scott V, Smith DA, et al: Kinetics/dynamics of 51W89 in liver transplant patients and healthy patients. 1994;81: A1076 (abstr)