The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Europe

Microbes and Infection

Volumn 1, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 455-464

  Van Duynhoven, Yvonne T H P ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Gonorrhoea; Incidence; Resistance; Risk groups

Indexed keywords

CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; PENICILLIN G; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; TETRACYCLINE;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EUROPE; GONORRHEA; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; INFECTION RATE; INFECTION RISK; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

NEGIBACTERIA; NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE;

EID: 0032722759     PISSN: 12864579     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1286-4579(99)80049-5     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Holmes K.K., Johnson D.W., Trostle H.J. An estimate of the risk of men acquiring gonorrhea by sexual contact with infected females. Am. J. Epidemiol. 91:1970;170-174.
2. Hooper R.R., Reynolds G.H., Jones O.G., Zaidi A., Wiesner P.J., Latimer K.P., Lester A., Cambell A.F., Harrison W.O., Karney W.W., Holmes K.K. Cohort study of venereal disease, I the risk of gonorrhea transmission from infected women to men. Am. J. Epidemiol. 108:1978;136-144.
3. Wiesner P.J., Thompson S.E. Gonococcal disease. Disease-a-month. 27:1980;1-44.
4. Potterat J.J., Dukes R.L., Rothenberg R.B. Disease transmission by heterosexual men with gonorrhea an empiric estimate. Sex. Trans. Dis. 14:1987;107-110.
5. Kramer M.A., Reynolds G.H. Evaluation of a gonorrhea vaccine and other gonorrhea control strategies based on computer simulation modelling. CDC. 1981.
6. Sherrard J., Barlow D. Gonorrhoea in men clinical and diagnostic aspects. Genitourin. M. 72:1996;422-426.
7. Sarrell P.M., Pruett K.A. Symptomatic gonorrhea during pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 32:1968;670.
8. Amstey M.S., Steadman K.T. Symptomatic gonorrhea and pregnancy. J. Am. Vener. Dis. Assoc. 3:1976;14.
9. Gutman L.T., Wilfert C.M. Gonococcal diseases in infants and children. Holmes K.K, Mårdh P.A, Sparling P.F. Sexually transmitted diseases. 1990;803-810 McGraw-Hill.
10. Edwards L.E., Barrada M.I., Hmann A.A., Hakanson E.Y. Gonorrhea in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 132:1978;637.
11. Rothenberg R. Ophthalmic neonatorum due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae prevention and treatment. Sex. Trans. Dis. 6:1979;187-979.
12. Faruki H., Kohmescher R.N., McKinney W.P. A community-based outbreak of infection with penicillinase-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae not producing penicillinase (chromosomally mediated resistance). New Engl. J. M. 313:1985;607-611.
13. Handsfield H.H., Rice R.J., Roberts M.C., Holmes K.K. Localized outbreak of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Paradigm for introduction and spread of gonorrhea in a community. JAMA. 261:1989;2357-2361.
14. van Duynhoven Y.T.H.P., van Klingeren B., van Santen-Verheuvel M.G., van der Meijden W.I., van deLaar M.J.W. Molecular epidemiology of infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae among visitors to a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. Sex. Trans. Dis. 24:1997;409-417.
15. Knapp J.S., Holmes K.K., Bonin P., Hook E.W. Epidemiology of gonorrhea distribution and temporal changes in auxotype/serovar classes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex. Trans. Dis. 14:1987;26-32.
16. Young H., Moyes A., Ross J., McMillan A. Patterns of homosexually acquired gonococcal serovars in Edinburgh 1986-90. Genitourin. M. 67:1991;312-316.
17. Young H., Moyes A., Ross J., McMillan A. A serovar analysis of heterosexual gonorrhoea in Edinburgh 1986-90. Genitourin. M. 68:1992;16-19.
18. Givan K.F., Jager R. Auxotypes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from heterosexual men, homosexual men and heterosexual women. Sex. Trans. Dis. 13:1986;19-23.
