Southeast Asia's democratic moment

Asian Survey

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 418-431

  Acharya, Amitav ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASEAN; DEMOCRATIZATION; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

ASIA;

EID: 0032724915     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3021206     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. "Musa [Hitam]: Asia's Dynamic Growth Lulled People into Complacency," New Straits Times (Kuala Lumpur), June 1, 1998, p. 4.
2. Recent studies of democratization in Southeast Asia include the important volume by Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison, and Garry Rodan, eds., Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993); Don Emmerson, "Region and Recalcitrance: Rethinking Democracy Through Southeast Asia," Pacific Review 8:2 (1995), pp. 223-48; Clark D. Neher and Ross Marlay, Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995); and Michael R. J. Vatikiotis, Political Change in Southeast Asia: Trimming the Banyan Tree (London: Routledge, 1996). Several other studies of democratization in the Asia Pacific region include Southeast Asian case studies. See Harold Crouch and James Morley, eds., Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); Daniel A. Bell, David Brown, Kanishka Jaayasuriya, and David Martin Jones, Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia (London: Macmillan, 1995); Anek Laothamatas, ed., Democratization in Southeast and East Asia (Singapore; Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1997); and Garry Rodan, ed., Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia (London: Routledge, 1996).
3. Recent studies of democratization in Southeast Asia include the important volume by Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison, and Garry Rodan, eds., Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993); Don Emmerson, "Region and Recalcitrance: Rethinking Democracy Through Southeast Asia," Pacific Review 8:2 (1995), pp. 223-48; Clark D. Neher and Ross Marlay, Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995); and Michael R. J. Vatikiotis, Political Change in Southeast Asia: Trimming the Banyan Tree (London: Routledge, 1996). Several other studies of democratization in the Asia Pacific region include Southeast Asian case studies. See Harold Crouch and James Morley, eds., Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); Daniel A. Bell, David Brown, Kanishka Jaayasuriya, and David Martin Jones, Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia (London: Macmillan, 1995); Anek Laothamatas, ed., Democratization in Southeast and East Asia (Singapore; Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1997); and Garry Rodan, ed., Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia (London: Routledge, 1996).
4. Recent studies of democratization in Southeast Asia include the important volume by Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison, and Garry Rodan, eds., Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993); Don Emmerson, "Region and Recalcitrance: Rethinking Democracy Through Southeast Asia," Pacific Review 8:2 (1995), pp. 223-48; Clark D. Neher and Ross Marlay, Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995); and Michael R. J. Vatikiotis, Political Change in Southeast Asia: Trimming the Banyan Tree (London: Routledge, 1996). Several other studies of democratization in the Asia Pacific region include Southeast Asian case studies. See Harold Crouch and James Morley, eds., Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); Daniel A. Bell, David Brown, Kanishka Jaayasuriya, and David Martin Jones, Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia (London: Macmillan, 1995); Anek Laothamatas, ed., Democratization in Southeast and East Asia (Singapore; Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1997); and Garry Rodan, ed., Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia (London: Routledge, 1996).
5. Recent studies of democratization in Southeast Asia include the important volume by Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison, and Garry Rodan, eds., Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993); Don Emmerson, "Region and Recalcitrance: Rethinking Democracy Through Southeast Asia," Pacific Review 8:2 (1995), pp. 223-48; Clark D. Neher and Ross Marlay, Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995); and Michael R. J. Vatikiotis, Political Change in Southeast Asia: Trimming the Banyan Tree (London: Routledge, 1996). Several other studies of democratization in the Asia Pacific region include Southeast Asian case studies. See Harold Crouch and James Morley, eds., Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); Daniel A. Bell, David Brown, Kanishka Jaayasuriya, and David Martin Jones, Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia (London: Macmillan, 1995); Anek Laothamatas, ed., Democratization in Southeast and East Asia (Singapore; Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1997); and Garry Rodan, ed., Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia (London: Routledge, 1996).
