Adaptive fetal sex allocation in elk: Evidence and implications

Journal of Wildlife Management

Volumn 63, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 1109-1117

  Kohlmann, Stephan G ^a  

^a OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE   (United States)

Author keywords

Body condition; Cervus elaphus; Conception date; Elk; Fetus; Gamma distribution; Kidney fat index; Oregon; Sex ratio

Indexed keywords

BODY CONDITION; SEX ALLOCATION; SEX RATIO; UNGULATE; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

OREGON; UNITED STATES;

CERVIDAE; CERVUS ELAPHUS; MAMMALIA; UNGULATA;

EID: 0032723539     PISSN: 0022541X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3802829     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. BOYCE, M. S. 1989. The Jackson Elk Herd - intensive wildlife management in North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
2. BURKE, R. L., AND J. M. BIRCH. 1995. White-tailed deer vary offspring sex ratio according to maternal condition and age. Ecological Research 10: 351-357.
3. CHARNOV, E. L. 1982. The theory of sex allocation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
4. CLARK, A. B. 1978. Sex ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate. Science 210:163-165.
5. CLUTTON-BROCK, T. H., S. D. ALBON, AND F. E. GUINNESS. 1985. Parental investment and differential juvenile mortality in birds and mammals. Nature 313:358-360.
6. _, F. E. GUINNESS, AND S. D. ALBON. 1982. Red deer: behavior and ecology of two sexes. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois USA.
7. _, AND R. G. IASON. 1986. Sex ratio variation in mammals. Quarterly Review of Biology 61:339-374.
8. _, AND M. E. LONERGAN. 1994. Culling regimes and sex ratio biases in Highland red deer. Journal of Applied Ecology 31:521-527.
9. COCKBURN, A., M. P. SCOTT, AND C. R. DICKMAN. 1985. Sex ratio and intrasexual kin competition in mammals. Oecologia 66:427-429.
10. FESTA-BIANCHET, M. 1996. Offspring sex ratio studies of mammals: does publication depend upon the quality of the research or the direction of the results? EcoScience 3:42-44.
11. FISHER, R. A. 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford University Press, London, United Kingdom.
12. GLATSTON, A. R. 1997. Sex ratio research in zoos and its implications for captive management. Applied Animal Behavior Science 51:209-216.
13. GOODWIN, N., V. HAYSSEN, AND A. P. FLINT. 1996. Effect of ovarian luteinization rate on offspring gender in dominant and subordinate red deer. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Abstract Series 17.
14. HARDY, I. C. W. 1997. Possible factors influencing vertebrate sex ratios: an introductory overview. Applied Animal Behavior Science 51:217-241.
15. HEWISON, A. J. M., AND J. M. GAILLARD. 1996. Birth-sex ratios and local resource competition in roe deer, Capreolus capreolus. Behavioral Ecology 7: 461-464.
16. HOEFS, M., AND U. NOWLAN. 1994. Distorted sex ratios in young ungulates: the role of nutrition. Journal of Mammalogy 75:631-636.
17. JOHNSON, N. L., S. KOTZ, AND P. BALAKRISHNAN. 1994. Continuous univariate distributions. Volume 1. Second edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA.
18. KATHNELSON, S. 1996. Gender-biased maternal investment in wapiti. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
19. KOHLMANN, S. G., J. H. MATIS, AND K. L. RISENHOOVER. 1999. Estimating handling times for herbivore diets: a statistical method using the gamma distribution. Journal of Animal Ecology 68:638-645.
20. KOJOLA, I. 1997. Social status and physical condition of mother and sex ratio of offspring in cervids. Applied Animal Behavior Science 51:267-274.
21. _, AND E. ELORANTA. 1989. Influences of maternal body weight, age, and parity on sex ratio in semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus). Evolution 43:1331-1336.
22. KRACKOW, S. 1997. Further evaluation of the developmental asynchrony hypothesis of sex ratio variation. Applied Animal Behavior Science 51:243-250.
23. KUCERA T. E. 1991. Adaptive variation in sex ratios of offspring in nutritionally stressed mule deer. Journal of Mammalogy 72:745-749.
24. LANCIA, R. A., C. E. BRAUN, M. W. COLLOPY, R. W. DUESER, J. G. KIE, C. J. MARTINKA, J. D. NICHOLS, T. D. NUDDS, W. R. PORATH, AND N. G. TILGHMAN. 1996. ARM! For the future: adaptive resource management in the wildlife profession. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:436-442.
25. MATIS, J. H., W. L. RUBINK, AND M. MAKELA. 1992. Use of the gamma distribution for predicting arrival times of invading insect populations. Environmental Entomology 21:436-440.
26. MCCULLOUGH, D. R. 1979. The George Reserve Deer Herd: population ecology of a K-selected species. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
27. MORRISON, J. A., C. E. TRAINER, AND P. L. WRIGHT. 1959. Breeding season in elk as determined from known-age embryos. Journal of Wildlife Management 23:27-34.
28. NOYES, J. H., B. K. JOHNSON, L. D. BRYANT, S. L. FINDHOLT, AND J. W. THOMAS. 1996. Effects of bull age on conception dates and pregnancy rates of cow elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 508-517.
29. PEDERSON, J. C., AND K. T. HARPER. 1984. Does summer range quality influence sex ratios among mule deer fawns in Utah? Journal of Range Management 37:64-66.
30. SAS INSTITUTE. 1993. SAS/STAT user's guide. Version 6. Fourth edition. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
31. SILK, J. B. 1983. Local resource competition and facultative adjustment of sex ratios in relation to competitive abilities. American Naturalist 130: 56-66.
32. SKOGLAND, T. 1986. Sex ratio variation in relation to maternal condition and parental investment in wild reindeer. Oikos 46:417-419.
33. SMITH, B. L., R. L. ROBBINS, AND S. H. ANDERSON. 1996. Adaptive sex ratios: another example? Journal of Mammalogy 77:818-825.
34. THOMAS, D. C., S. T. BARRY, AND H. P. KILIAAN. 1989. Fetal sex ratios in caribou: maternal age and condition effects. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:885-890.
35. TRAINER, C. E. 1971. The relationship of physical condition and fertility of female Roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis rooseveltii) in Oregon. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
36. TRIVERS, R. L., AND D. E. WILLARD. 1973. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179:90-92.
37. VERME, L. J. 1983. Sex ratio variation in Odocoileus: a critical review. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:573-582.
38. WAUTERS, L. A., S. A. DECROMBRUCGHE, N. NOUR, AND E. MATTHYSEN. 1995. Do female roe deer in good condition produce more sons than daughters? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 37: 189-193.
39. WILLIAMS, G. C. 1979. The question of adaptive sex ratio in outcrossed vertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 205:567-580.
40. WOOLF, A., AND J. D. HARDER. 1979. Population dynamics of a white-tailed deer herd with emphasis on reproduction and mortality. Wildlife Monographs 67.