19. van deLaar M.J.W., van Duynhoven Y.T.H.P., van Santen M., Dessens M., van, Klingeren B. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Netherlands, 1977-1995. Genitourin. M. 73:1997;510-517.
20. Goulet V., Sednaoui P. Surveillance of sexually transmitted diseases by laboratory networks in France. Eurosurveillance. 3:1998;59-60.
21. Miltenburg H.M.Th.M., Paalman M.E.M., Reus J.Th.N.M. Gonorroe in Nederland (en enkele beschouwingen over ander SOA) [in Dutch], SOA Stichting. Utrecht. 1988.
22. Uusküla A., Silm H., Vessin T. Sexually transmitted diseases in Estonia past and present. Int. J. STD AIDS. 8:1997;446-450.
23. Reintjes R., Laar M.J.W. STD surveillance, prevention and care in Europe. STD Bulletin special issue June. 1997;4-9.
24. Paget W.J., Zimmermann H.P. Surveillance of sexually transmitted diseases in Switzerland, 1973-1994 evidence of declining trends in gonorrhoea and syphilis. Soz. Praventivm. 42:1997;30-36.
25. Giuliani M. Suligoi B and the STD Surveillance Working Group, Sentinel surveillance of sexually transmitted diseases in Italy. Eurosurveillance. 3:1998;55-58.
26. Hughes G., Catchpole M. Surveillance of sexually transmitted infections in England and Wales. Eurosurveillance. 3:1998;61-65.
27. Noone A., Chalmers J., Young H. Surveillance of sexually transmitted infections in Scotland. Eurosurveillance. 3:1998;65-68.
28. Schryverde A., Meheus A. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases the global picture. Bull World Health Organ. 68:1990;639-654.
29. Danielsson D. Gonorrhoea and syphilis in Sweden - past and present. Scand J. Infect. Dis. 69 (Suppl.):1990;69-76.
30. Stapinski A., Zielinski H. Analysis of the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in 1987. Przegl, Dermatol. 75:1988;448-453.
31. van de Laar M.J.W., Pickering J., van den Hoek J.A.R., van Griensven G.J.P., Coutinho R.A., van de, Water H.P.A. Declining gonorrhoea rates in the Netherlands, 1976-1988 consequences for the AIDS epidemic. Genitourin. M. 66:1990;148-155.
32. Walckiers D., Piot P., Stroobant A., van der Veken J., Declerq E. declining trends in some sexually transmitted diseases in Belgium between1983 and 1989. Genitourin. M. 67:1991;374-377.
33. Catchpole M.A. Sexually transmitted disaeses in England and Wales 1981-1990. Commun. Dis. Rep. CDR Rev. 2 R:1992;1-7.
34. Treurniet H.F., Davidse W. Sexually transmitted diseases reported by STD services in the Netherlands, 1984-1990. Genitourin. M. 69:1993;434-438.
35. Weismann K., Petersen C.S., Sondergaard J. Sexually transmitted diseases in denmark and in an STD clinic in Copenhagen 1980-1991. Acta derm Venereol (Stockh). 73:1993;313-314.
36. Falk E.S., Vandbakk O. declining trends in some sexually transmitted diseases in Norway between 1975 and 1991with special reference to a Lapp population. Acta Derm. Venereol. Suppl. Stockh. 182:1993;15-20.
37. Meyer L., Goulet V., Massari V., Lepoutre-Toulemon A. Surveillance of sexually transmitted diseases in France recent trends and incidence. Genitourin. M. 70:1994;15-21.
38. Nissinen A., Jarvinen H., Liimatainen O., Jahkola M., Huovinen P. Finnish study group for antimicrobial resistance, Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Finland, 1976-1995. Sex. Trans. Dis. 24:1997;576-581.
39. Hegyi E., Hegyi V., Danilla T. Long-term trends of the incidence of syphilis and gonorrhoea in the Slovak Republic during 1947-1994, with special regard to young age groups. Bratisl. Lek. Listy. 98:1997;563-571.