6. Recent studies of democratization in Southeast Asia include the important volume by Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison, and Garry Rodan, eds., Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993); Don Emmerson, "Region and Recalcitrance: Rethinking Democracy Through Southeast Asia," Pacific Review 8:2 (1995), pp. 223-48; Clark D. Neher and Ross Marlay, Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995); and Michael R. J. Vatikiotis, Political Change in Southeast Asia: Trimming the Banyan Tree (London: Routledge, 1996). Several other studies of democratization in the Asia Pacific region include Southeast Asian case studies. See Harold Crouch and James Morley, eds., Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); Daniel A. Bell, David Brown, Kanishka Jaayasuriya, and David Martin Jones, Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia (London: Macmillan, 1995); Anek Laothamatas, ed., Democratization in Southeast and East Asia (Singapore; Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1997); and Garry Rodan, ed., Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia (London: Routledge, 1996).
7. Recent studies of democratization in Southeast Asia include the important volume by Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison, and Garry Rodan, eds., Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993); Don Emmerson, "Region and Recalcitrance: Rethinking Democracy Through Southeast Asia," Pacific Review 8:2 (1995), pp. 223-48; Clark D. Neher and Ross Marlay, Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995); and Michael R. J. Vatikiotis, Political Change in Southeast Asia: Trimming the Banyan Tree (London: Routledge, 1996). Several other studies of democratization in the Asia Pacific region include Southeast Asian case studies. See Harold Crouch and James Morley, eds., Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); Daniel A. Bell, David Brown, Kanishka Jaayasuriya, and David Martin Jones, Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia (London: Macmillan, 1995); Anek Laothamatas, ed., Democratization in Southeast and East Asia (Singapore; Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1997); and Garry Rodan, ed., Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia (London: Routledge, 1996).
8. Recent studies of democratization in Southeast Asia include the important volume by Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison, and Garry Rodan, eds., Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993); Don Emmerson, "Region and Recalcitrance: Rethinking Democracy Through Southeast Asia," Pacific Review 8:2 (1995), pp. 223-48; Clark D. Neher and Ross Marlay, Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995); and Michael R. J. Vatikiotis, Political Change in Southeast Asia: Trimming the Banyan Tree (London: Routledge, 1996). Several other studies of democratization in the Asia Pacific region include Southeast Asian case studies. See Harold Crouch and James Morley, eds., Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); Daniel A. Bell, David Brown, Kanishka Jaayasuriya, and David Martin Jones, Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia (London: Macmillan, 1995); Anek Laothamatas, ed., Democratization in Southeast and East Asia (Singapore; Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1997); and Garry Rodan, ed., Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia (London: Routledge, 1996).
9. Recent studies of democratization in Southeast Asia include the important volume by Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison, and Garry Rodan, eds., Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993); Don Emmerson, "Region and Recalcitrance: Rethinking Democracy Through Southeast Asia," Pacific Review 8:2 (1995), pp. 223-48; Clark D. Neher and Ross Marlay, Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia: The Winds of Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995); and Michael R. J. Vatikiotis, Political Change in Southeast Asia: Trimming the Banyan Tree (London: Routledge, 1996). Several other studies of democratization in the Asia Pacific region include Southeast Asian case studies. See Harold Crouch and James Morley, eds., Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1993); Daniel A. Bell, David Brown, Kanishka Jaayasuriya, and David Martin Jones, Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia (London: Macmillan, 1995); Anek Laothamatas, ed., Democratization in Southeast and East Asia (Singapore; Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1997); and Garry Rodan, ed., Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia (London: Routledge, 1996).
10. Sec in particular, Crouch and Morley, eds., Driven by Growth, and Don Emmerson, "A Virtuous Spiral? Southeast Asian Economic Growth and Its Political Implication," in Asia's New World Order, ed. George T. Yu (Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press, 1997).
11. Sec in particular, Crouch and Morley, eds., Driven by Growth, and Don Emmerson, "A Virtuous Spiral? Southeast Asian Economic Growth and Its Political Implication," in Asia's New World Order, ed. George T. Yu (Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press, 1997).
12. Some recent contributions to this debate include Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," American Behavioral Scientist 35 (May-June 1992), pp. 450-99; John Heliwell, "Empirical Linkages Between Democracy and Economic Growth," British Journal of Political Science 24 (April 1994), pp. 225-48; and Seymour Martin Lipset, "The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited," American Sociological Review 59 (February 1994), pp. 1-22.
