Causes of cerebral palsy

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 487-491

  Nelson, Karin B ^a,c   Grether, Judith K ^b  

^a Natl Inst Nerv Disord and Stroke   (United States)

^b California Birth Defects Monitoring Program   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTICLE; CEREBRAL PALSY; HUMAN; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; NEWBORN DISEASE; NEWBORN HYPOXIA; PREMATURITY; PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM; CEREBRAL PALSY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0032724799     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008480-199912000-00002     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Guyer B, Martin JA, MacDorman MF, Andersen RN, Strobino DM: Annual summary of vital statistics-1996. Pediatrics 1997, 100:905-918.
2. Waitman NJ, Scheffler RM, Romano PS, Harris JA: Economic costs of congenital anomalies. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994, 44:695-699.
3. Bottos M, Granato T, Allibrio G, Gioachin C, Puato ML: Prevalence of cerebral palsy in north-east Italy from 1965 to 1989. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999, 41:26-39.
4. O'Shea TM, Preisser JS, Klinepeter KL, Dillard RG: Trends in mortality and cerebral palsy in a geographically based cohort of very low birth weight neonates born between 1982 to 1992. Pediatrics 1998, 101:642-647.
5. Cooke RW: Trends in incidence of cranial ultrasound lesions and cerebral palsy in very low birthweight infants 1982-93. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999, 80:F115-F117.
6. Nelson KB, Grether JK: Potentially asphyxiating conditions and spastic cerebral palsy in infants of normal birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998, 179:507-513.
7. Nelson KB, Dambrosia JM, Ting TY, Grether JK: Uncertain value of electronic fetal monitoring in predicting cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med 1998, 334:613-618.
8. Perlman JM, Risser R: Can asphyxiated infants at risk for neonatal seizures be rapidly identified by current high-risk markers? Pediatrics 1996, 97:456-462.
9. Nelson KB, Grether JK: Selection of infants for neuroprotective therapies: one set of criteria applied to a population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998, 153:393-398.
10. Badawi N, Kurinczuk JJ, Keogh JM, Alessandri LM, O'Sullivan F, Burton PR, et al.: Intrapartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study. BMJ 1998, 317:1554-1558.
11. Badawi N, Kurinczuk JJ, Keogh JM, Alessandri LM, O'Sullivan F, Burton PR, et al.: Antepartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study. BMJ 1998, 317:1549-1553. • This is a methodologically sound study of factors associated with increased risk of neonatal encephalopathy. This investigation, with minimal prior assumptions, yields several questions that invite further research.
12. Murphy DJ, Sellers S, MacKenzie IA, Yudkin PL, Johnson AM: Case-control study of antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for cerebral palsy in preterm singleton babies. Lancet 1995, 346:1449-1454.
13. Grether JK, Nelson KB: Prenatal and perinatal factors and cerebral palsy in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr 1996, 128:407-414.
14. Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Cavallini A, Stronati M, De Santolo A, Fazzi E: Preeclampsia, preterm delivery and infant cerebral palsy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998, 77:151-155.
15. O'Shea TM, Klinepeter KL, Dillard RG: Prenatal events and the risk of cerebral palsy in very low birth weight infants. Am J Epidemiol 1998, 147:362-369.
16. Wilson-Costello D, Borawski E, Friedman H, Redline R, Fanaroff AA, Hack M: Perinatal correlates of cerebral palsy and other neurologic impairment among very low birth weight children. Pediatrics 1998, 102:315-322. • This article gives a thoughtful examination of a range of risk factors and their association with CP in very-low-birthweight children, and reviews the current relevant literature.
17. Grether JK, Nelson KB: Maternal infection and cerebral palsy in infants of normal birthweight. JAMA 1997, 278:207-211.
18. Dite GS, Bell R, Reddihough DS, Bessell C, Brennecke S, Sheedy M: Antenatal and perinatal antecedents of moderate and severe spastic cerebral palsy. Aust N Z Obstet Gynaecol 1998, 38:377-383.
19. Nelson KB, Dambrosia JM, Grether JK, Phillips TM: Neonatal cytokines and coagulation factors in children with cerebral palsy. Ann Neurol 1998, 44:665-675.
20. Allan WC, Vohr B, Makuch RW, Katz KH, Ment LR: Antecedents of cerebral palsy in a multicenter trial of indomethacin or intraventricular hemorrhage. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997, 151:580-585.
21. Yoon BH, Jun JK, Romero R, Park KH, Gomez R, Choi J-H, et al.: Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin- 1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997, 177:19-26.
22. O'Shea TM, Klinepeter KL Meis PJ, Dillard RG: Intrauterine infection and the risk of cerebral palsy in very low-birthweight infants. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1998, 12:72-83.
23. Redline RW, Wilson-Costello D, Borawski E, Fanaroff AA, Hack M: Placental lesions associated with neurologic impairment and cerebral palsy in very low-birth-weight infants. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998, 122:1091-1098.
24. Toti P, de Felice C, Palmeri MLD, Villanova M, Martin J-J, Buonocore G: Inflammatory pathogenesis of cortical polymicrogyria: an autopsy study. Pediatr Res 1998, 44:291-296. •• In the brains of fetuses that died preterm because of severe chorioamnionitis, but not in the brains of fetuses in the control group, the authors observed defects in cortical microarchitecture that they considered to be consequences of intrauterine infection.