40. Ruden A.K., Jonsson A., Lidbrink P., Allebeck P., Bydeman S.M. Endemic versus non-endemic gonorrhoea in Stockholm results of contact tracing. Int. J. STD AIDS. 4:1993;284-292.
41. Hiltunen-Back E., Rostila T., Kautiainen H., Paavonen J., Reunala T. Rapid decrease of endemic gonorrhea in Finland. Sex. Trans. Dis. 25:1998;181-186.
42. Olivarius F.F., Worm A.M., Petersen C.S., Kroon S., Lynge E. Sexual behaviour of women attending an inner-city STD clinic before and after a general campaign for safer sex in denmark. Genitourin. M. 68:1992;296-299.
43. Stigum H., Magnus P., Veierod M., Bakketeig L.S. Impact on sexually transmitted disease spread of increased condom use by young females, 1987-1992. Int. J. Epidemiol. 24:1995;813-820.
44. Evans B.A., McCormack S.M., Kell P.D., Parry J.V., Bond R.A., Macrae K.D. Trends in female sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted diseases in London, 1982-1992. Genitourin. M. 71:1995;286-290.
45. Lazdane G., Bukovskis M. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in the Baltic countries. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 164 (Suppl):1997;128-131.
46. Anonymous. Sexually transmitted diseases, Increasing incidence of gonorrhoea and syphilis in homosexual men in Edinburgh. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 66:1991;154-156.
47. Renton A.M., Ison C.A., Whitaker L., Kirtland K., Kupek E., Harris J.R. Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated at St, Mary's Hospital London, 1980-1991. Genitourin. M. 69:1993;286-289.
48. Evans B.G., Catchpole M.A., Heptonstall J., Mortimer J.Y., McCarrigle C.A., Nicoll A.G., Waight P., Gill O.N., Swan A.V. Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV-1 infection among homosexual men in England and Wales. BMJ. 306:1993;426-428.
49. Wit J.B., Griensven G.J., Sandfort T.G., Coutinho R.A. Increase in unsafe sex behavior among homosexual men in Amsterdam [in Dutch]. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 137:1993;209-211.
50. Anonymous. The incidence of gonorrhoea in England and Wales is rising. Commun. Dis. Rep. CDR Wkly. 7:1997;217-220.
51. Anonymous. Sexually transmitted diseases quarterly report gonorrhoea in England and Wales. Commun. Dis. Rep. CDR Wkly. 8:1998;194-195.
52. Phillips I. Beta-lactamase producing, penicillin-resistant gonococcus. Lancet. ii:1976;656-657.
53. Ashford W.A., Golash R.G., Hemming V.G. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Lancet. ii:1976;656-657.
54. Schryverde A., Meheus A. International travel and sexually transmitted disaeases. World Health Stat. Q. 42:1989;90-99.
55. Lassau F., Janier M., Casin I., Perol Y. Rising incidence of penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Paris, France, in 1985-7. Genitourin. M. 65:1989;60-62.
56. Bäckman M., Jacobson K., Ringertz S. The virgin population of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Stockholm has decreased and antimicrobial resistance is increasing. Genitourin. M. 71:1995;234-238.
57. Ruden A.K. Temporal changes in the gonococcal serovar patterns in Stockholm during two years with special reference to PPNG strains. Genitourin. M. 70:1994;256-261.
58. Ross J.D., Downie A., Moyes A., Young H. Gonorrhoea in Aberdeen a serovar analysis. Scott. Med. J. 39:1994;175-177.
59. Ross J.D.C., Wardropper A., Sprott M., Moyes A., Young H. Gonococcal infection in Edinburgh and Newcastle serovar prevalence in relation to clinical features and sexual orientation. Genitourin. M. 70:1994;35-39.
60. Lewis D.A., Ison C.A., Forster G.E., Goh B.T. Tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Characteristics of patients and isolates at a London genitourinary medicine clinic. Sex. Trans. Dis. 23:1996;378-383.
61. Schäfer V., Enzensberger R., Schneider C., Rickmann J., Nitschke-Özbay H., Brade V. Epidemiology of penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Frankfurt, Germany. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 14:1993;914-918.