13. Some recent contributions to this debate include Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," American Behavioral Scientist 35 (May-June 1992), pp. 450-99; John Heliwell, "Empirical Linkages Between Democracy and Economic Growth," British Journal of Political Science 24 (April 1994), pp. 225-48; and Seymour Martin Lipset, "The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited," American Sociological Review 59 (February 1994), pp. 1-22.
14. Some recent contributions to this debate include Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," American Behavioral Scientist 35 (May-June 1992), pp. 450-99; John Heliwell, "Empirical Linkages Between Democracy and Economic Growth," British Journal of Political Science 24 (April 1994), pp. 225-48; and Seymour Martin Lipset, "The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited," American Sociological Review 59 (February 1994), pp. 1-22.
15. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968).
16. For a review of Third Wave literature, see Don Chull Shin, "On the Third Wave of Democratization: A Synthesis of Recent Theory and Research," World Politics 47 (October 1994), pp. 135-70. For a strong argument as to why economic growth can promote democratization, see Tun-jen Cheng, "Taiwan in Democratic Transition" in Driven by Growth, ed. Morley, pp. 193-218.
17. For a review of Third Wave literature, see Don Chull Shin, "On the Third Wave of Democratization: A Synthesis of Recent Theory and Research," World Politics 47 (October 1994), pp. 135-70. For a strong argument as to why economic growth can promote democratization, see Tun-jen Cheng, "Taiwan in Democratic Transition" in Driven by Growth, ed. Morley, pp. 193-218.
18. Samuel P. Huntington, "Cart Before the Horse," Financial Mail (Johannesburg), 129:5 (July 30, 1993), p. 39, cited in Larry Swatuk and Timothy Shaw, eds., The South at the End of the Twentieth Century (London: Macmillan, 1994), p. 236.
19. Samuel P. Huntington, "Cart Before the Horse," Financial Mail (Johannesburg), 129:5 (July 30, 1993), p. 39, cited in Larry Swatuk and Timothy Shaw, eds., The South at the End of the Twentieth Century (London: Macmillan, 1994), p. 236.
20. Larry Diamond, "The Globalization of Democracy," in Global Transformation and the Third World, eds. Robert O. Slatter, Barry M. Schultz, and Steven R. Dorr (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1993), pp. 31-69.
21. China News (Taipei), November 21, 1992.
22. Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright, Opening Remarks Before the Senate Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Washington, D.C., June 16, 1998, as released by the Office of the Spokesman, U.S. Department of State.
23. "An Open Government Saved US: Ramos," Straits Times, June 16, 1988, p. 18.
24. Amitav Acharya, "Is Democracy Best?" Asiaweek, October 23, 1998, p. 80.
25. Sunanda K. Dutta-Ray, "Only Clear Laws Can Stem the Tide," Straits Times, March 1, 1998, p. 4.
26. "Riots Not a Call for Democracy," interview with Lee Kuan Yew, Straits Times, June 16, 1998, p. 33.
27. Amitav Acharya, "Cambodia, the U.N., and the Problems of Peace: An Assessment of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia: Lessons of UNTAC," Pacific Review 7:3 (1994), pp. 297-308.
28. "Negotiating Pacts," in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, eds. Guillermo A. O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schimtter, and Laurence Whitehead (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p. 46.
29. Tan Lian Choo, "Personality Politics in Thailand," in Southeast Asian Affairs 1991 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1992), p. 289.
30. I am grateful to the anonymous referee of Asian Survey for bringing this to my attention.
31. Robert Garran, "U.S. Insists on Reform-Aid Link," Australian, May 21, 1998, p. 6.
32. Reproduced in the Nation (Bangkok), June 11, 1998, p. A4.
33. Robert Garran and Matthew Abraham, "IMF Could Delay Loans," Australian, May 21, 1998, p. 6.
34. Kafil Yamin, "Indonesia: World Bank Brings Aid for Jobs, Gets Flak Instead," Inter Press Service, February 5, 1998.
35. "The Right Stuff," Far Eastern Economic Review, December 18, 1997, p. 64.
36. "Abri Looking to Ease Out of Political Role," Straits Times, June 22, 1998, p. 14.
37. Ibid.
38. "International Organizations and Democracy," editorial. Journal of Democracy 4:3 (July 1993), p. 3. The issue contains several articles dealing with the role of international organizations in promoting democracy.
39. Cited in New Straits Times (Kuala Lumpur), July 20, 1991, p. 1.
40. "The Limits of Politeness," Economist, February 28, 1998, p. 43.
41. "Surin Pushes 'Peer Pressure'," Bangkok Post, June 13, 1998, p. 5.
42. "Thais Retract Call for ASEAN Intervention," Straits Times Interactive, June 27, 1998.
43. "Neighbours Express Growing Alarm," ibid., May 15, 1998; and "Let Jakarta Resolve Crisis," ibid.
44. "Neighbours Express Growing Alarm," ibid., May 15, 1998; and "Let Jakarta Resolve Crisis," ibid.
45. Straits Times, October 7, 1998, p. 22.
46. Ibid., October 16, 1998, p. 35.
47. Sunday Times (Singapore), October 4, 1998, p. 19.