25. Marret S, Gressens P, Evrard P: Arrest of neuronal migration by excitatory amino acids in hamster developing brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:15463-15468.
26. Tsutui Y, Nagahama M, Mizutani A: Neuronal migration disorders in cerebral palsy. Neuropathology 1999, 19:14-27.
27. Amunts K, Schleicher A, Zilles K: Persistence of layer IV in the primary motor cortex (area 4) of children with cerebral palsy. J Brain Res 1997, 2:247-260.
28. Marin-Padilla M: Developmental neuropathology and impact of perinatal brain damage: III. gray matter lesions of the neocortex. J Neuropath Exp NeuroM 999, 58:407-429.
29. Silver RK, MacGregor SN, Pasternak JF, Neely SE: Fetal stroke associated with elevated maternal anticardiolipin antibodies. Obstet Gynecol 1992, 80:497-499.
30. Akanli LF, Trasi SS, Thruaisamy K, Bergtraum MP, Thantu A, Fischer RF, et al.: Neonatal middle cerebral artery infarction: associated with elevated maternal anticardiolipin antibodies. Am J Perinatol 1998, 15:399-402.
31. de Veber G, Monagle P, Chan A, MacGregor D, Curtis R, Lee S, et al.: Prothrombotic disorders in infants and children with cerebral thromboembolism. Arch Neurol 1998, 55:1539-1543. •• In this report from a regional pediatric stroke center, 92 children with cerebral thromboses or emboli were investigated for coagulation disorders; anticardiolipin antibody was the most frequent prothrombotic disorder identified. Most children who had at least one such disorder had more than a single abnormality.
32. Thorarensen O, Ryan S, Hunter J, Younkin DP: Factor V Leiden mutation: an unrecognized cause of hemiplegic cerebral palsy, neonatal stroke, and placental thrombosis. Ann Neurol 1997, 42:372-375.
33. Debus O, Koch HG, Kurlemann G, Strater R, Vielhaber H, Weber P, et al.: Factor V Leiden and genetic defects of thrombophilia in childhood porencephaly. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998, 78:F121-F124.
34. Hagstrom JN, Walter J, Bluebond-Langner R, Amatniek JC, Manno CS, High KA: Prevalence of the factor V Leiden mutation in children and neonates with thromboembolic disease. J Pediatr 1998, 133:777-781.
35. Gurgey A: Clinical manifestations in thrombotic children with factor V Leiden mutation. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1999, 16:233-237.
36. Lochshin MD, Druzin ML, Goei S, Qamar T, Magid MS, Jovanovic L, et al.: Antibody to cardiolipin as a predictor of fetal distress or death in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosis. N Engl J Med 1985, 313:152-156.
37. Salafia CM, Parke AL: Placental pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus and phospholipid antibody syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997, 23:85-97.
38. Dizon-Townson DS, Melin L, Nelson LM, Varner M, Ward K: Fetal carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation are prone to miscarriage and placental infarction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997, 177:402-405.
39. Kraus FT: Cerebral palsy and thrombi in placental vessels of the fetus: insights from litigation. Hum Pathol 1997, 28:246-248.
40. Goldenberg RL, Rouse DJ: Prevention of preterm birth. N Engl J Med 1998,339:313-320.
41. Nelson KB, Grether JK: Can magnesium sulfate reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in very low birthweight infants? Pediatrics 1995, 95:263-269.
42. Gray PH, O'Callaghan MJ, Mohay HA, Burns YR, King JF: Maternal hypertension and neurodevelopmental outcome in very preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998, 79:F88-F93.
43. Leviton A, Paneth N, Reuss ML, Susser M, Allred EN, Dammann O, et al.: Hypothyroxinemia of prematurity and the risk of cerebral white matter damage. J Pediatr 1999, 134:706-711.
44. Paneth N: Does transient hypothyroxinemia cause abnormal neurodevelopment in premature infants? Clin Perinatol 1998, 25:627-643. •• This article gives a critical review of the evidence relating transient depression of thyroxine values in premature neonates to later motor and cognitive disabilities.
45. Dussault JH, Fischer PA: Thyroid function in mothers of hypothyroid newborns. Obstet Gynecol 1999, 93:15-20. • This article reviews the evidence that maternal autoimmune thyroid disease might be a cause of transient neonatal hypothyroxinemia.
46. Salokorpi T, Sajaniemi N, Hallback H, Kari A, Rita H, von Wendt L: Randomized study of the effect of antenatal dexamethasone on growth and development of premature children at the corrected age of 2 years. Acta Paediatr 1997, 86:294-298.
47. O'Shea TM, Kothadia JM, Klinepeter KL, Goldstein DJ, Jackson BG, Weavere RG III, et al.: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of a 42-day tapering course of dexamethasone to reduce the duration of ventilator dependency in very low birthweight infants: outcome of study participants at 1-year adjusted age. Pediatrics 1999, 104:14-21.
48. Pharoah POD: Cerebral palsy and multiple births. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1996, 75:F174-F177.
49. Van Heteren CF, Nijhuis JG, Semmekrot BA, Mulders LG, van de Berg PP: Risk for surviving twin after fetal death of co-twin in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1998, 92:215-219.
50. McHale DP, Mitchell S, Bundey S, Moynihan L, Campbell DA, Woods CG, et al.: A gene for autosomal recessive symmetrical spastic cerebral palsy maps to chromosome 2q24-25. Am J Hum Genet 1999, 64:526-532.
51. Terrone DA, Rinehart BK, Einstein MH, Britt LB, Martin JN, Perry KG: Neonatal sepsis and death caused by resistant Escherichia call: possible consequences of extended maternal ampicillin administration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999, 180:1345-1348.
52. O'Dell JR: Anticytokine therapy: a new era in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? N Engl J Med 1999, 340:310-312.
53. Mehler MF, Kessler JA: Cytokines in brain development and function. Adv Protein Chem 1998, 52:223-251.