62. Wojtowicz U., Napiorkowska T., Stapinski A., Przedpelska G. Incidence and the results of treatment of beta-lactamase positive gonorrhoea with spectinomycin (trobicin). Przegl. Dermatol. 77:1990;193-196.
63. Schlapfer G., Eichmann A. Penicillinase-producing strains of N, gonorrhoeae in the Zurich area, 1981-1988 incidence, antibiotic sensitivity and plasmid profile (3), [in German]. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 120:1990;92-97.
64. Eichmann A. Sexually transmissible diseases following travel in tropical countries, [in German]. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 123:1993;5-1250.
65. Palomares J.C., Lozano M.C., Perea E.J. Antibiotic resistance, plasmid profile, auxotypes and serovars of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Sevilla (Spain). Genitourin. M. 66:1990;87-90.
66. Perea E.J., Garcia-Lopez J.L., Martin R., Calmet M., Cisterna R., Estebanez V., Vazquez J.A., Martin-Luengo F., Altuna A., Merino C. Antimicrobial sensitivity of 402 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in 7 Spanish cities, [in Spanish]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 9:1991;619-623.
67. Vaz-Pato M.V., Ribeiro-Pires I., van Klingeren B., Louro D., Rosa H. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Lisbon 1982-1987, [in French]. Pathol. Biol. Paris. 36:1988;639-642.
68. Tzelepi E., Avgerinou H., Kyriakis K.P., Tzouvelekis L.S., Flemetakis A., Kalogeropoulou A. Frangouli E, Antimicrobial susceptibility and types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Greece, Data for the period 1990 to 1993. Sex. Trans. Dis. 24:1997;378-385.
69. Tzelepi E., Fragouli E., Atanassopoulou V., Tzanakaki G., Tseliou P. Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Athens, Greece, Epidemiologic classification and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains isolated between 1986 and 1989. Sex. Trans. Dis. 8:1991;238-244.
70. Centers for, Disease Control. Tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Georgia, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire. MMWR. 34:1985;563-564. 569-570.
71. Morse S.A., Johnson S.R., Biddle J.W., Roberts M.C. High-level tetracycline resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is result of acquisition of the streptococcal tetM determinant. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 30:1986;664-670.
72. Roberts M.C., Wagenvoort J.H.T., van Klingeren B., Knapp J.S. TetM- and beta-lactamase containing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (tetracycline resistant and penicillinase producing) in The Netherlands. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:1988;158.
73. Ison C.A., Terry P., Bendayna K., Gill M.J., Adams J., Woodford N. Tetracycline-resistant gonococci in UK [letter]. Lancet. i:1988;651-652.
74. Waugh M.A., Lacey C.J.N., Hawkey P.M., Heritage J., Turner A., Jephcott A.E. Spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to tetracycline outside the United States of America. BMJ. 296:1988;898.
75. Casin I., Perenet F., Issoire C., Riou J.Y., Morel P., Perol Y. High-level tetracycline resistance in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in France [letter]. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8:1989;929-931.
76. Kohl P.K., Geraud G.P., Piotrowski H.D., Petzoldt D. High-level tetracycline-resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Hautarzt. 41:1990;438-441.
77. Vazquez J.A., Berron S., Menendez B. Isolate of TET M-containing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (TRNG) in Spain. Genitourin. M. 66:1990;303-304.
78. Ferreira E., Louro D., Gomes J.P., Catry M.A., Pato M.V. High-level tetracycline resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Portugal. Pathol. Biol. Paris. 45:1997;371-375.
79. Bygdeman S.M., Rudén A.K., Jonsson A., Lidbrink P., Olofsson M.B., Bäckman M., Gästrin B., Kallings I., Ramberg M., Rylander M., Wretlind B. Antibiotic susceptibility, serovars and auxotypes of gonococcal isolates in Stockholm, Relation to geographical origin of the infection. Int. J. STD AIDS. 4:1993;33-40.
80. Gransden W.R., Warren C., Phillips I. 4-Quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United Kingdom. J. Med. Microbiol. 34:1991;7-23.
81. Lewis D.A., Forster G.E., Goh B.T. Ciprofloxacin resistant gonococci arriving from Thailand. Genitourin. M. 70:1994;360-361.
82. Birley H., McDonald P., Fletcher J. High level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Genitourin. M. 70:1994;292-293.
83. Thompson C., Young H., Moyes A. Ciprofloxacin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Genitourin. M. 71:1995;412-415.
84. Tanaka M., Sakuma S., Takahashi K., Nagahuzi T., Saika T., Kobayashi I., Kumazawa J. Analysis of quinolone resistance mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in vitro. Sex. Trans. Infect. 74:1998;59-62.
85. Ye S.Z. Survey on antibiotic sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in China, 1987-1992. Sex. Trans. Dis. 21:1994;237-240.
86. Kam K.M., Wong P.W., Cheung M.M., HoNg K.Y., Lo K.K. Quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Hong Kong. Sex. Trans. Dis. 23:1996;103-108.
87. Knapp J.S., Wongba C., Limpakarnjanarat K., Young N.L., Parekh M.C., Neal S.W., Buatiang A., Chitwarakorn A., Mastro T.D. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Bangkok, Thailand 1994-1995. Sex. Trans. Dis. 24:1997;142-148.
88. Knapp J.S., Fox K.K., Trees D.L., Whittington W.L. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3:1997;33-39.
89. Knapp J.S., Mesola V.P., Neal S.W., Wi T.E., Tuazon C., Manalastas R., Perine P.L., Whittington W.L. Molecular epidemiology, in 1994 of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Manila and Cebu City, Republic of the Phillipines. Sex. Trans. Dis. 24:1997;2-7.
90. Handsfield H.H., McCormack W.M., Hook E.W. III. A comparison of single-dose cefixime with ceftriaxone as treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhoea. N. Engl. J. M. 325:1991;1337-1341.
91. Phillips R.S., Hanff P.A., Wertheimer A., Aronson M.D. Gonorrhea in women seen for routine gynecologic care criteria for testing. Am. J. M. 85:1988;177-182.
92. Gershman K.A., Barrow J.C. A tale of two sexually transmitted diseases, Prevalences and predictors of chlamydia and gonorrhea in women attending Colorado family planning clinics. Sex. Trans. Dis. 23:1996;481-488.
93. Rice R.J., Roberts P.L., Handsfield H.H., Holmes K.K. Sociodemographic distribution of gonorrhea incidence implications for prevention and behavioral research. Am. J. Public Health. 81:1991;1252-1258.
94. Jolly A.M., Orr P.H., Hammond G., Young T.K. Risk factors for infection in women undergoing testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Manitoba, Canada. Sex. Trans. Dis. 22:1995;289-295.
95. Schwarcz S.K., Bolan G.A., Fullilove M., McCright J., Fullilove R., Kohn R., Rolfs R.T. Crack cocaine and the exchange of sex for money or drugs, Risk factors for gonorrhea among black adolescents in San Francisco. Sex. Trans. Dis. 19:1992;7-13.
96. Fennema J.S., van Ameijden E.J., Coutinho R.A., van den, Hoek A. Clinical sexually transmitted diseases among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and non-infected drug-using prostitutes, Associated factors and interpretation of trends, 1986 to 1994. Sex. Trans. Dis. 24:1997;363-371.
97. van Duynhoven Y.T.H.P., van de Laar M.J.W., Schop W.A., Mouton J.W., van der, Meijden W.I., Sprenger M.J.W. Different demographic and sexual correlates for chlamydial infection and gonorrhoea in Rotterdam. Int. J. Epidemiol. 26:1997;1373-1385.
98. Bjekiæ M., Vlajinac H., Šipetiæ S., Marinkoviæ. Risk factors for gonorrhoea case-control study. Genitourin. M. 73:1997;518-521.
99. Hart G. Factors associated with genital chlamydial and gonococcal infection in males. Genitourin. M. 69:1993;393-396.
100. Matondo P., Wall R., Morgan K., Hickman M., Dore C., Kapembwa M. Epidemiology of gonococcal and chalmydial infections in Harrow and Brent. Genitourin. M. 72:1996;352-357.
101. Low N., Daker-White G., Barlow D., Pozniak A.L. Gonorrhoea in inner London results of a cross sectional study. BMJ. 314:1997;1719-1723.
102. Lacey C.J., Merrick D.W., Bensley D.C., Fairley I. Analysis of the sociodemography of gonorrhoea in Leeds, 1989-93. BMJ. 314:1997;1715-1718.
103. Ellen J.M., Kohn R.P., Bolan G.A., Shiboski S., Krieger N. Socioeconomic differences in sexually transmitted disease rates among black and white adolescents, San Francisco, 1990 to 1992. Am. J. Public Health. 85:1995;1546-1548.
104. Hart G. Factors associated with genital chlamydial and gonococcal infection in females. Genitourin. M. 68:1992;217-220.
105. DakerWhite G., Barlow D. Heterosexual gonorrhoea at St Thomas'-I patient characteristics and implications for targeted STD and HIV prevention strategies. Int. J. STD AIDS. 8:1997;32-35.
106. Hook E.W., Reichart C.A., Upchurch D.M., Ray P., Celentano D., Quinn T.C. Comparative behavioral epidemiology of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among patients attending a Baltimore, Maryland, sexually transmitted disease clinic. Am. J. Epidemiol. 136:1992;662-671.
107. Ellen J.M., Langer L.M., Zimmerman R.S., Cabral R.J., Fichtner R. The link between the use of crack cocaine and the sexually transmitted diseases of a clinic population, A comparison of adolescents with adults. Sex. Trans. Dis. 23:1996;511-516.
108. Upchurch D.M., Brady W.E., Reichart C.A., Hook E.W. III. Behavioral contributions to acquisition of gonorrhea in patients attending an inner city sexually transmitted disease clinic. J. Infect. Dis. 161:1990;938-941.
109. Daker-White G., Barlow D. Heterosexual gonorrhoea at St Thomas' -II sexual behaviour and sources of infection. Int. J. STD AIDS. 8:1997;102-108.
110. McEvoy B.F., LeFurgy W.G. A 13-year longitudinal analysis of risk factors and clinic visitation patterns of patients with repeated gonorrhea. Sex. Trans. Dis. 15:1988;40-44.
111. D'Oro L.C., Parazinni F., Nldi L., LaVecchia C. Barrier methods of contraception, spermicides, and sexually transmitted diseases a review. Genitourin. M. 70:1994;410-417.
112. Prins M., Bindels P.J.E., Coutinho R.A., Henquet C.J.M., Doornum G.J.J., vanHoek J.A.R. Determinants of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in heterosexuals in Amsterdam. Genitourin. M. 70:1994;247-252.
113. Zenilman J.M., Bonner M., Sharp K.L., Rabb J.A., Alexander E.R. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Dade County, Florida evidence of core group transmitters and the impact of illicit antibiotics. Sex. Trans. Dis. 15:1988;45-50.
114. Telzak E.E., Spitalny K.C., Faur Y.C., Knapp J.S., Gunn R.A., Blum S., Schultz S. Risk factors for infection with plasmid-mediated high-level tetracycline resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex. Trans. Dis. 16:1989;132-136.
115. Reichart C.A., Neumann T., Foreman P.H., Zenilman J.M., Hook E.W. Temporal trends in gonococcal antibiotic resistance in Baltimore. Sex. Trans. Dis. 19:1992;213-218.
116. Hook E.W., III, Brady W.E., Reichart C.A., Upchurch D.M., Sherman L.A., Wasserheit J.N. determinants of emergence of antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Infect. Dis. 159:1989;900-907.
117. SchwarczSchwarcs S.K., Zenilman J.M., Schnell D., Knapp J.S., Hook E.W., Thompson S., Judson F.N., Holmes K.K. National surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. JAMA. 264:1990;1413-1417.